AMPLITUDE MODULATION - is a system of modulation in which the Frequency Modulation – a type of modulation wherein the frequency of the
amplitude of the carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous carrier is changed in accordance with the modulating signal.
amplitude of the modulating signal. Frequency deviation – is the change in frequency that occurs in the carrier
- types of modulation wherein the amplitude of the carrier is being varied when it is acted on by a modulating signal.
in accordance with the modulating signal. Modulation index – used to describe the depth of modulation achieved for a
carrier - radio frequency signal, intelligence signal given amplitude and frequency modulating signal.
modulating signal – information signal, audio signal, modulating wave Carrier swing – peak-to-peak frequency deviation
modulation index – the extent to which amplitude of the carrier wave is mf = _____ f f
= ______ where or deviation or frequency
varied by modulating wave deviation
- modulation factor, coefficient of modulation fm fm fm is frequency of the modulating
% modulation – it is a measure of the extent to which a carrier voltage is signal
varied by the intelligence.
Forms of Amplitude Modulation %mf = _____
actual x 100
1. Double Sideband, Full carrier (A3E) – this is the Am used for max
broadcasting.
maximum deviation = 75 KHz maximum fm = 15 Khz
2. Double sideband, Suppressed carrier deviation ratio – the shift in the carrier frequency from the resting point
compared to the amplitude of the modulating signal
3. Single sideband, Full carrier (H3E) – this could be used as a
compatible AM broadcasting system with A3E receivers. Distortion is maxfor FM broadcast, deviation ratio = 5
deviation ratio = _____
not exceeding 5% is claimed for H3E transmission received by an fmax for TV, deviation ratio = 1.67
A3E receiver.
carrier swing, cs = 2
4. Single sideband, Suppressed carrier- (J3E) – this is the system so unmodulated carrier : x = A sin (t + )
far referred to as “SSB” in which the carrier is suppressed by at least where x – instantaneous value - angular velocity
45 dB in the transmitter. A maximum deviation - phase
5. Independent sideband (B8E) – two independent sidebands, with a fH = fc + f fL = fc - f cs = fmax -
carrier that is most commonly attenuated or suppressed. It is used fmin
for HF point-to-point radio telephony, in which more than one channel
is required. It can simultaneously convey a totally different
f = fc ( 1 + KVmcos mt) instantaneous frequency of FM
transmission, to the extent that the upper sideband could be used for
fc – carrier frequency
telephony while the lower sideband carrier telegraphy.
K – proportionality constant
Vmcos mt – instantaneous modulating voltage at maximum value
6. Vestigial sideband – a system in which a vestige, i. e., a trace of the
unwanted sideband, usually with a full carrier. It is used for video
transmission in all the world’s various TV systems to conserve
bandwidth. eFM = Ec sin (ct + mf sin mt) ----- FM equation
OSC Buffer Modulated
Amp
Amp
Intelligence
Amp
Modulator Mixer
AM TRANSMITTER BLOCK DIAGRAM
Audio Balanced Sideband
Amplifier Modulator Filter
RF
Oscillator
FILTER METHOD
90
Audio Balanced
Phase
Amplifier Modulator
Shift
RF 90 Balanced
Oscillator Phase Modulator
Shift
PHASING METHOD
RF Mixer IF IF AM Audio
Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier Detector Amplifier
Local
Oscillator
Audio FM Master Frequency Frequency Frequency Power
Amplifier Modulat Oscillat Multiplier Multiplier Multiplier Amplifier
or or X3 X2 X2
FM TRANSMITTER
RF IF FM Audio
Amp Mixer Amp Limiter Detector Amp
Local SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER Receiver Specifications
Osc Sensitivity – is a measurement of a receiver’s ability to
receive weak signals
Selectivity – is a measure of a receiver’s ability to select
one signal while rejecting others
Image rejection – is a measure of the receiver’s ability to
reject a strong signal at the exact image frequency
IF rejection – is a measure of the receiver’s ability to
reject strong signal at its own intermediate frequency
Dynamic range – is a measure of the receiver’s ability to
receive both very weak and extremely strong stations
without introducing distortion to either
