OBANDO MONTESSORI, INC.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

OBANDO MONTESSORI INC.

Lawa,Obando,Bulacan

Teenage Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study Among

Senior High School Students

Agustin, Angelica

Agustin, Ivan Matthew

Danao,Mhicka

De Guzman, Alyssa

Francisco, Jacqueline

Lago, Janelle Kathrize

Martinez, Mariebeth

Perez, Ranchelle Anne

Salita, Ace Kenneth

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Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Related Literature

Introduction

Teenage pregnancyis now one of the uprising social issues nowadays. The term in

everyday speech usually refers to girls who have not reached legal adulthood, which

varies across the world, who become pregnant. The issue of teenage pregnancy,despite

the widespread sex education and peer control and guidance, still a wide prevalence of

adolescence. A challenge that does not only affect the teenagers but the society at large.

Reported successes of interventions related to increase the awareness and participation,

more young people being educated on sex, abstinence, reduced teenage pregnancy and

increased contraceptive use.

According to Karger (2012), teen pregnancy is a social problem not resolved in

developing and some developed countries. Adolescent fecundity has become the most

exact bio-demographic and health indicator of development. In developing countries that

are expected to follow the sexual behavior patterns of developed countries, without

offering the levels of education and services for adolescents. Social consequences are

analyzed as: incomplete education, more numerous families, difficulties in maternal role,

abandonment by the partner, fewpossibilities of having a stable, qualified and well-paid

job, greater difficulty in improving their socioeconomic level and less probability of
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social advancement, lack of protection of the recognition of the child. Finally, based on

evidence, some measures that can reduce adverse consequences on adolescent mothers,

fathers and their children are suggested.

Moreover, according to Koutelekos (2008), an unintended and in most cases unwanted

pregnancy brings teenagers before a crisis. Teenage birth rate has declined from 9% in 1985 to

5,2% in 2002, but it still remains a serious and social problem. The high rate of teenage

childbearing among minority and disadvantaged groups, documented in the United States and the

United Kingdom, is consistent with the hypothesis that lack of opportunity and socioeconomic

disadvantage contribute to teenage childbearing. There is also evidence from studies in the

United States that better communication between parents and their adolescent children is

associated with later sexual initiation and lower teenage childbearing. Formal sex education

programs may increase knowledge about reproductive health and improve the use of methods to

protect against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.

Furthermore, Kweya (2010), teenage pregnancies and the eventual dropping out of

school has been and still is a major problem devilling the education sector in many parts of

developing countries. There are various factors that have been associated with teenage

pregnancies. The study suggested all stakeholders in education to work together towards

implementation of sound community and school based programs to address the issue of social-

cultural aspects that are associated with teenage pregnancies.

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The objectives of this study is to assess and analyze the teen age pregnancy among SHS

students, as well as, its implication of this challenge on the studies and career. This also want to

create an intervention program to address this social issue.

This study would like to contribute on the concepts which is needed to further understand

teenage pregnancy. This study would be used as a tool to open the mind of others the even they

became pregnant, the can still do the same thing, and they can also finish their studies and

become successful in their choosen career. This study will help other to address and prevent this

kind of social issue.

Review of Related Literature

According to Gueorguieva (2001), teenage pregnancies have become a public health

issue because of their observed negative effects on perinatal outcomes and long-term morbidity.

The association of young maternal age and long-term morbidity is usually confounded, however,

by the high prevalence of poverty, low level of education, and single marital status among

teenage mothers. When no other factors are taken into account, children of teenage mothers have

significantly higher odds of placement in certain special education classes and significantly

higher occurrence of milder education problems, but when maternal education, marital status,

poverty level, and race are controlled, the detrimental effects disappear and even some protective

effects are observed. Hence, the increased risk for educational problems and disabilities among

children of teenage mothers is attributed not to the effect of young age but to the confounding
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influences of associated sociodemographic factors. In contrast to teen age, older maternal age has

an adverse effect on a child's educational outcome regardless of whether other factors are

controlled for or not.

In the study of Opande (2011), teenage pregnancies and the eventual dropping out of school

has been and still is a major problem bedeviling the education sector in many parts of developing

countries. There are various factors that have been associated with teenage pregnancies. Data

from the students were purely analyzed quantitatively and presented in frequencies and

percentages while data from teachers were analyzed qualitatively. The study revealed the

following: there are certain social-cultural related factors that influenced teenage pregnancies

among secondary school students in Gucha District. These included breaking away of traditional

norms and values on sexual behavior, inadequate involvement of women in decision making

(especially on reproductive health) and prevalence of female circumcision. In regard to the

effects, the study revealed that a teenage pregnancy was associated with healthy risks, school

drop outs among students in the District. Opande (2011), suggested all stakeholders in education

to work together towards implementation of sound community and school based programs to

address the issue of social-cultural aspects that are associated with teenage pregnancies.

According to Salvador (2016), teenage pregnancy had been a worldwide issue, and has

raised large numbers of campaignsand awareness to lessen its occurrence. The total number

of this phenomenon is increasing each year. Philippines is one of the Asian countries which
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sharessimilar situation. In a study conducted by the National Demographic and Health Survey

in 2013, one out of every young Filipino women age 15 to 19 is already a mother or

pregnant with a first child. Therefore, the government in partnership with the different

non-government agencies should exert efforts in resolving this issue. Teenage Pregnancies

are often associated with social development issues such as lack of sufficient education and

poverty. This often results to single parenthood which catalyzes conditions that renders the

mothers to become irresponsible. Hence, it conveys a social stigma in various countries and

cultures.

Findings Natividad (2013), shows the results from cumulative years of the National

Demographic and Health Survey and the latest result of the 2011 Family Health Survey, shows

that teenage pregnancy in the Philippines, measured as the proportion of women who have begun

childbearing in their teen years, has been steadily rising over a 35-year period. These teenage

mothers are predominantly poor, reside in rural areas and have low educational attainment.

However, a trend of increasing proportions of teenagers who are not poor, who have better

education and are residents of urban areas, who have begun childbearing in their teens. Among

the factors that could help explain this trend are the younger age at menarche, premarital sexual

activity at a young age, the rise in cohabiting unions in this age group and the possible decrease

in the stigma of out-of-wedlock pregnancy.

According to Mu (2015), In China today, an increasing number of unintended teen pregnancy

has raised public concerns of sexual reproductive health of teenagers. The study reviewed
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previous research on the following aspects: teenagers’ attitudes towards sex behaviour, current

situation ofunintended teen pregnancy, sexual education, governmental management,

collaborationcase in China, and successful experiences on reducing unintended teen pregnancies

inother countries. The result indicated that lack of established collaboration among the

government, schools and unintended teen pregnancy aid centres. Therefore it suggested various

collaborative approaches to ameliorate the situation and to reduce unintended teen pregnancy in

China.

Arias (2011), explained that unplannedpregnancies are very unexpected and surprising.

However, an unplanned pregnancy in teen mothers can have many difficulties like deciding to

keep the child, give it up for adoption, or end the process of having the baby into abortion. Teen

girls that go through the phase of an unplanned pregnancy go through the emotional effects of

fear, panic, perplexity, frustration, and resentment and it can lead to abortion. “Mothers of babies

born of an unplanned pregnancy are more likely to delay seeking prenatal care and less likely to

breastfeed-both have health consequences for mother and child” (Consequences of an Unplanned

Pregnancy. Pregantteenhelp.org). As soon as everyone agrees on the act of the unborn child,

psychological and emotional consequences can still be trapped deep in your conscious.

Moreover, Montpellier (2012), explained that teen pregnancy is a social problem not

resolved in developing and some developed countries. Adolescent fecundity has become the

most exact bio-demographic and health indicator of development. In developing countries that

are expected to follow the sexual behavior patterns of developed countries, without offering the
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levels of education and services for adolescents, the consequences will be adolescent fecundity

and STI prevalence increase. The ignorance about sexuality and reproduction both in parents,

teachers and adolescents increases the early initiation of coital relations and of unwanted

pregnancies. Extreme poverty and being the son or daughter of an adolescent mother are risk

factors of repeating the early pregnancy model. The application of predictive risk criteria in

pregnant adolescents to facilitate the rational use of Health Services to diminish the maternal and

perinatal mortality is discussed as well as the social factors associated with adolescent pregnancy

as socioeconomic levels, structure – types and characteristics of the family, early leaving school,

schooling after delivery, female employment, lack of sexual education, parental and family

attitudes in different periods of adolescent pregnancy, adolescent decisions on pregnancy and

children, unstable partner relationship and adoption as an option. Social consequences are

analyzed as: incomplete education, more numerous families, difficulties in maternal role,

abandonment by the partner, few possibilities of having a stable, qualified and well-paid job,

greater difficulty in improving their socioeconomic level and less probability of social

advancement, lack of protection of the recognition of the child. Finally, based on evidence, some

measures that can reduce adverse consequences on adolescent mothers, fathers and their children

are suggested.

McAuley(2004), provides a critical analysis of the role of support in teenage motherhood.

Family, partner and peer support are considered and literature emanating from both the USA and

UK is reviewed. In summary the research literature indicates that family support is particularly
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important to teenage mothers and has been found to have a positive influence on parenting

behaviors and practices. However, the mother–daughter relationship is not always a

straightforward one and conflict between the two can diminish some of the positive impact. The

research on partner support highlights how support from fathers and/or other male partners has

been linked with improved financial and psychological outcomes for teenage mothers as well as

having a positive influence on parenting behaviors. There is also evidence to suggest that support

from partners may become increasingly important to teenage mothers over time and can be a

valuable source of socializing participation and positive feedback. While the research available

on peer support is much more limited it suggests that the emotional support of peers is perceived

as being important by teenage mothers. Current research findings suggest that families, partners

and peers tend to provide different, but complementary, forms of support for teenage mothers

which, on the whole, appear to contribute to more positive outcomes for this group.

According to Chiazor (2010), teenage pregnancy is now a major issue today in Nigeria. It

has become common to see many young teenage mothers in and around the different states of

Nigeria. Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy that occurs in human females under the age of 20.The

World Health Organization statistics reveal that 95% of births to mothers in this age group occur

in low to middle income countries, with the highest rates occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. While

approximately 11% of births world-wide occur to mothers aged 15-19, World Bank indicators

showed that teenage mothers formed 22.9% of women in Nigeria in 2010. Early marriage, low

social-economic status, lack of education and rural community living are all factors associated
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withteenage pregnancy.Teenage pregnancy hasdetrimental effects on the health of both mother

and child.Many reasons have been adduced for this trend and they include socio-economic

factors, lack of discipline and control,adolescent sexual behavior andpsychological factors. This

growing problem has attracted attention from many quarters. Many residents in Lagos state have

at one time or the other expressed their concern about the increase in teenage pregnancy rates,

especially in communities where you find many low income dwellers.In this study,theSurvey

method was employed in interrogating this issue. This study sought to measure the perception of

teenagers, who are key actors in the subject under review.Senior secondary students,Pregnant

Teenagers in Alimosho and Ikorodu Local Government Areas of Lagos state were

interviewed.The study revealed that low socio-economic status, cultural factors, peer pressure,

lack of adequate sex education were the major causes of teenage pregnancy.

According to Alabio (2017), teenage pregnancy, is a serious cankerworm that has eaten

deep to the fabric of our societies inthis contemporary period. The term in every day speech

usually refers to women who have notreached legal adulthood to become pregnant. Findings

shows that, some of the root causes identified arepoverty, peer pressure and media influence

while the effects include: school drop-out,inadequate care for the child born by teenage mother,

health problems and a host of othervices. The study suggested adequate parental care, eradication

of street hawking andinculcation of moral values through religious bodies as ways of reducing

teenage pregnancy inNigeria.

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According toDiploma Thesis (2007),Children and Youth although considerable attention

has been paid to the prevalence of adolescence childbearing in Kenya today, few studies have

focused on the educational consequences of the schoolgirl pregnancy. Using data collected in

selected schools in Embu Municipality, this study examines the factors associated with

schoolgirl pregnancy as well as the likelihood of school dropout and subsequent re-enrollment of

schoolgirls who become pregnant. The analysis is derived from the data collected from

secondary schoolgirls, education officials and teachers on factors that predispose girls to

pregnancy, the extent to which teenage pregnancy contributes to school dropout and the eventual

levels of re-admission. The data analysis shows that girls in secondary schools are actually

already sexually active though they lack the relevant information to help them make the right

choices as far as their sexuality is concerned. The little information that they have is not

conclusive and it is evident that they yearn for information which would be useful for them.

Policy on re-admission has been formulated but the extent to which it is applied is still a

questionable issue. A lot of gaps also exist in record keeping of the girls who become pregnant

while in school and what becomes of them when they dropout. Such records would be vital in

determining for sure if these girls become pregnant before dropping out of school or otherwise

and subsequently tracking them down for re-admission purposes. A question is then raised on

what other factors would be causing these girls to drop out of school other than just the

pregnancy. However, poverty, cultural practices and peer pressure are among the factors

assumed to be predisposing girls to pregnancy from the findings of this study, while these factors
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in themselves would also cause dropouts. Given the increasing levels of female school

participation in Kenya today through the affirmative action motion targeting the girl child, the

findings of this study suggest that future studies will benefit from exploring the causal

relationships between the factors mentioned above, adolescent reproductive health behavior and

subsequent school attendance.

According to Makatu (2016), sexuality plays a very significant role in the lives of both

boys and girls. It is, therefore, considered important for schools to recognize and accept sexuality

as part of the development process of the child. Professor Kader Asmal (previous South African

Minister of Education) suggested that the earlier the school begins to teach learners about

sexuality, the better because they can be easily misled by their peers if proper guidance regarding

their sexuality is not given. Results that necessary approval procedures and ethical clearance

were obtained prior to data collection. Ninety-four percent of participants agreed that TP can be

prevented through abstaining from sex, whilst 65% of participants agreed that TP could be

prevented by using contraceptives such as pills and injections. Eighty-three percent of

participants agreed that TP could be prevented through the use of condoms. Seventy-four percent

participants disagreed that bathing after sex prevents teenage pregnancies. Furthermore, 28%

participants agreed that TP can be prevented by oral sex.

According to Tabansi, Opara,and Eke (2012), early initiation of coitus in adolescence is

often done without birth control and may result in pregnancy which is at high risk for poor

maternal and infant outcome. There is also significant psychosocial morbidity for the adolescent
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mother, father, and the child. Also, affected females may ultimately suffer from poor educational

achievement. In Nigeria, data on teenage pregnancy and sexuality issues are scanty, possibly due

to aversion for the topic because of socio-cultural and religious reasons. Pregnancy is the most

common cause of school drop-out for adolescent girls [1]; as such prevention should be the

primary goal. Secondary school students had poor attitude towards teenage pregnancy and

contraception issues, but will inform their parents should a pregnancy occur. Majority of girls

prefer to drop out of school if pregnant. There is thus an urgent need to address adolescents’

sexuality and pregnancy related issues via sexuality education in schools.

Theoretical Framework

This study is theoretically anchored on Adaptation Theory.

This adaptation theory defines as the process by which an individual or group

makes conscious choices to cope with his or her situation. Adaptive responses increase

people's ability to cope and to achieve their goals including survival, growth, mastery of their

lives, and personal and environmental transformation.

Adaption is also known for survival you have the ability to adapt a choices on what they

have in one culture or country. You are being conscious when you choose to adapt something

because you don't know if it is having a good or bad result. Adaptive responses have the ability

to face and deal with their responsibilities even though if it is something difficult or not. Persons

also have the ability to achieve their goals to become successful in their life.
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This study explains that teenage pregnancy is a problem with no single solution, some of

them choose illegal. Some decide to have babies and become young parents. Teenage pregnancy

and adaption theory have their similarities, teenager knows that she is pregnant they are being

conscious on what she will do. She has their choices if she tells her to their parents that she is

pregnant or not. She needs to cope with her responsibilities as a young mother. Even she's a

young mother she needs to continue with her dream or goal in life just to become a successful for

her son. We know that being a young mother is hard but she has the ability to face or deal with

her responsibilities. It assume that the state through the social welfare services help the teen

mothers in coping and adapting with the situation of becoming a mother.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate the root causes of teenage pregnancy, as well as the reasons and

possible forms of intervention.

Specifically, it seeks to answer to the following questions:

1. How do senior high school students define teenage pregnancy?

2. What are the underlying causes of teenage pregnancy in Senior High School?

3. How the environment contributed to the teenage pregnancy?

4. What are the reasons of early pregnancy Senior High School?

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5. Does early pregnancy affect their studies in the school at present?

6. Does pregnancy affect their career in this studies in the future?

7. What forms of intervention can be done to address this uprising problem among Senior High

School students?

A. Parents

B. Teachers

C. Peers

Significance of the Study

The result of this research aims to benefit the following:

Students: They will learn the cause and effect of teenage pregnancy at the very young age.In

other way they will guide to focus only to their studies instead of others things like having a

boyfriend .This research can lighten their mind and they will also be given the chance to

gainknowledge with the effects of teenage pregnancy that might lead them to create realizations.

Parents:To be aware for their child to educate, protect and guide them about having a

relationship. Parents also learn about what kind of peers teenagers have also they will learn about

planning a family.

Teachers: Teachers are the second parent of each students, they can inform the student about

themajor causes of why teenagers got pregnant at early age. They can guide teenagers of having
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early sex and teach them about different contraceptives.

The School: School administrators to provide a program about the possible effects of having

early pregnancy for the students that’s why they will intensify sex education on their school.

They can improve their knowledge of the teachers to teach students well about not get pregnant

at early age. This study would be great help to everyone especially to the teenagers and parents

about knowing that causes and effects of teenage pregnancy.

Peer Future Researchers: This will serve as the preference and guide for the future researchers

which aim to make a study related to this topic and to those who plan to expand studies about

this.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The main focus of this study is to know about the effects of early pregnancy among the

teenager Senior High School students at Obando Montessori, Inc. Also, to discover, analyze and

know the reasons why they tend to end up getting pregnant. This study will not include the

advantages and disadvantages of getting pregnant of the teenagers at the very young age. The

study will not involve the opinion of the single teenagers and will only focus to in relationship

teenagers.

Initially, the researchers will get 10 participants from the teenagers in Obando

Montessori, Inc. will be needed to gather research data and information for this study.
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This study will solely discuss the effects of the said topic regarding to their experiences

and knowledge about.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are conceptual define Teenage Pregnancy.

Teenage pregnancy is defined as all pregnancies by conception and outcome in under 20

women. In terms of Government targets this is the age group that is considered at greatest risk

of poor health and social outcomes following early pregnancy. There is widespread recognition

in policy, among the workforce and in service provision that young women face a particular set

of risks in pregnancy and parenting experiences when they are under the age of 20 unsupported

Senior High School Students.

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Chapter 2

Methodology of the Study

Methods and Techniques Used

The researcher used phenomenological research design in the study. The

phenomenological method aims to describe, understand and interpret the meanings of

experiences of human life (Bloor & Wood, 2016). This type of research describes what it is like

to experience a particular situation. This method will help the researchers to achieve their

objectives. The objective in phenomenological study is to explicate the meaning, structure and

essence of the lived experiences of a person around a specific phenomenon (Christensen,

Johnson and Turner (2010).

This study aims to analyze about the root causes, reasons, interventions and implications

on their studies due to teenage pregnancy among senior high school students, through a semi-

structured interview and coding scheme.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were be selected teenage students and out of school youth

who got pregnant from the year 2016-2018 in Obando Montessori Inc. They were chosen to

provide vital information about the effects of teenage pregnancy to their educational

development.
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Interview Guide

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher sought permission from the Obando Montessori Inc. to be given pertinent

data of teenage pregnancy cases for year 2016 to 2018. Once the researcher has identified

qualified respondents, she will personally approached the target respondent and explain to her

the study that the researcher is presently doing. The researcher also explained to her that her

cooperation mean a lot for the success of the said study.

1. By reading through all the written responses

2. By creating a condensed list of respondents

3. By creating a list of categories and

4. By developing an operational definition for each category.

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Chapter 3

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

1.Definition of teenage pregnancy.

Participant A

“ For me, teenage pregnancy is one of the cause of our lowest economy. Many teenagers like me

doesn’t survive in this situation because I am one of the teenager who pregnant early.”

- She said that in this world many teenagers suffering from this kind of situation. Like her

she didn’t survive in this case.

Participant B

“The teenage pregnancy are the teenage mom who has experience that can do at young age.”

- According to her answer, teenage pregnancy are the early mom who experienced that

situation.

Participant C

“Many female teenagers are having teenage pregnancy at age of 13 to 18 years old.”

- The number of teenage mom nowadays is increasing very fast. From 18 years of age

some of them are 13 years old.

Participant D

“The teenage pregnancy is under of age 17 to 18 years old.”

- Nowadays some of the teenager are get pregnant at early age.

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2.Underlying causes of teenage pregnancy.

Participant A

“At first, I feel so scared on what reaction or what is the feeling of my parents, I don’t know

what will be the result or what will be their reaction to me. I imagine that they will say that my

friends is the reason why I’m here in this situation.”

- Base on her experienced, she felt scared on what her parents and other people will say to

her.

Participant B

“Base on my experience, early pregnancy has changes on my body.”

- She said that early pregnancy has changes in her body. Therefore, when you experience

teenage mom some part of your body will change and there possibility that you can easily

move or do something you can do when you are not on your situation.

Participant C

“I’m scared.”

Participant D

“They are disappoint from me so they are didn’t trust me anymore.”

- Because of temptation of love she did that mistakes.

3. The environment contributed to the teenage pregnancy.

Participant A
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“Yes, because the people who surrounds us can will be the influence of what our behavior right

now. We can adapt each other attitude.”

Participant B

“No, because I am thinking for myself. I’m the one who did my decision in my life. There’s no

involve on my situation.”

Participant C

“Yes, people around us like our neighborhood.”

Participant D

“I did that because of some influence of others to me.”

- Almost of their friends are the reason to do those things.

4. The reasons of early pregnancy.

Participant A

“Because, we love each other very much that’s why we don’t want to separate and we feel that

we are together.”

Particpant B

“Not planned and we didn’t think about it.”

Participant C

“Broken family.”

Participant D
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“Family problem.”

- Lack of attention of parents.

5. The effect of early pregnancy in their studies at present.

Participant A

“When my daughter is sick I do not go to school instead I’ll take care of her health.”

Participant B

Participant C

“It’s encourage me to reach my dreams.”

Paticipant D

“Sometimes I regret to do my school works because of my child.”

- Lack of time to focus on study because most of attention is in a child.

6. The effect of early pregnancy in their studies in the future.

Participant A

“Like what I said earlier, when my daughter is sick I don’t go to school because my

responsibility is to take care her health.”

Participant B

Participant C
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“It will be hard, because rather that to go to school they’re times that I will choose my child

first.”

Participant D

“It’s difficult for m but I will do my best to finish my study because that’s for my child also.”

- Supposedly being a parents need to be a strong for their child.

7. Teenage pregnancy has become a barrier to success in their life.

Participant A

“No, it is not struggle in my success because I continue studying even when I have a child. Our

parents help us to support our financial expenses.”

Participant B

Participant C

“ No, I make my child as my inspiration.”

Participant D

“No, because I’m supposedly inspired for what happened that’s the reason why I want to achieve

all success in my life.”

- Being pregnant is an inspiration not to be a struggle in their goals but some are decided to

ab their baby.
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8. Forms of intervention can be done to address this uprising.

Participant A

“ To avoid early pregnancy you are the one who is responsible to take care of your self and then

avoid being in a relationship to avoid early pregnancy.”

Participant B

Participant C

“ Listen to your parents and study first.”

Participant D

“Maybe just think before you do without knowing outcome.”

- Don’t let other people convince you in a mistakes because of you will suffer for this.
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