Agricultural Mechanization for Sustainable Farming System Course 2004

Grain Drying and Dryers

Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN)

Institute of Agricultural Machinery (IAM)

Yasuyuki HIDAKA
 Introduction of IAM 1
Japan

Gunma
Tochigi

Head office Saitama

Ibaraki

Tokyo

Kanagawa

Chiba

museum
Show room
Introduction of IAM 2
Fundamental Technology Department

Crop Production Machinery and System Department

Horticultural Engineering Department

Animal Industry Engineering Department

Testing and Evaluation Department
 Introduction of IAM 3
Testing and Evaluation Department

Transplanter Test
Harvester Test

Tractor Test National Test

Safety Test

ROPS Test IAM Test

OECD Test
Mono rail Test Boom sprayer test
 Introduction of IAM 4

Certificate for safety test

Certificate for national test

 Introduction of IAM 5

http://brain.naro.affrc.go.jp/iam/
 Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 1

Drying facility 30％

Husk
Harvest
Moisture content 25％

Individual 62％ Natural Drying

Dry
Moisture content 15％
Artificial Drying 92％
Japanese farmer controlled paddy by moisture contents.
Transporting to dryer within 4 hours
 Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 2

Country Elevator

Rough Rice

Governmental ,
JA and Brown Rice
Private company’s
Warehouse
Distribute
Milling
Brown Rice
Factory
Distribute

Individual Farmer Brown Rice

Storage
Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 3
18
Colored grain by microorganism　（％）

16

14

12

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Storage period　（ｈours）

(Toyama pref. Agri. Tech. Center, 1997)

 Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 4
35 230

30 210
25
190
Temper atur e (℃)

20

Precipitation　（mm）
15 170

10 150
Harvesting period
5
130
0 Harvesting period
-5 110

-10 90
-15
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Manth Manth

Temperature Precipitation

Temperature is low in harvesting period.

We have a lot of precipitation in harvesting period.

We need artificial drying.

 Situation of Post Harvest in Japan 5
Equilibrium moisture content (paddy rice)
30%
Equilibrium moisture contents (w.b.)

25%

20% 10℃

20℃

15%

30℃
10%
Average temperature and humidity
range in harvest time of Japan

5%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Relative humidity
 Grain Drying
 Calculate amount of remove water

 Air properties on psychrometric chart

 Relationship between temperature and

humidity in thick grain layer

 Calculate amount of air and heat energy using

psychrometric chart

 Drying and quality

 Calculate Amount of Remove Water
Mi % Mg %

Dry matter Moisture Dry matter Moisture

Total weight（W） Total weight（W’）

Before drying After drying

Weight of dry matter before drying ＝ Weight of dry matter after drying

W×（1-Mi/100） ＝ W’×（1-Mg/100)

（1-Mi/100)
W’ ＝ W ×
（1-Mg/100)

Amount of remove water ＝ W - W’

We can know the drying energy by calculating the amount of remove water.
 Conclusion

Equation
(100 - Mi)
Ww ＝W  W
(100 - Mg)

Ww: Weight of remove water

W：Weight of grain
Mi：Initial moisture content
Mg：Goal moisture content
 Practice
Q.1 Calculate amount of remove water when
3000kg paddy (M.C.27%) was dried to 15%.
W = 3000kg
（100-Mi)
WW ＝ W － W × Mi = 27%
（100-Mg)
Mg = 15%
（100－27)
＝ 3000 － 3000 ×
（100－15)

＝ 3000 － 2576

＝ 424 kg

In this case, We must remove 424 kg water.

Property of Moist Air on Psychrometric Chart

Absolute humidity（kg/kg’）
Dry bulb Wet bulb Dew point temp（℃）

Dry bulb temp.（℃）

Specific volume（ｍ3/kg）
 Psychrometric Chart

Absolute humidity (kg/kg’)

Dry bulb temperature (℃）
Specific volume
Relationship between temperature and humidity on thick layer

t2：Temperature
Air-outlet h2：Humidity

Grain
t1 > t2
layer

h1< h2
Air-inlet t1：Temperature
h1： Humidity
Relationship between temperature and humidity
on psychrometric chart

Absolute humidity（kg/kg’）
Humidity is increase when air passes grain layer

(H2-H1)
Capacity of absorbable water per 1 kg-air

H2
H1

Dry bulb temp.（℃） t2 t1

A Model of Heated Air Drying
t3 ℃
h2 ％

Grain layer

t1 ℃
t2 ℃ h1 ％
Fan Burner

In this case, How dose sate point of air change

on psychrometric chart?
Relationship between temperature and humidity
on psychrometric chart in a model

Absolute humidity（kg/kg’）
H2

(H2-H1)
Capacity of absorbable
H1
water per 1 kg-air
Heating process

Dry bulb temp.（℃） t1 t3 t2

ｒ
Specific volume（m3/kg）
Conclusion about Drying
Equation of Amount of Air
Ｇ(kg) = Ww÷(H2-H1)
Ｑ(m ) = Ｇ×r
3

Equation of Heat Energy

ｑ(kcal) = G×(e2-e1)
 Drying Simulation 1
25℃、75％

Grain layer Weight ： 500kg

M.C. ： 24％

20℃
42℃ 70％

The grain which weight is 500kg dried from 24% to 15%

of moisture contents after 8hours.
 Drying Simulation 2
Q.1 Calculate amount of remove water.
W = 500kg
（100-Mi)
WW ＝ W － W × Mi = 24%
（100-Mg)
Mg = 15%

500 – 500 × （1-0.24） ＝ 52.8kg

（1-0.15）

52.8 ÷ 8 = 6.6（kg/h)

We must evaporate 52.8kg water. And we must evaporate 6.6kg per 1hour
because drying time 8 hours.
 Drying Simulation 3
Q.2 Read differences of absolute humidity and enthalpy from psychrometric chart.

Absolute humidity（kg/kg’）

0.0149
0.0047
0.0102

Dry bulb temp.（℃） 20 25 42

0.908
Specific volume（ｍ3/kg）
 Drying Simulation 4
Q.3 Calculate amount of air.

Ｇ = Ww÷(H2-H1)
= 6.6 ÷ 0.0047
= 1404 (kg/h)
Ｑ = Ｇ×r
= 1404×0.908
= 1275 (m /h) 3

= 0.354 (m /sec) 3
 Drying Simulation 5
Q.4 Calculate heat energy.

ｑ = G×(e2-e1)
= 1404×5.1
= 7523 (kcal/h)
The kerosene that heat combustion is 10500kcal/kg, is used for fuel.

7523 (kcal/h) ÷10500（kcal/kg) = 0.72 (kg/h)

0.72 (kg/h) × 8（hours) = 5.76 (kg)
In this case, we need 5.76kg kerosene.
 Drying & Quality 1
Relationship between palatability and germination
 Drying & Quality 2
Relationship between cracking rate of brown rice
and percentage of broken of milled rice
 Drying & Quality 3
Relationship among Initial moisture content and drying air
temperature and drop in germination rate.
 Drying & Quality 4
Relationship among Initial moisture content and drying air
temperature and serious cracking rate.
 Drying & Quality 5
Relationship among Initial moisture content and drying rate
and serious cracking rate.
 Drying & Quality 6
Relationship among air flow rate and drying rate
and serious cracking rate.
 Conclusion about quality

high low
Initial moisture content

low high
Dry air temperature

low high
Drying rate
 Grain Dryers

 Classification grain dryers

 Batch type dryers
 Continuous type dryers
 Storage type dryers
Classification grain dryers 1
1.Classification by Aeration temperature

Fixed temperature
Heated air Rising temperature
Descending temperature
No heated Ambient air
air Dehumidification air

2.Classification by air flow rate

Air flow rate per 1t

3
(m /s・t)
Drying 0.5-3
Bin drying 0.05-0.2
Storage 0.02-0.002
 Classification grain dryers 2
Grain moving Structure Description Schematic diagram

3.Cassification The drier which makes it

principle to dry without
by structure Flat bed type moving grain. A
ventilation floor is
horizontal.
Static A basic principle is the
same as the above. But
ventilation floor is
Batch Upright type vertical. When moisture is
type high, grain may be moved
several times using
thrower

While grain is drying,

Recirculation grain is always circulating.
type Grain is drying and
tempering per 1 cycle.

While grain is flowing

continuously from
entrance to exit, grain is
Uni pass type
Moving drying.Grain is dried to
goal moisture contents by
one pass.
Continuous
type
A basic principle is the
same as the above. Grain
is dried to goal moisture
Multi pass type contents by several pass.
Grain is storaged in silo
between drying and next
drying.
 Grain dryers
in facility

(b) Rice center

Batch type dryer
(a) Country elevator
Continuous type dryer
Flat bed type dryer

Blower diameter 48cm 38～35cm 35～32cm

Amount high weight high weight high weight
of grain cm kg cm kg cm kg
1.7㎡ 41 370 43 390 45 420
for
3.3㎡ 38 690 40 730 42 750
drying
5㎡ 36 980 37 1000 35 960
area 8.6㎡ 34 1200 31 1100 20 1000
3
Note）a. Paddy density is 550kg/m b. Blower power is 0.37kW
Recirculating type dryer 1
Bucket elevator

Upper screw

Tempering
section

Suction
Control blower
panel
Grain inlet (front)

Moisture contents meter Drying

section
Electric Resistance type
Burner

Feed roll

Feed inlet (side)

Sensor roll Fuel tank

 Recirculating
Grain
type dryer 2
Suction blower

Exhaust air

Heated air
Exhaust air

Heated air

Burner

Under screw Rotary valve

 Recirculating type dryer 3
Far -infrared radiation dryer
Radiation body
Burner
Ambient air
Far -infrared
radiation

Heated air
Grain Suction fun

Heated air dryer

Ambient air

Burner Heated air

Grain Suction fun
 Recirculating type dryer 4
Drying
Chamber

FIR Body

Rotary Valve
(R. V.)

Under Screw
(U. S.)

Exhaust
Air
Drying
Chamber

Rotary Valve
(R. V.) Heated
Air
FIR

FIR body

Under Screw
(U. S.)
 Recirculating type dryer 5

Round type (for soy beam)

Large type (for facility)
 Continuous flow type dryer 1

Flow of grain Flow of grain

Heated air

Heated air

Heated air

(a) Columnar type (b) Buffle type (c) Inverted trough type
(LSU)
Heated air tube
Exhaust air tube
 Continuous flow
Grain inlet
type dryer 2
Drying chamber

Dumper

Grain inlet Blower

(c) Inverted trough type
Grain inlet
Exhaust air

Drying chamber
Exhaust air Leveler
Exhaust air duct
Suction Blower Exhaust air

heated air duct

Exhaust air
Air inlet

Burner heated air

(b) Buffle type

Heated air tube
Burner Exhaust air tube

Air inlet

Rotary valve
(a) Columnar type
Brower
Storage type dryer
The limit safe air flow rate in storage drying
Storage type dryer 1 Square bin type

Grain Direction of grain moving

Air flow Sweep floor

Storage type dryer 2 Round bin type
Storage type dryer 3

Rack type Container rack

Tank

Balance

Blower

Receipt
Power supply
Lift
Control box
Storage type dryer 4

Mixing husk type

From husk dryer

Husk

Raw paddy
paddy
Husk silo
Husk silo Mixing silo
Mixing silo
Husk
Husk dryer
dryer
Husk
Husk separator
separator

To husk silo
Dried paddy (2-3%wb)
3%wb)

Paddy
Paddytank
tank Husktank
Husk tank Storage silo

Mixing ratio
Raw paddy : Dried husk = 1 : 1.5～2
Storage type dryer 5
Storage type using solar energy
Solar energy

Receiving Green house Processing

section section

Rotary stirrer

Drying bed

Bin Bin
Measurement method

 Moisture content
①Standard method

②Moisture meter

 Crack
 Moisture content 1

Before drying weight －After drying weight

Moisture contents (% w.b.) = ×100
Before drying weight
Drying conditions
M105 : 5g(ground grain) － 105℃ － 5 hours
M135 : 10g(whole grain) － 135℃ － 24 hours
0.4
M105＝100－α（100- M135）
0.2
Grain Coefficient
Deviation

Absolute humidity (kg/kg‘) Paddy 1.0121

0
0.002 0.008 0.014 0.020 0.026 Weat 1.0086
-0.2 4g(whole grain)-135℃-24hours Barley 1.0086
Beer 1.0071
-0.4
Brawn rice 1.0122
5g(ground grain)-105℃-5hours
-0.6 Milled rice 1.0133
 Moisture content 3
<Procedure>
①Measure 10g of grain and put into an aluminum can.

②Remove the cover downward and puts it into a

dryer (135℃).

③Take it out after 24 hours, puts it into a desiccator Cock

with a desiccant, and be cooling for 30 to 40 minutes. Vaseline is applied.

Desiccant

④Measure weight and calculate by the following formula.

Measure 3 times per 1 sample and describe
by average value.
 Water contents meter 1
Electric resistance type

R
E
R E I= I
R

I
R ∝ water contents E
 Water contents meter 2
Electric capacitance type

d
S

Q=CV

εS
C C=8.855×10-8
i d

ε ∝ water contents
V
 Water contents meter 3

Infrared moisture determination balance

Moisture contents are detected

weight loss by heating and drying.
 Crack 1
<Definition of crack grain>
(1) Grains that have 1lateral crack that goes all the way through.
(2) Grains that have 2 lateral cracks on one side that do not go all the way
through; viewed from another surface there are 2 lateral cracks, which occur in
difference parts of the grain.
(3) Grains that have 3 or more lateral crack on one side that do not go all the way
through.
(4) Grains that have longitudinal cracks, regardless of them number or form.
(5) Grains in which there are honeycomb pattern cracks.
 Crack 2
<Procedure>
①Cracking rate is measured by brown rice which husked by hand or handy husker.

②Good grain containing crack grain is measured.

③Measurement is judged in seeing through them with

the naked eye using equipment.

④Samples are extracted after drying. It is measured, after sealing this sample and
saving in normal temperature for 48 hours or more.

⑤The number of measurement grains are 250 grains.

Count of crack grains
Crackingrate (%)＝  100
250
 Lower limits Upper limits
Damaged kernels, dead kernals, colored kernels, other grains and foreign matter
Item Other grains
Test Head Grain Moisture
/ Dead Colored Other than
weight rate character content Total Foreign
Grade kernels kernels Rough rice Wheat rough rice
matter
or wheat
g/l % % % % % % % % %
1st grade
1st grade 810 70 15.0 15 7 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2
sample
2nd
2nd grade 790 60 15.0 20 10 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4
grade
3rd
3rd grade 770 45 15.0 30 20 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.6
grade
upper
Offgrade - - 15.0 100 100 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.0
limit 770
 Husking
Husking Separating Polishing

Engelberg rice huller polisher

One machine performs

husking and polishing

This system simple but milling yield is low

Husker Separator Polisher

Combination of husker,
separator and polisher
Husking 1

Brawn rice

×
Palea
Clamp
Lemma

Space between rolls

Conclusion of Easy Husking

①Direction of Length

②Friction Force

Husking 2
 Husking 3

Roll type husker

n D
N d

(a) equal-diameter (b) difference-diameter

n (rpm) > N (rpm) d (m) < D (m)

 Husking 4

Roll type husker

n D
N d

(a) equal-diameter (b) difference-diameter

n (rpm) > N (rpm) d (m) < D (m)

Ratio of peripheral velocity difference ； 0.23 ～0.24

Roll clearance ； 0.8 ～1.2

Husking 5 Structure of roll type husker

300kg/h-1inc.
 Husking 6
Impeller type husker

Inlet paddy

Impeller blade

Liner

Husking fan
 Husking 7
Relationship between moisture contents and husking rate.
Impeller type husker
Husking rate (%)

Roll type husker

Moisture contents (%)

 Husking 8

Roll type Impeller type

Capacity (kg/h)

Husking rate (%)

Durability

Scared kernel
 Feeder
Viewing chamber

Sensor
Belt conveyer
Chute
CCD camera Light
Light Ligh
t CCD camera
Back ground

Air-gun ejector Flapper ejector

Good Bad
Good Bad eject eject
eject type eject
Air-gun eject Flapper eject type
type type
type type