Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.

Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.077

Poultry Waste Management

Purnima Singh1*, Tanmay Mondal1, Rachana Sharma2,

N. Mahalakshmi1 and Mokshta Gupta1

1
Physiology & Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122,
Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Dairy cattle physiology Division, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Poultry industry is one of the fastest growing markets. The poultry industry produces large
Keywords amounts of solid waste. There are many different waste management options for poultry
waste including land application of litter as an organic fertilizer, feed for livestock, biogas
Poultry, Pollution,
production, products for commercial purposes. Poultry wastes are posing serious
Mortality and
farming environmental pollution problems, through offensive odours and promotion of fly and
rodent breeding. The appropriate utilization of its waste or by-products increases the
Article Info monetary output and protects from its unwanted side-effects. Inadequate approach and
carelessness of disposal of poultry slaughter house waste products will lead to the constant
Accepted:
threat of disease ailments on poultry farms. This results in direct losses in the form of
06 July 2018
Available Online: mortality and reduced productivity. Therefore, early disposal of wastes with a well-
10 August 2018 organized method is an important poultry waste management tool for raising healthy and
profitable poultry farming activity

Introduction properly manage the waste produced from it.

It was stated that if waste must be transported
Poultry is one of the fastest growing segments to a disposal site, it must be placed in sealed
of the agricultural sector in India today. As containers to prevent spillage (Olexa and
crop production alone may not solve the food Goldfarb, 2008). Globally, an excess of 90%
difficulty of the fast growing population of poultry waste is spread on land close to the
country. The poultry production has been the poultry farms (Moore et al., 1995). The
appropriate answer for fulfillment of poultry industry produces large amounts of
requirements of balanced diet. India is now the solid waste like bedding material, excreta,
world's third largest egg producer, fourth feed, feathers, hatchery waste, mortality waste
largest producer of chicken and fifth in poultry and waste water like faeces, urine, saw dust,
meat production. In India Poultry meat, remnants of drugs pesticides, disinfection of
contributes 47.05 percent of total Meat chicken houses and abattoirs. Poultry manure
production. As poultry industry expanding its contains high phosphorus which has positive
wings, it’s also increasing the challenges to effect on the growth and productivity of crops.

701
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

It is also effective when combined with leaching and contamination of ground water
mineral phosphorus fertilizer for farm use. which in turn effects sources of drinking water
The poultry wastes also pose serious with subsequent impact on the health of
environmental pollution problems through human beings particularly children.
offensive odours and promotion of fly and
rodent breeding (Adeoye et al., 1994). Soil amendment
Therefore appropriate dispose/management of
waste is required for minimizing the risk and Application of poultry manure improve water
fetching the better vantage of poultry industry. holding capacity of soil and increase lateral
There are different techniques of management water movement, therefore improving
and disposal of poultry waste, to reutilize the irrigation potentiality and decreasing the
nutritions and avoid the risk. In this review dryness of soils. It increases the number and
different methods have included to emphasize diversity of soil microorganisms, particularly
management and disposal of poultry waste. in sandy conditions. It is difficult to prescribe
any uniform standard but care has to be taken
Management of manure and Litter to spread poultry manure thinly on the soil
instead of dumping in a heap. Since soil
Roeper et al., (2005) stated that a major condition also varies widely it is difficult to
problem coming along with the poultry prescribe any limit. It was evidenced that
production is the manure that needs to be continuous application of composted and non-
taken care of, avoidance of proper treatment composted poultry manures causes the
can become risky for environment and improvement of physical properties of
humans. Generally, manure refers to faeces degraded soil, and subsequently increased the
and urine produced by animals; it contains maize grain yields more than the application
organic matter and nutrients, which improve of poultry biochar and unamended manure
its fertilizer value. Litter is a waste by-product (Are et al., 2018).
of poultry industry, which consists of feces,
bedding materials, wasted feed, and feathers As fertilizer
(Chen Z et al., 2014). Dong and Tollner
(2003) stated that poultry manure can cause The proper handling and management of
environment related problems such as water, manure can augment or replace purchased
air and land pollution. Ammonia, commercial fertilizers (Tao and Mancl, 2008).
dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine Utilization of poultry waste as a source of
(TMA) are the common odorous compounds manure for crop production has been the
from poultry manure, (Nowak et al., 2017) favored system for recycling nutrients. The
study of genotoxic and cytotoxic activity of approximated percentages of nutrient intake
these compound in the model chicken cell line excreted by poultry are nitrogen (65.5%),
(LMH), suggested that these compounds can potassium (83.5%) and phosphorus (68.5%), it
induce cell death by necrosis and apoptosis. is beneficial increased crop production
The risk of nutrients, organic material, and (Olumayowa and Abiodun, 2011). Other
pathogens contaminating water bodies and elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur,
public water supplies will greatly increase if boron, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, iron,
manure is spread adjacent to streams, manganese and zinc which are deficient in
waterways, and lakes (Coote and Zwerman, commercial fertilizer are also there in poultry
1975). High nitrogen content in the poultry manure in appreciable amounts. The manure is
manure gives rise to the problem of nitrate stored in most of the farms before disposal, at

702
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

least for a period of one month and this leads total ration (Muller, 1980). It was also noted
to loss of nearly 40% N which reduces the that high copper level in poultry diet can cause
value of the manure. In one study chicken toxicity in sheep. (Chaudhry et al., 1997)
manure was added for sweet potato culture argued that the feeding poultry waste to
and it was suggested that small-scale farmers livestock can cause health hazards like
should avoid use of high levels of chicken pathogens and residues of pesticides. Also
manure because higher levels of manure there may be problems associated with
would increase vegetative growth at the nutrient loss mainly through volatilisation of
expense of tuber formation (Magagula et al., ammonia (Caswell et al., 1975). It is
2010). suggested that ensiling poultry waste, i.e.
slaughterhouse wastes with molasses and
Livestock feeding lactobacilli improves NPN and reduces
pathogens. Because material may be a
Poultry litter has been used in diets for potential source of pathogenic bacteria (e.g.
poultry, lambs, ewes, swine, lactating cows, Salmonella), moulds and yeasts (Alexander et
wintering cattle and brood cows. Poultry al., 1968), feeding of poultry waste depends
litter/manure is used as livestock feed in other on the type and standard of management of the
countries also including Israel and some states birds.
in the US (Smith and Wheeler, 1979). Drying
of poultry manure is perhaps the oldest Drying of poultry manure
procedure of processing waste for refeeding. It
was stated that amino acid nitrogen of cage Drying in natural air conditions under sunlight
layer waste ranges from 37 to 40% of total is one of the most economical and feasible
nitrogen and that about 40 to 60% of total methods for tropical countries like India.
nitrogen in poultry excreta is present in the Poultry waste has high water content, there is
form of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) a need to develop a proper and inexpensive
(Chaudhry et al., 1997). When it is given to processing technology to remove excessive
ruminants as feed, uric acid which is the major moisture and destroy harmful pathogens from
NPN source in poultry is degraded to the organic waste. Moreover, fresh poultry
ammonia by rumen microbes. The maximum droppings have lower moisture content than
inclusion rate of poultry waste in ruminant manure from other livestock, making sun
feeds is 20% [National Research Council drying the most effective processing method.
(NRC) (1984)]. Adding broiler litter into beef Dried poultry waste reportedly contains about
cattle rations at a level of 20% or higher (as 30 per cent protein, of which about 60 per cent
fed basis) can satisfy crude protein, calcium is from non-protein nitrogenous sources.
and phosphorus requirement (Crickenberger Drying is affected by several factors which
and Goode, 1996). The investigators reported alter its property (Ghaly and Alhattab et al.,
addition of poultry litter at a level of 30% into 2013) Thin layer (1-3 cm) drying of poultry
corn silage has beneficiary effect. Dried manure is effective at temperatures within the
poultry waste contains 28% protein and 30% range provided by solar heaters (40-60°C).
ash and is also an excellent source of calcium, Greater nitrogen losses (44-55 %) is observed
phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc (NRC, at the deeper manure layer and higher
1984). It was studied that poultry waste fed at temperature which resulted in a reduction in
levels above 35% usually covers almost the N:P:K from the initial value of 4.58:1.29:1 to
total protein requirement of sheep, and final values in the range 2.07:1.30:1-
contributes substantially to the energy of the 2.57:1.28:1. Drying is helpful in reducing the

703
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

presence and offensiveness of odor by 65.3 and have a wide application in the field of
and 69.3%, respectively, reduction in bacteria technical textiles (Chinta et al., 2013). Poultry
(65.6-99.8%), yeast and mold (74.1-99.6%) feathers are also converted into biodegradable
and E. coli (99.97 %). Dried poultry manure plastics by a process called polymerization. In
has high nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium this process, feathers which contain keratin
contents which are essential for plant growth. protein are pulverized into fine dust.

Bioenergy production Management of poultry offal

Poultry manure and litter is rich in organic Poultry offals are solid by-products, wastes of
matter which can be transforming into poultry slaughterhouse or poultry processing
bioenergy. Water flushing is one of the plant. It includes parts and/or whole poultry
common processes for bioenergy production. carcass, undeveloped eggs, waste produced in
In this technique, manure is digested broiler farming and slaughter house. Offal
anaerobically that produces a gas mixture with consists of 5.3% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen,
varying concentrations of combustible 32% proteins, 54% lipids and 0.6 to 0.9 %
methane (FAO/CMS, 1996). Biogas is a methane production potential (Salminen and
source of energy; it can be used as a fuel for Rintala, 2002). According to one study,
engines, generation of electricity and other significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight, as
energy consuming purposes. Anaerobically well as, better feed conversion ratios were
processed products are very much acceptable found in poults fed diets with 25% poultry
for land treatment and feed supplement. This waste carcass meal crude protein replacement,
technique is not much popular yet as it is compared with diets containing only fishmeal
costly, need operational feasibility and as a protein source (Santhi et al., 2011).
produce less biogas from poultry litter system.
The investigators concluded that levels of
Management of feathers poultry waste carcass meal replacing the crude
protein from fishmeal up to 25% appeared
Feathers are also used in animal feed, organic acceptable based upon eighth-week body
fertilizers and feed supplements, as it is made weight and feed efficiency.
up of >90% protein and is rich in cystine,
arginine and threonine as they are Poultry waste disposal methods
hydrophobic amino acids, can resist from
hydrothermal process that makes feather more The disposal of poultry carcasses is a serious
digestible (Ekta and Rani, 2012). A slow trouble for poultry industry, as it has
release nitrogen fertilizer has been developed environmental, biological, and financial
from poultry feathers (Jong-Myung Choi and concern (Cai et al., 1994). The carcasses may
Paul V. Nelson, 1996). It was reported that the not be disposed of by dumping on any public
feather-lysate produced by Bacillus road or right-of-way left where they may be
licheniformis PWD-1 has nutritional property consumed by animals (Olexa and Goldfarb,
for feed similar to soybean protein. For 2008). Worldwide, there are several ways of
minimizing environmental hazard new disposing of poultry waste including; burial,
techniques are constructed for the production rendering, incineration, compositing, feed for
of biodiesel from feather meal (Thyagarajan et livestock, fertilizer or source of energy. Each
al., 2013). The nonwoven textile materials disposal option has advantages and
prepared by chicken feathers are very versatile disadvantages.

704
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

Poultry industry

Soil amendment

705
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

Burial

Compositing

706
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

Poultry waste disposal methods

Serial no. Method Advantage Disadvantage

1. Burial  Predominant disposal  The poor site selection, such
option for catastrophic mortality as sandy soils or areas with high
events or infectious outbreaks water tables, may pose a threat to
 Simplest and economical groundwater
methods
 Safe method
2. Burning  Easy and economic  Atmospheric pollution
3. Incineration  Most effective methods  The air emission, process
for destroying potentially conditions, and the disposal of solid
infectious agents and liquid residues need to be
 Eliminating the threat of strictly controlled
disease  It requires proper sources of
 The residue is mostly fuel and supervision, otherwise
harmless and does not attract smoke and odour can create
rodents or insects nuisance complaints.
 Expensive method
4. Compositing  Resultant products are  Loss of nutrients like
much more environmentally nitrogen.
acceptable than raw litter for  Land area required for the
land application compositing
 Economic method  Odour problems
 Kill pathogens, control  Emission of greenhouse
disease outbreaks. gases such as methane and nitrous
 Reduces the risk of oxide
nitrogen and phosphorus
entering the water systems
5. Rendering  Rendering products can  Emission of gas and odour
be used as feed, fertilizer leads environment concern
 Fat product can be used
for soaps, washing powders,
cosmetics, fuel.

Burial pits can be used if they are designed,

constructed, maintained, and used in a manner
Besides burning and rendering, the carcasses to prevent the spread of diseases. Burial is one
of dead domestic animals may be disposed of of the simplest and most cost-effective
by burial. According to (Malone, 2005), on- methods employed to deal with many types of
farm burial has been the predominant disposal mass mortality losses. However, burial of
option for many catastrophic mortality events dead birds in a pit can lead to ground water
such as avian influenza outbreaks. It was contamination (Cai et al., 1994) and public
suggested (Anon, 2005) that for mass disposal perception concerns if not properly managed.
of animals (poultry, swine, and calves) burial Payne mentioned that when proper guidelines

707
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

are followed, burial is a safe option but that from outbreaks of highly infectious diseases
poor site selection, such as sandy soils or such as Newcastle disease and avian
areas with high water tables, may pose a influenza. Anon (2005) argued that burning is
threat to groundwater. Previous work (Payne) not a preferred method of disposal because of
indicated that burial of mortality requires the the resulting air pollutants. Incomplete
construction of a pit, which must be located at carcass combustion leads emission of Dioxins
least 91.44 m away from any wells, waters of and furans, they are carcinogens and can
the state, neighboring residences, public areas negatively affect human reproduction,
or property lines. The bottom of the burial pit development and immune systems (Rier,
must be at least 30.48 cm above any 2008). According to Anon (2005), mass
floodplain level and at least 60.96 cm above cremation of mortality should be performed in
the seasonal-high water table. On the other a flat area that is easily accessible to heavy
hand, Anon (2005) indicated that mortality to vehicles for transporting the carcasses and
be buried must be located more than 30.48 m away from public view. The site must be
away from any existing or proposed wells, located away from buildings, public roads,
water supply lines, or seasonable high water and overhead electric and telephone lines,
table of any water source, and 4.57 m underground utility wires, and shallow
horizontal away from the edge of any underground pipes or gas lines.
embankment. Additionally, burial sites must
not be in areas with gullies, ravines, dry Incineration
streambeds, natural or man-made drainage
ways or sinkholes. Payne stated that if there is Incineration is recognized as one of the
bedrock in the area, the bottom of the pit must biologically safest methods of disposal,
be at least 60.96 cm above the bedrock. In eliminating the threat of disease (Blake et al.,
addition, carcasses must be covered with a 2008). Incineration refers to process of
minimum of 76.2 cm of top soil after thermal destruction, apparently among the
placement in the pit. Anon (2005) stated that most effective methods for destroying
mortality must be buried at least 0.91 m potentially infectious agents (Ritter and
below ground level but no more than 2.44 m Chinside, 1995). The major concern during
deep. Animals may be buried in mass burial incineration is, the air emission, process
pits or in approved landfills. The soil for a conditions, and the disposal of solid and
burial site must be of moderate or slow liquid residues need to be strictly controlled.
permeability and must be at least one 30.48 The residue from properly incinerated
cm above the seasonal high groundwater mortality is largely harmless and does not
elevation. attract rodents or insects. Payne stated that
incineration eliminates all pathogens but has
Burning high operational costs and if not properly
conducted it can contribute to air pollution
This is one of the common methods of that decreases its usefulness for widespread
disposing, especially among small-scale use as a mortality carcass disposal option.
farmers. In this disposal method, mortalities Malone (2005) argued that the incineration
are fully burned at relatively high process is slow, loading decomposed carcass
temperatures using fuels such as wood, tyres poses a problem and it will require disposal of
or diesel. However, this waste disposal 0.3 tonnes of ash per tonne of carcass. It
method may lead to atmospheric pollution in requires proper sources of fuel and
the event of catastrophic mortalities resulting supervision of the process, otherwise smoke

708
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

and odour can create nuisance complaints. It the microorganisms that is lost through
has been reported that incineration is aeration or surface cooling. In the opinion of
expensive and can potentially pollute the air Turnell et al., (2007), the immobilisation of
(Cai et al., 1994). Therefore, incineration not nitrogen and phosphorus during compositing
much recommended for large-scale poultry reduces the risk of these nutrients entering the
operations that produce large amounts of water systems. Furthermore, compositing
mortalities but beneficial for poultry slaughter reduces the pathogenic organisms due to the
facilities. high heat produced during the process of
compositing. Das et al., (2002) reported that
Compositing hatchery waste compositing reduces E. coli
and salmonella by 99.9% and 100%,
Composting is a natural, biological process by respectively. The disadvantages of
which organic material is broken down and compositing are loss of some nutrients
decomposed (Malone, 2004). This process is including nitrogen, the land area required for
carried out by successive microbial the compositing and odour problems (Glatz et
populations which function under increasing al., 2011). A potential problem with
temperatures to break down organic materials compositing is the emission of greenhouse
into carbon dioxide, water, minerals, and gases such as methane and nitrous oxide,
stabilized organic matter (Evanylo et al., which are efficient in absorbing infra-red
2009). However, wastes having high moisture radiation resulting in global warming and acid
with low fibre content need higher amounts of rain. Animal production contributes 7% of
moisture-sorbing and structural support to greenhouse emissions worldwide through the
compost well (Tritt and Schuchardt, 1992). It decomposition and degradation of manure
is a biological process in which organic (Hao et al., 2004).
wastes are converted into products which can
be potentially used as soil conditioner and Rendering
organic fertilizer (Brake, 1992). According to
Malone (2005), microorganisms will rapidly Rendering is a process of application of heat
compost carcasses in the presence of oxygen to remove fat from meat (Swan, 1992). It is
(>5%), moisture (40-60%), and a proper much suited for high-risk material disposal.
carbon to nitrogen ratio (20:1 to 35:1). This Rendering products can be used in animal
process produces carbon dioxide, water feed, as fertiliser or further processed via
vapour, heat and compost. It takes 2 to 6 anaerobic digestion or composting. Materials
months for the animal to decompose (Anon, are exposed to 133°C temperature for a
2002). The benefits of compositing are minimum of 20 min at 3 bars or an alternative
manifold. Compositing has the ability to heat treatment, to make it suitable for
reduce poultry litter, dispose of carcasses, fertilizing and feeding purposes. Heat
stabilise trace minerals and reduce odours treatment also increases the storage time of
(Turnell et al., 2007; Bonhotal et al., 2008). It resultant products by removing moisture and
can be done any time of the year and can be killing microorganisms (NABC, 2004 Carcass
done with equipment available on farms; Disposal). Rendered feed product can be used
hence it is economical (Bonhotal et al., 2008). for chemical industry or energy source in the
The most efficient temperature range for form of fuel. Slaughterhouse by-products are
composting is between 40 oC and 60 oC. preserved with formic acid as it has a good
However, compost pile temperatures are source of proteins and vitamins and is used as
dependent on the amount of heat produced by animal feed (Pulsa, 1996). The legislation,

709
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

however, has become stringent about the use Are, K.S., AO Adelana, IOO Fademi, OA
of slaughter by-products for animal feed to Aina (2017). Improving physical
reduce the risk of disease transmission via the properties of degraded soil: Potential of
feed and the food chain. The main poultry manure and biochar. Agriculture
environmental concerns associated with and Natural Resources. Volume 51,
rendering are gas and odour emissions Issue 6, December 2017, Pages 454-462
(DEFRA, 2008) Blake, J.P., J.B. Carey, A.K.M. Haque, G.W.
Malone, P.H. Patterson, N.L. Tablante,
Poultry waste management is difficult and and N.G. Zimmermann. Poultry carcass
challenging, because of its linked problems, disposal options for routine and
like nitrate and heavy metal contamination in catastrophic mortality. Council for
crops, soil, water, air quality and odor; Agricultural Science and Technology
disposal of dead and diseased poultry and (CAST) Issue Paper No. 40, October
food safety. Slaughter house wastes like 2008.
feathers, blood, and innards are being Bonhotal, J., Schwarz, M., and Brown, N.
processed and utilized as high-protein animal (2008). Natural Rendering: Composting
feed sources or as fertilizer due to its high Poultry Mortality. The Emergency
nitrogen content. Poultry farming in India, in Response to Disease Control.Fact sheet.
spite of several challenges, has progressed Brake, J. D. (1992).A practical guide for
drastically. Poultry industry contributes an composting poultry litter. Bulletin-
vital role in economy of nation as well as Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry
improving the standard of living of people. Experiment Station (USA).
The proper utilization and disposal of poultry Cai, T., Pancorbo, O. C., Merka, W. C.,
sector will not only helping this industry but Sander, J. E., and Barnhart, H. M.
also avoiding the unnecessary discomfort to (1994). Stabilization of poultry
living beings and environment. The processing by-products and waste and
decomposition of the waste must be done with poultry carcasses through lactic acid
proper handing and care to avoid any risk of fermentation. Journal of Applied
disease outbreak and to prevent environment Poultry Research, 3(1), 17-25.
pollution Chaudhry, S. M., Naseer, Z., and Alkraidees,
M. S. (1997). Nutritive evaluation of
References poultry waste and sudex grass silage for
sheep. ASIAN AUSTRALASIAN
Adeoye, G. O., Sridhar, M. K. C., and JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES,
Mohammed, O. E. (1994). Poultry 10, 79-85.
waste management for crop production: Chen, Z., and Jiang, X. (2014).
Nigerian experience. Waste Microbiological safety of chicken litter
management and research, 12(2), 165- or chicken litter-based organic
172. fertilizers: a review. Agriculture, 4(1),
Alexander, D. C., Carrière, J. A., and McKay, 1-29.
K. A. (1968). Bacteriological studies of Chinta, S. K., Landage, S. M., and Yadav, K.
poultry litter fed to livestock. The (2013).Application of chicken feathers
Canadian Veterinary Journal, 9(6), 127. in technical textiles. International
Anon (2005).Management of animal mortality Journal of Innovative Research in
in Georgia. January 2005. Science, Engineering and Technology,
2(4), 1158-1165.

710
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

Choi, J. M., and Nelson, P. V. (1996). hatchery waste: A review.

Developing a slow-release nitrogen Sustainability, 3(1), 216-237.
fertilizer from organic sources: II. Using Haar, L. (1984). NBS/NRC steam tables. CRC
poultry feathers. Journal of the Press.
American Society for Horticultural Hao X, Chang C. and Larney FJ (2004).
Science, 121(4), 634-638. Carbon, nitrogen balances and
Coote DR and Zwerman, PJ (1975). Manure greenhouse gas emission during cattle
disposal, pollution control, and the New feedlot, manure compositing. Journal of
York Dairy Farmer. New York’s Food Environmental Quality, 33: 37-44.
and Life Sciences Bulletin No. 51, April Magagula, N. E. M., Ossom, E. M., Rhykerd,
1975. R. L., and Rhykerd, C. L. (2010). Effect
Crickenberger RG and Goode L (1996). of chicken manure on soil properties
Guidelines for feeding broiler litter to under sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas
beef cattle. North Carolina Cooperative (L.) Lam) culture in Swaziland.
Extension Service. North Carolina State American-Eurasian Journal of
University. Agronomy, 3(2), 36-43.
Das KC, Minkara MY, Melear ND and Malone B (2004). Compositing poultry losses.
Tollner EW (2002). Effect of poultry Proceedings 2004 Poultry Information
litter amendment on hatchery waste Exchange. Surfers Paradise,
compositing. Journal of Applied Poultry Queensland., Australia. April 19, 2004.
Research, 11: 282-290. Pp. 39-42.
DEFRA (2008) Consultation on 1.1.1 Sector Malone, G. (2005) Catastrophic mortality
Guidance Note IPPC SG8: Integrated management. In Proceedings of the
Pollution Prevention and Control 2005 Pennsylvania Poultry Sales and
(IPPC), Secretary of State’s Guidance Service Conference, Grantville, PA.
for the A2 Rendering Sector. DEFRA Moore, P. A., Daniel, T. C., Sharpley, A. N.,
Publications, UK. and Wood, C. W. (1995). Poultry
Dong, X., and Tollner, E. W. (2003). manure management: Environmentally
Evaluation of Anammox and sound options. Journal of soil and water
denitrification during anaerobic conservation, 50(3), 321-327.
digestion of poultry manure. Müller ZO (1980). Feed from animal wastes:
Bioresource Technology, 86(2), 139- state of knowledge. FAO Animal
145. Production and Health Paper 18.Food
Evanylo, G. K., Sherony, C. A., May, J., and Agriculture Organization of the
Simpson, T. W., and Christian, A. H. United Nations.
(2009). The Virginia Yard Waste NABC (2004) Carcass Disposal: a
Management Manual. Comprehensive Review. Report Written
FAO/CMS. (1996). Biogas technology: a for the USDA Animal and Plant Health
training manual for extension. Inspection Service, National
Ghaly, A. E., and Alhattab, M. (2013). Drying Agricultural Biosecurity Centre, Kansas
poultry manure for pollution potential State University, USA.
reduction and production of organic Nowak, A., Bakuła, T., Matusiak, K.,
fertilizer. American Journal of Gałęcki, R., Borowski, S., and
Environmental Sciences, 9(2), 88. Gutarowska, B. (2017). Odorous
Glatz, P., Miao, Z., and Rodda, B. (2011). Compounds from Poultry Manure
Handling and treatment of poultry Induce DNA Damage, Nuclear

711
 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 701-712

Changes, and Decrease Cell Membrane agriculture. In Proceedings Sardinia,

Integrity in Chicken Liver Tenth International Waste Management
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. and Landfill Symposium (pp. 3-7).
International journal of environmental Salminen, E., and Rintala, J. (2002).
research and public health, 14(8), 933. Anaerobic digestion of organic solid
Olexa MT and Goldfarb I (2008). Hazardous poultry slaughterhouse waste–a review.
waste regulation: Biological and animal Bioresource technology, 83(1), 13-26.
waste disposal. Food and Resource Santhi, D., Sundaresan, A., Thyagarajan, D.,
Economics Department, Florida and Kulkarni, V. V. (2011). Utilization
Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of poultry whole carcass meal in diets
of Food and Agricultural Sciences, for turkey poults. Global Veterinaria,
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 6(1), 106-110.
Olumayowa, O., OO Abiodun (2011). Profit Smith, L. W., and Wheeler, W. E. (1979).
efficiency and waste management in Nutritional and Economic Value of
poultry farming: the case of Egba Animal Excreta 1. Journal of Animal
Division, Ogun State, Nigeria. Science, 48(1), 144-156.
International journal of poultry science. Swan, J.E. (1992). Animal by-product
Parthasarathy, M., and Pradhan, K. (1982). processing. Y.H. Hui (Ed.),
Fermentation characteristics and Encyclopedia Food Science
feeding value of ensiled poultry litter Technology, 4: pp. 42-49
containing wheat straw, bagasse or Tao J and Mancl K (2008). Estimating
sawdust. Animal Feed Science and manure production, storage size, and
Technology, 7(4), 341-349. land application area. Fact Sheet
Pulsa, A. (1996). Agriculture and Natural Resources
Turkistarhattarvitsevatlaadukastateurasj AEX-715-08, The Ohio State
äatettäa. Lihalehti 3, 38–41. University Extension.
Rier, S. E. (2008). Environmental immune Tritt, W. P., and Schuchardt, F. (1992).
disruption: a comorbidity factor for Materials flow and possibilities of
reproduction? Fertility and sterility, treating liquid and solid wastes from
89(2), e103-e108. slaughterhouses in Germany. A review.
Ritter, W. F., and Chirnside, A. E. M. Bioresource Technology, 41(3), 235-
(1995).Impact of dead bird disposal pits 245.
on ground-water quality on the Turnell, J. R., Faulkner, R. D., and Hinch, G.
Delmarva Peninsula. Bioresource N. (2007). Recent advances in
Technology, 53(2), 105-111. Australian broiler litter utilisation.
Roeper, H., Khan, S., Koerner, I., and World's poultry science journal, 63(2),
Stegmann, R. (2005, October). Low- 223-231.
tech options for chicken manure
treatment and application possibilities in

How to cite this article:

Purnima Singh, Tanmay Mondal, Rachana Sharma, N. Mahalakshmi and Mokshta Gupta.
2018. Poultry Waste Management. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(08): 701-712.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.077

712