Business Responsibility
Business Responsibility
Unconditional
Responsibility:
The Power of Being
a Player
By Fred Kofman
Your soul is dyed with the color of your thoughts. Think only those and with a stern look asks, “Who is responsible for this
things that are consistent with your principles and that can stand the mess?” fingers always point towards someone else. When
brightest light of day. The content of your character is your choice. Day our father finds us in the middle of a fight, and with a harsh
after day, what you choose, what you think and what you do make voice asks, “Who is responsible for this fight?” the unison
who you are. Your integrity is your destiny…is the light that guides answer is automatic, “He is!” In our child mind, being
your way. responsible means being guilty of something. Moreover,
being guilty is something wrong, something you get punished
Heraclitus for. It is not surprising that we defend our innocence by
If being a responsible player is so effective, if becoming separating ourselves from the problem. As the saying goes,
spectators of the problems and seeing ourselves as victims is “Success has many fathers, failure is an orphan”.
so ineffective, why do we tend to The problem of removing ourselves
act as victims and not as players?
Why do we choose to prolong our
Suffering is always the from the explanation of the
problem is that we lose all power
suffering as opposed to end it? result of unconscious to influence the situation. As I have
said in the previous chapter, if we
Suffering is always the result of
unconscious choices. Pain and grief
choices. Pain and grief do not see ourselves as part of the
problem, we cannot feel part of the
are unavoidable features of a
human life, but suffering is not. We
are unavoidable solution. Even when we are not a
direct agent or cause of the
cannot skirt “the slings and arrows
of fortune”, but we can respond to
features of human life, problem, we can see ourselves as
them with dignity. Suffering is the
additional and continued pain that
but suffering is not. part of the system that generates
the unsatisfactory result. Every
derives from our attitude vis‐à‐vis pain. Suffering is not time we suffer, we have
produced by external conditions but by internal states of “something to do” with the matter. This can be made obvious
mind. In short, suffering is “optional”. through hyperbole: if I were dead, I wouldn’t have any more
problems. But let us take a real case to make the point.
We (unconsciously) choose to suffer as victims because we
are attached to the self‐image of the knower. We are afraid A South American manager I was consulting for, let us call
of disapproval, embarrassment and threat to our self‐esteem. him Al, was angry because his colleagues had programmed
We believe that security and happiness grow out of other his staff’s vacations without checking with him first.
people’s approval. We tie our well‐being and success to our According to the schedule, his department would be
“innocence”. Thus, we spend a great deal of energy building understaffed at a critical time. Al was furious because nobody
an “unblameable” public self that will please others. had considered his needs. “This is unbelievable!” he said
frustrated. “How dare they leave me only with five people in
We learn to link responsibility to guilt from our earliest February? They are out of their minds if they think we can
childhood. We talk about being responsible for something. process the orders we receive from North America! It is
When our mother finds our toys scattered around the room, winter there, nobody takes a vacation.”
Information‐Consciousness‐Choice‐Behavior
An external occurrence is not a stimulus that triggers a
conditioned reaction, but data that provides information.
Perceptions do not force a person to do anything; they just
provide data about what is happening. It is the person’s
choice to decide how to respond to such information,
according to his objectives and values. Therefore, we answer
the phone when it rings, because we want to talk to the
person who calls. (If we have something more important to
do, we will choose to let it ring.) We stop our car when we
see a green light turn red, because we do not want to have an
accident. (If we have a great urgency, we might choose to risk
the accident and cross the red light anyway.) We do what we
do when we receive information from our environment,
because we think it is the most efficient way to reach our
objectives according to our values.
When I answer the phone in the middle of a meeting, my true
explanation would be: “I understand that taking this call
means interrupting our dialogue, but I prefer to do it because
I am more interested in finding out who is calling than The human being exists as a conscious entity. His
continuing our conversation”. This does not sound as “kind” consciousness allows him to be aware of his external situation
as apologizing for having to pick up the phone. However, the (facts, data, resources, alternatives, restrictions, historic
apparent “kindness” is pure irresponsibility mixed in with results, etc.) as well as his internal situation (sensations,
hypocrisy. The truth is that I am more interested in answering impulses, emotions, thoughts, skills, etc.) Even when these
the phone than continuing our conversation; that is why I internal facts take place inside his body and mind, we
choose to do so. categorize them as part of the situation, because they are
beyond his control.
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results become part of the situation we will find ourselves in While those with a simple mind
at the next moment. We say behavior is unconditioned, cling on to their actions
because it depends only from the person’s will. On the other and are concerned about the results,
hand, results are conditional, because they depend in part the wise man is free from all attachments
from factors that are beyond the person’s will.
Not blinding himself by success
nor suffering anxiety over his failure
Behavior, together with he offers his actions,
incontrollable external in the fire of virtue.
factors, determines results. At peace with whatever happens,
unattached to the pleasure of victory,
We try to use our skills and resources (physical, as money and
and to the pain of defeat,
assets, and intangible as reputation or knowledge) in the best
he acts with full consciousness.
way we can, by means of our decisions and actions. We do
this to pursue our objectives according to our values.
He who performs his duty
Comparing objectives and results can tell how effective a
without worrying about the results
person is (there is more effectiveness when there is more
is a true man of wisdom.
consistency). Comparison between values and behavior can
tell a lot about a person’s integrity (there is more integrity
Responsibility vs. Reactivity
when there is more consistency)
This model rests on a fundamental assertion: we possess free
When the result is consistent with objectives, we say the
will, and we can always exercise it consciously. This is not
person is successful. This success creates a “conditional”
obvious, especially when facts trigger in us strong emotional
satisfaction and happiness. They are conditional because the
reactions. Automatic thoughts and feelings are pre‐conscious;
result depends on factors beyond the persons´ control. Even
that is why it is impossible to prevent them from happening
after the keenest effort, it is impossible to guarantee success;
and it is hard to contain them once they appear in our minds.
"whatever can go wrong, will go wrong" ‐as the saying goes.
How many times we discover ourselves acting in a totally
When behavior is consistent with values, we say the person reactive and unconscious ways! We do and say things we
has achieved unconditional success: success beyond success. later regret, we feel bad about our behavior, and we feel
This success generates an inner peace and happiness beyond guilty for rushed decisions. A common thought in all these
the threats of external shocks. It is unconditional because it is cases is: "It would have been so much better if I had thought
based on the human being’s free will, his autonomy beyond before doing it, if only I had taken a deep breath to think
any external factor. Even when results may not be what we about what I was going to say or do..."
want, it is always possible to feel at peace because we know
Rather than continue regretting, we could learn the lesson
we did our best to face the situation with dignity. The
finally. Reactive behavior is never satisfactory in the long‐
(superficial) sadness of (superficial) failure is totally
term‐‐in the short term, however, we must admit that acting
compatible with (profound) satisfaction of (profound)
out can provide relief and gratification. Unconscious passions
success.
are rarely consistent with conscious objectives and values.
Therefore, before taking action, it is advisable to take some
When behavior is consistent time and consider the situation. One way to do this is taking a
deep breath (in silence) to re‐engage our conscious mind. It
with values, we say the takes only a couple of seconds and it generates great
person has achieved benefits. (See Chapter 19, "Meditation, Energy and Health",
and Chapter 23, "Emotional Intelligence").
unconditional success (which)
As I inhale, I pay attention to the air coming in trough my
generates an inner peace nose and filling my lungs; I pay attention to my legs and feel
and happiness beyond the how I am supported by the Earth; I pay attention to my arms
and feel freedom in the air. This in‐breath brings me
threats of external shocks. completely to the “here and now", it helps me be present,
fully conscious. As I exhale I pay attention to my objectives
The Bagahvad Gita3, the sacred book of Hinduism, says, "you and values, I remember the interests and principles in my life;
have a right to your action, but no right to the fruits of your I reaffirm my commitment to give my best at all times in the
action". In a free version of some of its verses, we can create face of any challenge. This out‐breath projects me into the
the following poem: future, reaffirming my consciousness.
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Fortunately (fortunately?) life provides me with many space defined by moral principles. Thus, it can be judged as
opportunities to practice conscious breathing. A few months having more or less integrity according to its consistency with
ago, for example, I was in a meeting with executives of a the person’s guiding principles.
European company. They were considering asking me to do
some seminars. Although the meeting was going well, one of Let us consider a plant manager concerned about quality
the executives had a quite patronizing attitude towards me. problems. After analyzing the situation with his team, he
In his opinion, the contents of my material were soft stuff, finds that some machines are not in control. With their best
not relevant for the business world. Several times, I tried to effort, they analyze, test and adjust the system, improving
inquire, asking him to express his concerns; it didn’t work. His the situation, but the product is still defective. The team
"explanations" were mere repetitions of his initial statement. "failed" in their total quality objective (zero defects), but at
the same time they were dignified for using their resources to
the best of their knowledge and behaving according to their
My own behavior is values. This sense of integrity is exactly what lets the team
what counts for my own accept its partial failure without embarrassment. Unafraid to
recognize the unsatisfactory result, the team can start a new
integrity and peace. cycle in their learning process.
My desire to get the job was soon joined by my fear of losing There is no contradiction between success and peace; both
it because of this "enemy". My emotions flared and I started are precious. Many people fear that if they find satisfaction in
to prepare for verbal warfare. After years of experience with their honorable behavior, they will stop being concerned
this kind of opposition, my conceptual arsenal is diverse and about the result. (This may be why many parents fail to
compelling. I’ve been told I am really good at overwhelm. Just acknowledge their children’s academic excellence and, when
before the battle started, though, an alarm went off in the receiving their report card, they ask, "what about this B? Why
back of my mind. I closed my mouth, took a deep breath to did you get a B and not an A? What happened here?" Maybe
find my center, my freedom, my desires and my values; to this is why so many managers are reluctant to acknowledge
find myself. Without the previous reactiveness, I looked at their employees´ excellence. We will study this in further
these executives and told them: "I am not sure if my material detail in Chapter 15, "Multidimensional Communication").
is suitable for your company at this time, that is something This is not the case. Excellence is one of the most
for you to decide. I believe that to succeed in your business, fundamental human values, a value that compels us to
you’ll need to make the best possible use of your people’s vigorously pursue success by all honorable means at our
capacity. To put together high performance teams, a disposal.
company needs an environment of consciousness,
responsibility, and effective communication. My offer is to Excellence is one of the
help you develop leaders who are capable of fostering such
environment." most fundamental human
The meeting continued in a much more pleasant atmosphere values, a value that compels
and the conversation ended well. As I remembered the
episode on the airplane, a smile of satisfaction came to my
us to vigorously pursue
lips. Oh, yes. Finally, the company decided not to hire me. I success by all honourable
did not succeed, because I would have liked to get the
contract, but even though I regretted this failure, I was still
means at our disposal.
proud of acting in total harmony with my values: my main
objective is not "persuading" the potential client to hire me. But success is not the only value. Virtue imposes some
My task is to "offer" my services in the most attractive way restrictions in our pursuit of success. He, who subordinates
possible; to show that they could bring value to the client. success to integrity, is self‐restrained in the use of means. For
Afterwards, I can only respect the client’s free will. example, he will not boycott a colleague who is a candidate
for the same promotion as he is. It is also true that perverted
The decision of whether to hire me is beyond my control; my behavior can sometimes succeed in the short term.
own behavior is what counts for my own integrity and peace. Nevertheless, when integrity is subordinated to success,
there are no rules and life vanishes into an existential void.
Success and Peace (Integrity)
Abraham Maslow4 found a pattern of justice in life. In a letter
Any action can be assessed from two different perspectives. he commented that "It is quite clear to me that, sooner or
As it aims to accomplish certain results, it can be judged as later, life hurts us all, and that virtue is more often rewarded
more or less effective according to its degree of success. than ignored. I also believe that now I can prove this
Beyond results, however, the action aims to stay within a hypothesis rigorously using orthodox research methods.
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Essentially, I have concluded that during the course of a center and wreck us against the rocks of unconsciousness,
lifetime ‐the quintessential long‐term‐ the odds of evil being that our true nature is most clearly exposed. To operate with
punished are [almost 85%]. The odds of virtue being dignity in chaos, we need to stay anchored to values. Without
rewarded are [about 55%]. This probability is not very high, that mooring, we will act in regrettable ways, planting bitter
but is higher than pure fate [50%]". seeds of future remorse.
Freedom of choice imposes the need to explain. Free will
Freedom to choose how compels the human being to justify his response to
to respond to a situation circumstances. Accountability is the other side of
responsibility: the need to be accountable for our behavior.
(responsibility) opens the The coin has two sides: decision power on one side, and the
obligation to account for our decision on the other. Fear of
door to the ethical dimension accountability is what drives many people to take the victim’s
of human existence. role. When we take ownership of our actions, we also take
ownership of their consequences. If we take charge of
However, Maslow did not believe these observations about ourselves, we will be called to explain our behavior.
external consequences got to the heart of the matter. He For example, in assault trials, the defense tries to reduce
went on to say, "But the true issue is that punishment and liability through claims that the defendant acted in a state of
reward are essentially intra‐psychic. This means they are “high emotion”; in robbery cases, the defendant had some
related to the personal feeling of happiness, peace and urgent need, and so on. The legal doctrine that justifies this
serenity, as well as the absence of negative emotions such as line of defense proposes that, under certain circumstances,
regret, remorse or guilt. In regard to rewards, they are usually the person is not free to choose his actions; in other words,
gratification of basic needs of belonging, of feeling loved and he has no other choice than stabbing the lover or stealing
respected and generally living in a Platonic world of beauty, other people’s property. Since the person is not free, then
truth and pure virtue. In other words, our rewards in life do there is no responsibility attached to his actions. He cannot
not necessarily come as money, power or social status". be accountable for actions that he never "chose". The same
Expressions such as "essential peace" or "unconditional thing happens with insanity arguments (temporary or
satisfaction" are very real to anyone who has given himself permanent), which suggest that the person was "not himself"
fully in a sports event. The satisfaction of giving 100%, putting when he perpetrated the crime he is charged for.
our heart and soul into the game, in the spirit of fair play, is I think my children are legal experts...
independent of the result of the match. Winning or losing,
the wise man ‐as called by Bhagavad‐Gita ‐ is always ready to From Victim to Player
accept his destiny brings and to continue learning, since life’s
shortcomings do not have a negative effect on his self‐ As we look again at the distinction between players and
esteem. On the contrary, facing these challenges willingly and victims, we can see that, in addition to greater chances for
enthusiastically is the very source of his deepest pride. success, the player has an inalienable possibility to achieve
inner peace (integrity). Even though is not always possible to
Freedom to choose how to respond to a situation achieve the desired result, it is always possible to behave
(responsibility) opens the door to the ethical dimension of honorably. Let’s do an exercise to better appreciate the
human existence. Although we cannot determine the differences between victims and players. (The exercise can be
situation we face or the results of our actions, we are always done individually or in groups. In groups, the exercise is
able to choose how we will behave under the circumstance enhanced by the dynamic of collusion of victims)
we have to face. Human dignity does not depend from
effectiveness, but from consistence between behavior and
values. The chance to act with dignity is absolutely basic and Even though is not always
inalienable. Dignity, like responsibility, is so unconditional as
the human being’s humanity. It only depends from acting
possible to achieve the desired
according to conscience and values. result, it is always possible
Some consider values and virtuous behavior a "luxury" to behave honorably.
affordable only by those who have their basics covered.
“When circumstances are difficult”, these so called Think about an unsatisfactory situation you have been (or
pragmatists say, “It is necessary to give up scruples and do are) going through: an ineffective meeting, a harsh
whatever is necessary to come out ahead”. I think exactly the conversation or a frustrating event. Based on this situation,
opposite. It is precisely in difficult times that scruples become please answer the following questions from a victim’s
vital. It is when the world threatens to pull us away from our perspective. (To accomplish the exercise’s goals it is
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necessary that you take on the victim’s role completely. 2. “Who hurt me? The Human Resources department of the
Please make an effort to feel absolutely irresponsible) company that requested the proposal. I cannot believe
they are so disorganized. How dare they demand
If done as a group, while each participant complains, the something like this almost overnight? They are so
other participants "help" him, taking his side with expressions unprofessional. What are they thinking? That I have
such as, "I can’t believe they did that to you”, "It is so unfair”, nothing else to do, that I have to be ready for them at all
"You shouldn’t be treated like this”, "They are so mean”, times? Grrrr!”
"Poor thing, you don’t deserve this”. The goal is to provide
"moral support" to the victim. This type of "help" and 3. “What have they done to me? They put me between a
"support", however, are totally counterproductive. They rock and a hard place. With everything I have to do, the
encourage unconsciousness and powerlessness. These last thing I need are urgent requests. Because of them, I
comments are a “leaded life‐saver”; they sink the recipient had to work until very late at night and with great stress.
deeper and deeper into the victim’s story. Besides, my wife was angry with me for staying up so late
plugged into the computer. All of this thanks to that
Pity is en empty form of friendship. Nurturing the victim’s stinking proposal”.
feeling of helplessness, resignation and righteous indignation
is a "cheap" way to be a friend. In the same way, people can 4. “How do I feel about that? Pissed off! It makes me mad
buy a child’s pseudo‐love at a low price, giving him all the to know I have to pay for these fools’ lack of planning.
chocolate he wants; or an alcoholic’s, buying him another They obviously need help to learn how to work properly.
drink. A victim’s pseudo‐friendship can always be bought by They know nothing about planning and management
telling him he is right. Just as chocolates and alcohol, the control.”
victim’s reasons are unhealthy. True love supports long term 5. “What should that person (or group) have done? Clearly,
health, rather than immediate gratification or relief. Tough they should have asked for the proposal much earlier.
love challenges the victim and encourages him to become a Normally these things are requested a minimum of two
player. weeks in advance. They should be more considerate and
not assume that consultants are sitting at home, having a
A victim’s pseudo-friendship good time, ready to jump immediately into action at the
snap of their fingers. It is humiliating to work for people
can always be bought by like that”.
telling him he is right. 6. “What should that person (or group) do to repair the
damage? They should at least apologize and promise
The questions for the first round of the exercise are: they will be more considerate in the future. Of course,
given my willingness and flexibility, that they should hire
1. What happened to you? me for the job. In addition, I hope they consider the
2. Who hurt you or had a negative impact on you? effort I made and not even think of negotiating a
discount in my fees. (I included a 10% surcharge as
3. What has this person (or group) done to you? compensation for putting me under such a tight
4. How do you feel about that? schedule; I definitely deserve that.)”.
5. What should that person (or group) have done? 7. “How would it affect me if they carry on with this
behavior? If I win this job (win? perhaps it would be
6. What should that person (or group) do to repair the better if I lose it), I will feel tense, resented and stressed.
damage? I will surely have more problems with my wife. Putting
7. How would it affect you if this person (or group) carries out their fires will not let me plan my life. I will always
on with his behavior? have to be ready for my client’s urgencies”.
8. How do you feel in the victim’s place? 8. “How do I feel as a victim? I feel horrible. As Jack
Nicholson in “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest”.
Let us take a case from real life. Resentful, frustrated, upset, irritated and anxious. Yuck.
1. "What happened to me? A few days ago, I got an urgent This is a total mess.”
request to submit a proposal for consulting services. I Once each member of the group has answered these
had to submit the proposal in 48 hours. Can you believe questions, they go on to the second round of questions. It is
this? They wanted something on paper in two days, two vital that the participants refer to the same story at this
days! There was no way I could do it. I was busy with second stage. The facts remain the same; what changes is the
other things. Don’t these people realize that they are interpretation.
NOT the only client in the world?”
The questions for the second round are:
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1. What challenge did you face? during the day. The truth is that I spent quite some time
doing things that were not so urgent, they could have
2. What response did you choose to give to the situation?
waited for another day. Moreover, even if I could not
3. What was your goal? have postponed what I did during the day, I could have at
least explained the situation to my wife. She is very
4. What values and principles would you like to guide your
sensitive and I am sure she would have understood the
actions?
situation. She might have even helped me to finish
5. What were the (negative) consequences of your sooner. Finally, I could have declined the request for the
behavior? (Had there been no unwanted consequences, proposal. Nobody forces me to submit proposals for all
this would not be a story of dissatisfaction). the possible jobs out there. If I can’t do it, I can’t do it. It
is not worth going through so much trouble. I have been
9. Can you think of any alternative action that would have
so blind; none of this came to my mind before. I see so
been more effective to reach your goals (success)?
many opportunities now!”
10. Can you think of any alternative action that would have
7. “Could I have done something more in line with my
been more consistent with your values (integrity)?
values (integrity)? Actually, my answers to the previous
11. Is there anything you can do now to minimize or repair question would not only have been more effective, they
the damage of the original situation? would have also had more integrity. I wish I had done
this exercise before getting so upset. There was no
12. Can you learn something from the experience that will
reason to be angry. I’m sure I would have avoided the
help you behave with more effectiveness and integrity in
argument with my wife.”
the future?
“How can I minimize the
8.
13. How do you feel as a player?
damage now? The first thing I
Let us continue with the example. Can you think of any will do is apologize to my wife.
She knew nothing about the
1. “What challenge did I face? I
got an urgent request for a
alternative action that proposal. When she asked me
to unplug from the computer,
proposal (RFP) from a
potential client. They wanted
would have been more I accused her of being
insensitive. She didn’t deserve
it back in two days.” effective to reach your that; I think I acted
2. "What was my response? I
stayed up late to finish on
goals … (or) more unconsciously. Second, I will
stop blaming the company
time. I had things to do during
the day, and as I chose not to
consistent with your that requested the proposal.
They are free to ask whatever
postpone them,
(unconsciously) chose to
I values? they want, and I am free to
decline their request if I don’t
write the proposal at night.” want to do it. It is silly to stay
resentful about something I chose to do. Third, I will
3. “What was my goal? To get the contract for my learn the lesson for the next time I get an urgent RFP.”
consulting services. I also wanted to not upset my wife.”
9. “What lesson can I learn? Before I accept to submit a
4. “What values and principles would I like to rule my proposal on such a tight deadline, I will ask for an
actions? I want to be honest and responsible. I want to extension. If that is not possible, I will look at things in
be in charge of my decisions. I want to balance the my calendar and see if I can postpone something. If I
demands of my professional life with those of my cannot postpone anything, then I will talk to my wife to
family.” see if I can extend my working hours with her approval. If
5. “What were the (negative) consequences of my together we decide that this is too much pressure, then I
behavior? Primarily, the stress level I had while working. will decline the request. If we decide that the effort is
Second, the resentment after everything had finished. worthwhile, then I will do my best without feeling
Third, the dispute with my wife, and the bitter victimized by the circumstances. I don’t need stress or
atmosphere that ensued.” resentment in my life.”
6. "Could I have done something more effective? Hmmmm. 10. “How do I feel as a player? A lot better! I feel some pain,
Certainly. I could have tried to negotiate an extension of seeing how unconscious I have been. Nevertheless, I
the deadline. I do not know if they would have accepted, rather pay the price of awareness than remain
but I didn’t even ask. Even if the deadline had been fixed, unconscious. I will not fall into this same trap in the
I could have postponed some of the other things I did
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future. I’m actually looking forward to getting another to have the criminal not be there, attacking us. The cold hard
‘urgent’ request for proposals to test my new skills!” facts of reality are not a choice. A human being’s freedom is
unconditional; because within the constraints imposed by the
While the questions in the first round activate the victim’s
situation, he can choose what he thinks is the best possible
story, the second round of questions bring the player’s story
alternative. Unconditional does not mean unbounded; but
to the fore. Beyond this exercise, these questions are useful
that one always has infinite options within the set of possible
in personal and professional interactions. Just as a manager
answers.
can help his employees leave the victim’s path, a mother can
help her daughter. Just as a colleague can help another to be A “bounded infinity” is not a contradiction. We can prove this
more aware of his need to be a player, one spouse can help through a mathematical example. Let us take a set of
the other to stop feeling miserable and take responsibility for fractional numbers between zero and one. This is an infinite
his future. As a consultant and teacher, I try to help my clients set, because between any two fractions it is possible to find
act responsibly when faced with the challenges of life. other faction—for example, by finding their average.
(Actually, between any two fractions, it is possible to find
Freedom infinite others). For example, between 0 and 1, there is ½,
between 17/751 and 18/751, there is 35/1502 (the average
The traditional definition describes freedom as the capacity
between 17/751 and 18/751) and so on. Even when the range
to have and do what we want. I call this freedom “relative” or
(0, 1) contains infinite fractions, it is obviously bounded.
“conditional”, because it depends on factors beyond a
There is no contradiction. Many times life presents us with
person’s control. Nobody is totally free according to this
the opportunity to choose any number between zero and
definition: life is full of constraints. For example, gravity
one, but no chance to choose number two.
prevents us from flying as birds, or being born in Argentina
prevents that person from being a native citizen of the United Freedom itself is not a free choice. We are human, therefore,
States. There is a range of relative degrees of freedom. For we are free—thus responsible and accountable‐‐regardless of
example, someone with a car is “freer” than someone what we believe about our freedom. The only difference
without it—as teenagers are keenly aware. From this between players and victims is that the first group is aware of
perspective, tangible and intangible resources broaden a their freedom, their responsibility and their accountability,
person’s freedom: Bill Gates can do things I cannot do, and a while the second is not. This is similar to two people, each
college graduate can do things an illiterate person cannot do. having a million dollars in the bank, but only one of them
being aware of this fact. They both have the same amount of
There is a different argument that claims that the way to
money, regardless of how much the second complains about
increase one’s freedom is by reducing one’s desires. Since
his poverty.
freedom depends on want satisfaction, the less we want, the
easier it is to be satisfied. This is illustrated in a Sufi story. The
Mullah Nasrudin was sitting on the street, eating a plate of The cold hard facts of reality
chickpeas—a poor man's diet. One of his acquaintances
stopped by and laughed: “Mullah, you’re such a fool. If you
are not a choice. A human be-
only learned to bow to the prince, you wouldn’t have to eat ing’s freedom is unconditional;
more chickpeas”. “And if you only learned to eat chickpeas,
you wouldn’t have to bow to the prince”, replied Nasrudin. because within the constraints
My concern here is not this conditional type of freedom but a imposed by the situation, he
more basic one: the essential freedom. can choose what he thinks is
The essential or unconditional definition describes freedom the best possible alternative.
as our capacity to respond to a situation exercising our free
will. According to this definition, every human being is A person is always free to choose his behavior, but
absolutely free. Furthermore, we are all equally free‐‐nobody sometimes chooses to be unconscious of that freedom and
has more freedom than anybody else. Essential freedom is a acts as if there was none. This is the victim’s case. In his
basic feature of the human being’s existence. It is actually a mental model, the victim sees his behavior totally
tautology (the useless repetition of a thought expressed in a determined by external facts. The victim does not see that
different way) because we always respond to a situation what conditions him is his deterministic perspective, not the
behaving in such a way as we chose to behave. external facts. Let us take the case of Mary, who feels
victimized by her boss who “forced” her to attend a meeting.
If we face an armed robber threatening to take our money or If we ask Mary why she attended the meeting, she would
our life, for example, we still have plenty of options as to how reply, “Because my boss sent me”. Even if her boss had asked
to respond: we can hand him the money, attack the thief, try her to go, this way of telling the story generates resentment
to escape, shout, ask for help, etc. What we cannot choose is and resignation. We can challenge Mary, reminding her it was
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her decision to attend; she could have chosen not to go to the coercion or violence, the job contract to has its bases on the
meeting, in spite of her boss’ request. free association of sovereign individuals, who think it is more
convenient to operate together rather than doing it
“No, I could not have missed the meeting. My job was on the separately. If this link is modified (in other words, if someone
line”, Mary could argue. And we could counter: “Then you thinks it would be more convenient for him to separate from
were able to miss it, but you chose to go because the the others), the relationship will be untenable. The only
consequences of declining your boss’ request were more honorable choice is separation.
negative than the consequences of accepting it”. “Well, it is
the same thing” she might say. Human misery and suffering are always due to violations of
freedom and lack of respect for the other person’s autonomy.
The difference is purely semantic”, Mary would probably When we suffer in human relationships, we are always in one
conclude. However, the difference is not just semantic. To of these four situations:
accept her free will, Mary must abandon what existentialist
philosophers call her “bad conscience” (her denial of 1. We try to force another person to do something we
freedom). Mary can negotiate not attending the meeting, or want, but he or she does not want to do.
in an extreme situation, she can decline her boss’ request.
2. The other person tries to force us to do something he of
This could result in unwanted consequences – Mary cannot
she wants, but we do not want to do.
choose to keep her job if her boss fires her‐ but quitting her
job is a possible option (although not a desirable one at this 3. Two people want to force each other to do something
point). Freedom does not mean Mary can do what she wants; neither of them wants to do.
freedom means that she can choose, when confronting a
4. We try to force ourselves to do something we find
certain set of circumstances, the answer that is more
painful or undesirable.
consistent with her goals and values.
The key to avoid suffering at work (and life in general) is to
Social Freedom pay attention and avoid falling into these coercive dynamics.
An interpersonal definition of freedom says that it is the
capacity to make choices without threats of coercion. We are Human misery and suffering
free when we can decide what to do without fear of
aggression (a physical threat or attack against a person or his
are always due to violations of
property). Social freedom is based on respect for each other. freedom and lack of respect for
According to the U.S. declaration of independence, the only
limit to an individual’s social freedom is the same right other
the others person’s autonomy.
individuals have of living their lives as they see fit without
threats of violence. Success and Integrity
This is dramatically different to the concept of freedom as the When I present my views on freedom, victims and players, I
capacity to choose between many options. A person who has tend to get some strong push‐back from people who feel
more resources or possibilities for action (for example, an they’ve endured difficult circumstances. Whether reality has
affluent person) does not have more freedom. On the other burdened them or they’ve suffered at the hands of others,
hand, a person is free when he can control his destiny their reaction to my advocacy for playerhood is similar: “How
without being subject to aggression by others. (We will do you dare ask us to take responsibility for these events?!
discuss this in depth in Chapter 24, “Values and Virtues”.) Are you heartless? Don’t you see that we are in pain?
Besides, we didn’t make the mess. Why should we clean it
up?! They broke it, let them fix it!”
A person is free when he
I am not heartless. The stories of people in pain break my
can control his destiny heart. I am also well aware of the innocence of many of my
without being subject to challengers. In many cases, they are not at all responsible for
the difficulties they have born. On the contrary, they are
aggression by others. innocent victims. Even then, I claim that each one of us can –
and must– become responsible as we face our difficulties.
At an organizational level, the right to property is the basis
for harmony between order and freedom. The manager has Imagine an airplane pilot who, finding himself in a storm,
some capacity to control certain resources, because the abandons the cockpit saying to his copilot: “I am not
owners have delegated in him the authority that derives from responsible for this storm. God created it, let Him deal with it.
their property. However, the employee can always use his I’m engaging the autopilot while I go take a nap in the
inalienable freedom to resign and leave. As long as there is no passenger section. As soon as the turbulence is over, call me.”
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Sounds ridiculous, doesn’t it? The dangerous storm— succeed in the face of any challenge. It is impossible to
regardless of who or what created it—demands that the guarantee that every time one steps on the basketball court
captain take the controls even more firmly. It is cowardice to one will win. The only guaranteed thing is the possibility to
abdicate responsibility on the autopilot. The captain needs to play honorably.
take ownership for the safety of the passengers, doing his
best, engaging all his resources, to cope with the There is the fundamental difference between success and
circumstance he faces. integrity. Success is to accomplish our goal, to beat the
opposite team. Integrity is to play fair, to behave with dignity,
to put our heart and soul in our efforts, and to conduct
… if I don’t see myself as ourselves according to our highest moral standards. There is
response-able towards the no way to insure success; it depends on a multitude of factors
that are outside of our control—such as the strength of the
problem, I will not be able forces opposing us. What we can insure is our integrity; it
depends only on our (controllable) behavior. Aligning our
to address it successfully. actions with our values is all that is required.
As we said several times, response‐ability means ability to
respond. To be responsible, in this intepretation, is Success is to accomplish our
completely different than being “guilty” for “creating” the
situation. As opposed to many new age philosophies that goal … Integrity is to play fair,
advocate that “you create your reality in your mind, so fix to behave with dignity … and
your thoughts and your problems will go away”, I believe
there is such thing as an objective reality which is out of our to conduct ourselves according
control. Even the most enlightened people in history have
suffered difficulty, pain, illness and death. Often we have to
to our highest moral standards.
confront situations not of our making. But that is irrelevant Of course it is possible to act with integrity and to fail. It is
for the purposes of my argument. Regardless of who made also possible to triumph with no dignity. Such triumph always
the mess, I am the one suffering the consequences, I am the leaves a bitter‐empy aftertaste. Life is long, and one always
one in pain. If something dear to me (such as myself, for ends up reaping what one sows. Even if human justice
example) is in harm’s way, that is my problem. And if I don’t doesn’t reach him, whoever betrays himself suffers the
see myself as response‐able towards the problem, I will not punishment of his own concience—or, worse yet, is trapped
be able to address it successfully. Irresponsibility is not only in dark unconsciousness. Whoever acts virtuously, on the
ineffective. Abdicating in the midst of difficulties is an act of other hand, may suffer the pain of loss and defeat. But at a
moral cowardice that betrays the most basic dignity of the deeper lever, his soul is at peace, knowing that he did his best
human being. to pursue his goals in harmony with his values.
In Chapter 2, we explained that watching a baseball game
I strongly believe that we can all be players in this deeper
from the sidelines is very comfortable. We can criticize
game of. We can all attain this success beyond success, a self‐
mercilessly “those idiots who don’t know how to play”. But
reliant peace unconditioned by external events. Lovingly
our criticisms have no influence over the course of the game.
challenging people to take responsibility for their lives is not
The price of comfort is powerlessness. To be a baseball
heartless, is the only help that I believe is worth giving.
spectator is an innocuous pastime. To be a spectator of one’s
own life is an infallible recipe for suffering. We didn’t—in
Lamb or Tiger?
large measure—create our difficulties, but we are the ones
who have to bear them. So we need to choose: will we be There is a Sufi story7 that illustrates the difference between
responsible players or powerless victims? freedom and unconsciousness, between the victim’s
irresponsibility and the player’s power. These two archetypes
“But how can you manage? There are lots of situations that are represented by a sheep and a tiger:
are beyond anybody’s capacity to cope!”, Many confront me.
“It’s impossible to manage things when you’re starving to Once upon a time, a pregnant tigress was looking for food.
death, or when powerful people abuse you simply because She saw a herd of sheep, and attacked them. She got one, but
they dislike your nationality, color of skin, sexual orientation because she made a big effort and she was almost due, she
or religious beliefs!” Point well taken. There are plenty of died while giving birth. The tiger was born an orphan,
challenges that can and do overwhelm us; situations for surrounded by the herd of sheep. Without knowing his
which we have no effective response. Perhaps the ultimate identity, the young tiger joined the herd and started to walk,
example is the impermanent nature of life itself. As a popular eat and bleat like sheep. The young tiger also learnt to feel a
saying remarks, “life is a terminal disease for which there victim, to moan and blame others for his suffering, just as
exists no known cure”. But my claim is not that we can sheep do.
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One day, another tiger that was in the region came across were pathetic, and resembled a bleat and a squeak. Soon,
this offensive scene: a young tiger, walking, eating and however, under the adult tiger’s supervision, the young tiger
bleating like sheep. With a loud roar, the tiger ran towards developed his true nature and learned to roar, as the owner
the sheep, dispersing them. The adult tiger took the young of his life.
one, and dragged him to a pond, where he forced him to look
at his reflection in the water, as he said, “Look! You are not a When faced with a challenge in life, we always have the
sheep; you are like me, a tiger. You are tiger, and you have a possibility to choose: sheep or tiger? One of them leads to a
tiger’s strength, courage, freedom and majesty. You are life of resentment and impotence, the other one leads to an
responsible for your future; you are the predator, not the extraordinary life.
prey.” After that, the tiger roared, loudly and gloriously. This Who will you choose to be when life presents you with
made the young tiger feel scared and excited. The tiger then challenging circumstances?
said: “Now it is your turn!” The young tiger’s first attempts
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