MODULATION MODULATION

It is a process of transforming information from its

original form to a form that is more suitable for INFORMATION
AMPLITUDE
transmission. BASEBAND CARRIER
It the process of having a BASEBAND signal modify MODIFIES THE FREQUENCY OF THE
another higher frequency signal called the CARRIER. MODULATING UNMODULATED
PHASE
INTELLIGENCE
Modulation allows the use of practical antennas.

PARTMHAR
ENGR. KRISTIAN 1 DE PADUA

MODULATION AMPLITUDE MODULATION AMPLITUDE MODULATION

MODULATION It is the process of CHANGING the AMPLITUDE AM Signal Parameters:

of a relatively high frequency CARRIER SIGNAL in fc = carrier signal m = modulating index
ANALOG DIGITAL accordance with the magnitude of the modulating fm = modulating signal Pc = carrier power
fUSB = upper sideband PUSB = USB power
AMPLITUDE ANGLE DIGITAL PULSE signal (information).
fLSB = lower sideband PLSB = LSB power
FSK PAM PPM Vc = carrier signal amplitude PT = Transmitter Power
AM FM PM Vm = modulating signal amplitude = Total AM power
ASK PSK PWM PCM VSB = sideband signal amplitude
QAM

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AMPLITUDE MODULATION AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Information signal fLSB fUSB

MODULATOR Modulated signal
VUSB = VLSB

The carrier is 90 out of phase with the upper and lower
Carrier signal
sideband and the sidebands are 180 out of phase with
each other.
 MODULATION index MODULATION index MODULATION index

For undistorted AM to occur, the modulating signal voltage 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑐 Over-modulation occurs when m>1, meaning Vm > VC. In
Vm must be less than the carrier voltage Vc. Therefore, Vm
this case, the information signal is distorted.
the relationship between the amplitude of the modulating 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑚
Vmax
signal and the amplitude of the carrier signal is important. Vc
Vm 𝑉𝑚 =
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
2
This relationship is known as the modulation index m (also Vmin
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
called the modulating factor/coefficient or the degree of 𝑉𝑐 =
2
modulation.
𝑉𝑚
𝑚= 𝑉𝑚 < 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑐 𝑚=
𝑉𝑐
=
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

MODULATION index Am SIGNAL COMPONENTS Am SIGNAL COMPONENTS

For simultaneous modulation with multiple modulation The balanced modulator (AM modulator) produces CARRIER POWER: SIDEBAND POWER:
index, m1, m2, m3,…mn, that is when more than one two sidebands (upper and lower). The frequency of the 𝑉𝐶 2
𝑚2 𝑃𝐶
modulating/information signal is to be transmitted. The upper sideband is greater than the frequency of the 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 =
2𝑅 4
total modulation index is: carrier signal, and the frequency of the lower sideband is
smaller than the frequency of the carrier signal. Take note TOTAL SIDEBAND POWER:
𝑚𝑇 = 𝑚1 2 + 𝑚2 2 + 𝑚3 2 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 2 that the INFORMATION/INTELLIGENCE signal is contained
𝑚2 𝑃𝐶
in one of the sidebands. Ideally, transmitting only ONE 𝑃𝐷𝑆𝐵 =
2 2 2 2 sideband is enough to transmit the information but has a 2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ 𝑉𝑛
disadvantage of having more complex circuitry.
NOTE: All powers are in RMS

Am SIGNAL COMPONENTS Am SIGNAL COMPONENTS Am SIGNAL COMPONENTS

PEAK ENVELOPE POWER: Conventional AM Frequency Spectrum

2 fc
𝑉𝑇
𝑃𝐸𝑃 = fm
2𝑅
fLSB = fc – fm fUSB = fc + fm
AVERAGE POWER: fm fm
𝑃𝐸𝑃 𝑃𝐸𝑃 
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑡𝑜 0 Hz
BW = 2fm
4 3
NOTE: All powers are in RMS
 Sample problem no. 1: Sample problem no. 2: Sample problem no. 3:

Find the modulation index if a 10V carrier is What is the carrier frequency in an AM wave when A 100 MHz carrier is simultaneously modulated
amplitude modulated by three different frequencies its highest frequency component is 850 Hz and the with 300 Hz to 3 kHz audio sine waves. What will
with amplitudes of 1V, 2V, and 3V, respectively. bandwidth of the signal is 50Hz? be the total bandwidth and the bandwidth of the
upper and lower sidebands?

Sample problem no. 4: Am techniques DOUBLE SIDEBAND-FULL CARRIER

An SSB transmitter produces a 400 V peak-to-peak Common techniques used in systems employing AM The modulated signal is composed of the CARRIER, the
signal across a 52 ohms antenna load. The PEP and transmission of information are: UPPER and LOWER SIDEBAND. Also known as Conventional
1. Double Sideband-Full Carrier (DSB-FC) AM (A3E).
range of average power are:
2. Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) 𝑚2
3. Single Sideband-Full Carrier (SSB-FC) 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 1 +
2
4. Single Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)
5. Single Sideband-Reduced Carrier (SSB-RC) 𝑚2 𝑚2
6. Independent Sideband (ISB) 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 1 + 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶 1 +
2 2
7. Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

DOUBLE SIDEBAND-suppressed CARRIER singLE SIDEBAND-FULL CARRIER singLE SIDEBAND-suppresses CARRIER

The modulated signal is composed of the UPPER and The modulated signal is composed of the CARRIER and The modulated signal is composed of only ONE of the
LOWER SIDEBAND. ONE of the SIDEBAND (either upper or lower). Also known SIDEBAND (either upper or lower). Also known as J3E
as H3E technique. technique.
𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 1 + 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶
2 4 4

𝑚2 𝑚𝑉𝐶 𝑚2 𝑚𝐼𝐶 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 1 + 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶 1 + 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4
singLE SIDEBAND-REDUCED CARRIER Sample problem no. 5: Sample problem no. 6:

The modulated signal is composed of the REDUCED The modulated peak value of a signal is 125V and An AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier power
CARRIER and ONE of the SIDEBAND. Also known as R3E the unmodulated carrier value is 85V. What is the of 50kW is 88 percent modulated. Find the power
technique. modulation index? components and the total power.
𝑚2
For 90% suppression: 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 0.1 +
4

𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 0.1 + 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶 0.1 +
4 4

Sample problem no. 7: Sample problem no. 8: Sample problem no. 9:

A transmitter radiates modulated signal power A 360 W carrier is simultaneously modulated by When a broadcast AM transmitter is 50 percent
measured at 1500 W, while the unmodulated value two audio waves with modulation % of 65 and 55, modulated, its antenna current is 12 A. What will
is 1000 W. What is the modulation index? respectively. What is the total sideband power the current be when the modulation depth is
radiated. increased to 0.9?

Sample problem no. 10: Sample problem no. 11: Sample problem no. 12:

An AM transmitter operates into a 50 ohm resistive The output current of a 60% modulated AM A modulated signal is transmitted over ground wave
load. The RMS voltage measured at the output is generator is 1.5 A. To what value will this current whose wave equation is given as:
240V without modulation and 260V with modulation, be raised if the generator is modulated v(t) = 10sin(12.6x10^5 πt) + 2.5(cos12.55x10^5πt
calculate the modulation index. additionally by another audio wave whose – cos 12.65x10^5 πt). What is the frequency of the
modulating index is 0.7? intelligence signal?
 INDEPENDENT SIDEBAND vestigial SIDEBAND SINGLE SIDEBAND MODULATION

The modulated signal is composed of REDUCED CARRIER The modulated signal is composed of the CARRIER and the SSB Advantage
and the TWO SIDEBANDS with DIFFERENT information but TWO SIDEBANDS with DIFFERENT bandwidth. Common ✓ Power Conservation
same bandwidth. The sidebands are used as two different application is transmission of TV Video. ✓ Bandwidth Conservation
channel that both carries information. ✓ Selective Fading
AM Broadcasting and
✓ Noise Reduction
TV Video uses DSB.
SSB Disadvantage
✓ Complex Receivers
✓ Tuning Difficulties

POWER SAVING Sample problem no. 13:

It is the percentage saved in using modulation What would be the percentage power saving if the
techniques in comparison with the use of conventional AM. carrier and one of the sidebands were suppressed
before transmission took place at 80% modulation?
𝑃𝐶𝐴𝑀 − 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = × 100%
𝑃𝐶𝐴𝑀

PARTMHAR
ENGR. KRISTIAN 2 DE PADUA

Angle modulation frequency modulation frequency MODULATION

An alternative to amplitude modulation due to Varying the frequency of a constant amplitude FM Signal Parameters:
the disadvantage of AM. It results whenever the carrier directly proportional to the amplitude of the fc = carrier signal fmin = minimum frequency
modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the fm = modulating signal fmax = maximum frequency
phase or frequency of a sinusoidal wave is varied
modulating signal. Vc = carrier signal amplitude
with respect to time.
𝛿 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑉𝑚 Vm = modulating signal amplitude
Two forms: m = modulating index
 = frequency deviation  = frequency deviation
i. Frequency Modulation (FM)
kf = modulator sensitivity PT = transmitter power
ii. Phase Modulation (PM) Vm = amplitude of the modulating signal
 frequency MODULATION frequency MODULATION frequency MODULATION

𝑣𝑓𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)) Carrier signal

Information signal VC
MODULATOR Modulated signal
𝑣𝑓𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡))
Modulating signal

Carrier signal
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
Modulated signal

MODULATION index MODULATION percentage Deviation ratio

In FM, it is the ratio of the actual frequency deviation to The percentage value of the ratio of the ACTUAL and It is the ratio of the maximum deviation over the maximum
the modulating frequency. MAXIMUM FREQUENCY DEVIATION. demodulating frequency.
𝛿 𝛿𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚𝑓 = 0<𝑚<∞ 𝑀= × 100% 𝐷=
𝑓𝑚 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑚(𝑚𝑎𝑥)

max = 75 kHz for FM broadcasting

= 25 kHz for TV audio
= otherwise, this will be given in the problem

Carrier swing Fm bandwidth Fm bandwidth

It is the peak-to-peak value of the frequency deviation. Theoretically, FM has INFINITE number of sidebands
making its bandwidth INFINITE also. But system designers
𝐶. 𝑆. = 2𝛿 = 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 analyzes that the number of SIGNIFICANT sidebands can
be considered in an FM signal based on the modulation
index m.
 Fm bandwidth PHASE modulation PHASE modulation
1. NARROWBAND FM (0 < m < 0.25) Varying the phase of a constant amplitude carrier The phase deviation/shift can also be computed as
BW = 2fm(max) directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating 𝑁
signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating 𝜙 = sin−1
2. WIDEBAND FM (m > 100) 𝑆
signal.
BW = 2max  = phase deviation/shift (radian)
𝜙 = 𝑘𝑝 𝑉𝑚
3. Carson’s Rule (Approximate) N = noise power
BW = 2(max + fm(max))  = phase deviation/shift (radian) S = carrier signal power
kp = modulator sensitivity
4. Bessel’s Rule (Practical) Vm = amplitude of the modulating signal
BW = 2Nfm(max) N = no. of significant pairs of SB

PHASE modulation phase MODULATION PHASE MODULATION

A certain phase deviation/shift also produces frequency 𝑣𝑓𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡))
shift by relation:
𝛿 = 𝜙(𝑓𝑚 ) Information signal VC
MODULATOR Modulated signal
𝑣𝑓𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡))
 = frequency deviation/shift
 = phase deviation/shift (radian)
fm = modulating frequency Carrier signal
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

PHASE MODULATION PHASE modulation PHASE modulation

Modulating signal
The only difference between the modulated signal of FM The only difference between the modulated signal of FM
and PM is: and PM is:
✓ The maximum frequency in FM OCCURS AT THE ✓ The minimum frequency in FM OCCURS AT THE
MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE of the modulating signal, while MINIMUM AMPLITUDE of the modulating signal, while
FM signal the maximum frequency in PM OCCURS AT ZERO the minimum frequency in PM OCCURS AT ZERO
CROSSING POINT FROM THE NEGATIVE PEAK of the CROSSING POINT FROM THE POSITIVE PEAK of the
modulating signal. modulating signal.

PM signal
 MODULATION index Sample problem no. 14: Sample problem no. 15:

In PM, it is the ratio of the actual frequency deviation to A modulating signal v(t)=10 cos6000t is applied An FM broadcast transmitter produces a carrier
the modulating frequency. to an FM modulator with deviation sensitivity of 3 swing of 60 kHz when modulated by a 10 kHz
𝛿 𝜙 ∙ 𝑓𝑚 kHz/V. What is the resulting modulation index? signal. What is the percentage of modulation
𝑚𝑝 = = = 𝜙𝑟𝑎𝑑 produced by the information signal?
𝑓𝑚 𝑓𝑚

Sample problem no. 16: Sample problem no. 17: Sample problem no. 18:

An FM broadcast transmitter produces a carrier An FM system uses a maximum modulating What is the bandwidth of an FM system with
swing of 60 kHz when modulated by a 10 kHz frequency of 5kHz, and a maximum deviation of modulating frequency of 1kHz and deviation of 9
signal. What is the deviation ratio of the system. +15 kHz. Determine the bandwidth of the system if kHz using Carson’s rule?
it is (a) narrowband (b) wideband.

Sample problem no. 19: Sample problem no. 20: Am vs fm

In an FM system, when the audio frequency is 500 A carrier wave of frequency 91 MHz is frequency ADVANTAGES OF FM:
Hz and the AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation is 4.8 modulated by a sine wave of amplitude 10 Volts ✓ The main benefit of FM over AM is its superior immunity
kHz. If the AF voltage is now increased to 7.2 V, and 15 kHz. The frequency sensitivity of the to noise, made possible by the clipper limiter circuits in
the receiver, which effectively strip off all the noise
what is the new deviation? modulator is 3 kHz/V. Determine the approximate
variations, leaving a constant-amplitude FM signal.
bandwidth of FM wave using Carson’s Rule. ✓ Another major benefit of FM is that interfering signals
on the same frequency are effectively rejected.
✓ Third advantage of FM over AM is its efficiency.
 Am vs fm

DISADVANTAGES OF FM:
✓ The greatest disadvantage of FM is that it simply uses
too much spectrum space. The bandwidth of an FM
signal is considerably wider than that of an AM signal
transmitting similar information.
✓ One major disadvantage of FM in the past involved the
complexity of the circuits used for frequency modulation
and demodulation in comparison with the simple circuits
used for amplitude modulation and demodulation.