EIT-M,SCHOOL OF CIVILENGINEERING 07/16/2019

Assignment no 1
A square footing must be designed to carry a 300KN load at a depth of 1.2 m on soil

with φ=30, Y=18.5 KN/m2 and c=12.5kPa Determine the required width of footing

with a factor of safety of 3 using

A) Terzaghi bearing capacity formula
B) General bearing capacity formula (separate for Meyerhof, Hansen, and
Vesic)
C) Ethiopian Geotechnical design code (ES EN-7)
D) Euro code-7
E) Comment on the result

Considering

i) When the GWT is on the surface

ii) When the GWT is at bottom of the footing

iii) When the GWT is far below the bottom width (No effect of GWT)

Given data

P= 300kN

Weight of footing (𝑊𝑓 ) =150kN 𝐷𝑓 = 1.2m from floor

Φ=30o 𝛾𝑤 =10kN

γ=18.5𝒌𝑵 /𝒎𝟐

C=12.5kpa

FOS=3

SOLUTION

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Step 1-Determine the ultimate bearing capacity

A) According to Terzaghi’s bearing capacity formula

𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 1.3CNc +𝑁𝑞 γD f + 0.4 B γ N γ

For Φ=30o, NC=37.2

N γ=19.7
Nq=22.5
Case i: - when GWT on the surface
𝜸′ = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 -𝛾𝑤 =18.5-10=8.5
𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 1.3CNc +𝑁𝑞 γD f + 0.4 B γ N γ
𝑊
𝒒𝒂𝒍𝒍 = = 300/ 𝐵 2
𝐵2

𝒒𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 / FS = (1.3CNc +Nq γ D f’ + 0.4 γ’ N γ B)/3

300/ 𝐵2= [1.3(12.5)*(37.2) + (22.5)*(8.5)*(1.2) + 0.4(8.5)*(19.7)*B]/3
-by trial and error we get
B=0.99m
Case I I):- When the GWT is at bottom of the footing

γ = γ’+ [(d- D f)/B]*(γ - γ’)

Let d = 1.5m

γ = (18.5-10) + [(1.5-1.2)/0.6]*(18.5-8.5) =13.5m

𝒒𝒂𝒍𝒍 = (1.3CNc +Nq γ D f + 0.4 B N γ)/3

300/ 𝐵2= [1.3(12.5)*(37.2) + (22.5)*(13.5)*(1.2) + 0.4(13.5)*(19.7)*B]/3
-by trial and error we get
B=0.92m
Case I I I) :- When the GWT is far below the bottom width (No effect of GWT)

d> Df+B (since the GWT has no effect)

qult = 1.3CNc +Nq γDf + 0.4 γN γB

qall = 𝑊/𝐵2= qult/FOS

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300/ 𝐵2= [1.3(12.5)*(37.2) + (22.5)*(18.5)*(1.2) + 0.4(18.5)*(19.7)*B]/3

by trial and error we get
B= 0.86m
Step -2
B) General bearing capacity formula ( separate for Meyerhof, Hansen
and Vesic)
i ) According to Meyerhof bearing capacity formula
qult = CNcScdcic + 0.5BγNγSγdγiγ + qNqSqdqiq

Nq = NΦ= 18.40
where, NΦ = (1+sinΦ/1 - sinΦ)= (1+sin30o /1-sin30o) = 3
Nc = (Nq – 1)cotΦ = 30.14
Nγ = (Nq – 1)tan(1.4Φ) = 15.67
Take B = 0.99m
Shape factors Depth factors
Sc = 1 + 0.2 NΦ(B/L)=1.6 dc = 1+0.2 (Df /B)=1.42
Sq = 1+0.1NΦ(B/L)=1.3 dq=1+0.1 (Df/B)=1.21
Sγ = Sq=1.3 dγ= dq=1.21
Since the load is vertical we have inclination factors i.e, ic, iq, iγ= 1
qult = 12.5*30.14*1.6*1.42*1 + 0.5*0.99*8.5*15.67*1.3*1.21*1 +
8.5*1.2*18.40*1.3*1.21*1 =1254.91kpa
i i) According to Hansen bearing capacity formula
qult = CNcScdcic + 0.5BγNγSγdγiγ + qNqSqdqiq

Nq = NΦ= 18.40
where, NΦ = (1+sinΦ/1 - sinΦ) = (1+sin30o /1-sin30o) = 3
Nc = (Nq – 1)cotΦ = 30.14
Nγ =1.5(Nq – 1)tanΦ = 15.07

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Shape factors Depth factors

Sc = 1+ Nq/Nc(B/L)=1.61 dc = 1+0.4(Df/B)=1.48
Sq = 1+(B/L)tanΦ=1.58 dq = 1+2*tanΦ(1-sinΦ)^2*(Df/B)=1.35
Sγ = 1-0.4(B/L)=0.6 dγ = 1

qult = CNcScdcic + 0.5BγNγSγdγiγ + qNqSqdqiq

qult = 12.5*30.14*1.61*1.48*1 + 0.5*0.99*8.5*15.07*0.6*1*1 +
8.5*1.2*18.40*1.58*1.35*1 = 1336.1kpa
i i i) According to vesic bearing capacity formula
qult = CNcScdcic + 0.5BγNγSγdγiγ + qNqSqdqiq

Nq = NΦ= 18.40
where, NΦ = (1+sinΦ/1 - sinΦ) = (1+sin30o /1-sin30o) = 3
Nc = (Nq – 1)cotΦ = 30.14
Nγ =2(Nq + 1)tanΦ = 22.4
 The shape and depth factors of vesic are the same as those of Hansen
qult = CNcScdcic + 0.5BγNγSγdγiγ + qNqSqdqiq
qult = 12.5*30.14*1.61*1.48*1 + 0.5*0.99*8.5*22.4*0.6*1*1 +
8.5*1.2*18.40*1.58*1.35*1 = 1354.6kpa
step -3
c) Ethiopian geotechnical design code

1) drained condition
Bearing resistance factor

=18.384

Nc=(Nq-1)CotΦ’=(18.4-1)Cot30=30.137
N γ =2(Nq-1)tanΦ=2(18.4-1)tan30=20.092
Shape factors
Sq=1+sin30=1.5

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S γ=0.7

Sc=(SqNq-1)/(Nctan φ)=(1.5*18.4-1)/(18.4-1)=1.534

Inclination factor

iq=1
ic=(iqNq-1)/(Nq-1)= 1
iγ=1
R/A= (CNcScic+qNq Sqiq+0.5 γ’BN γ S γ i γ)/FS
300/B2=(12.5*15.567*1.534*1+8.5*1.2*15.567*1.5*1+0.5*8.5*B*16.82*0.7*1)/3
108.91B3+813.41B2-900=0
By trial and error
B=0.99m
1) drained condition

Sc=1.2
ic= 1
R/A= (2+Π)*Cu* Sc* ic+q
300/B2=((2+3.14)*12.5*1.2*1+18.5*1.2)/3
300/B2=99.2/3
B=3m
Step -4
D) Euro code bearing capacity

R/A= (CNcbcScic+q Nq bqSqiq+0.5 γ’BN γ b γ S γ i γ)/FOS

Bearing resistance factor
=18.4
N c= (Nq-1)*CotΦ’=(18.4-1)Cot30=30.137
N γ =2(Nq-1)tanΦ=2(18.4-1)tan30=20.092
Shape factors
Sq=1+sin30=1.5
S γ=0.7

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Sc=(SqNq-1)/(Nctan φ)=(1.5*18.4-1)/(18.4-1)=1.53

Inclination factor

ic=(iq-(1-iq))/(Nctan30)= =(1-(1-1))/(30.137tan30=0.7=0.057
iq=1
iγ=1

Inclination factor at base

bc=(bq-(1-bq))/(Nctan30)= =(1-(1-1))/(30.137tan30=0.7=0.057
bq=1
bγ=1
300/B2=(12.5*30.137*0.057*1.53**1+8.5*1.2*18.4*1*1.5*1+0.5*8.5*B*20.092*1*0.7*1)/3
900=314.373B2+59.77B3
B=1.5m
2. Design a spread footing for the billboard sign shown below using Ethiopian standard code
provisions. Ignore the torsion and wind load on the column. Assume the ground water table is
deep enough so that it does not affect the performance of the footing.

Soil parameters γ = 18.5KN/m3, ф=200 and c’=20kpa

60 cm diameter steel column 100 cm high with 3cm thick wall.

(Hint: carry out wind load analysis assuming site in Mekelle city using ES EN-1)

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solution

Step 1: Calculate wind load using ES EN -1

Fw=CsCdCfqp(z)Aref

 CsCd (structural factors)=1

 Cf (force coefficient)=1.8, for signboards separated from ground by a height greater
than h/4
 qp(z)=0.5ρVb2 ….. ρ=1.25kg/m3 and Vb=22m/s
 qp(z)=0.5*1.25*222=302N/m2
 Aref=0.82*0.5=0.41m2 substituting these values the wind load will be

Fw=1*1.8*302*0.41=0.223kN

Step 2 Determine the loads on column

Weight of steel column=gsteel*(perimeter *thickness*length) of steel column

=77.0085KN/m3*(𝜋*0.6*0.03*1)m3= 4.355 KN

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Mx =45000*(0.82-0.3)/2 = 11.7 KNm

Mz = 0.223*(0.82-0.3)/2 = 0.06 KNm

My = .223*0.75= 0.167 KNm

Total (normal) load N= 45KN +4.355 KN = 49.355 KN

Step 3 calculate bearing capacity using ESN

Assuming the following value

D=0.85m , B=1.5m and L=4.5m

Total Normal load (F) =49.355+weight of foundation pad=49.355+0.9*1.5*4.5*25=201.23KN

ex=My/Pt=0.167/201.23=8.3*10-4m

ey=Mx/Pt=11.7/201.23=0.058m

B’=B-2ey=1.384m

L’=L-2ex=4.49m

qult= CNcScic+qNqSqiq+0.5γ’BN γ S γ i γ

 ic=iq= i γ=1 because there is no load inclination

bearing resistance factor

Nq= 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛Φ ∗tan2(45+Φ/2)= 𝑒 𝜋𝑡𝑎𝑛20 ∗tan2(45+20/2)==6.4

Nc=(Nq-1)CotΦ’=(6.4-1)Cot20=14.83
N γ =2(Nq-1)tanΦ=2(6.4-1)tan20=3.93
Shape factors
Sq=1+B’/L’sinф=1.1
S γ=1-0.3(B’/L’)=0.9
Sc=(SqNq-1)/(Nctanφ)=(1.1*6.4-1)/(6.4-1)=1.12

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Hence, by substituting these factors to the above equation

qult= CNcScic+qNqSqiq+0.5γ’BN γ S γ i γ

=20*14.83*1.12+18.5*0.9*6.4*1.1+0.5*18.5*1.384*3.93*0.85=494.69kpa
The maximum and minimum applied stress will be

Substituting, σmax=35Kpa and σmin=29.756Kpa < qult(494.689kpa)…….0k

σavg =(σmax+ σb)/2 , σb is the stress at d distance from steel pile

σb=33.6KN hence σavg=(35+33.6)/2=34.3kpa

 Reinforcement bars
My= σavg*(B-D)2/2*L= 34.3*(4.49-0,6)2/2*1.5=97.32 kN

d=D-concrete cove –steel diameter =0.75mm

2∗97.32
ρ=13.6/300(1-(13.6∗1.5∗00.712)(1/2))=4*10-4< ρmin

Then ρmin=0.00125 should be used

Ast= ρmin*1.5*0.71=1331.25 mm2
Aindividual=3.14*r2=201.12
Number of piles=1331.25/201=6.8………….so let’s use 7 number of piles .
Spacing, s= (3.14*72*1.5)/1331.25=25cm
 Use a footing of D=0.85m, B=1.5m and L=4.5m thick and 7 bars 16mm diameter center
to center of 25cm.
2. A bridge pier carrying a total design load of 1 MN is to be supported by group of steel pipe piles
having an outer diameter of 30 cm and wall thickness of 5 cm, arranged in a square array. the
soil profile consists of medium dense sand extending to a great depth. The water table is at a
depth of 2m below the ground level. The angle shearing resistance of sand is 27.50 and the
cohesion is 25 kpa. The dry and saturated unit weights are 16.5 kN/m3 and 19 kN/m3
respectively. The coefficient of lateral pressure, ks, the bearing factors Nq and Nc can be taken as
1.4,37 and 29 respectively.

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Design the pile group (length and number of piles) so that the factor of safety against failure is 3,
Assume the soil-pile interaction angle, 𝛿 =70% of ∅’

(Note that: check individual and group failure with plugged and unplugged capacities)

Step -1 determine the require number of pile and length unplugged case

Qult = Qp + Qs

= (cNc + qNq)Ap + PL(αCu + ks𝛿𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿) + PL(αCu + ks𝛿𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿)

π(0.32 −0.22 )
Where Ap = = 0.04m2 and for cu ≤ 25 , α = 1
4

Qult = (25×29 +37(16.5×2 + 9h)) ×0.04 + 2×0.3π(1.4×16.5×tan19.25 + 25) +

π×0.3×h(1.4(33+4.5h) tan19.25 + 25)

Qult = 2.13h2 + 51.98h + 140.03

Qnult = nQult = 9(2.1h2 + 51.98h + 140.01) = 18.9h2 + 467.82h + 1260.09

18.9h2 + 467.82h + 1260.09 = 1000×3

18.9h2 + 467.82h - 1739.91 = 0

h = 3.29m = 3.3m

so that the total length will be = h + 2 = 3.3 + 2 = 5.3m

check for the ultimate load carrying capacity of the pile group

Ag = ((n-1) ×s + d)2 = ((3-1) ×0.9 + 0.3)2 = 4.41m2

Pg = 4((n-1) ×s + d) = 4((3-1) ×0.9 + 0.3) = 8.4m

Qultg = (cNc* + qNq*)Ag + PgL(ks qo’tan∅ + αc)

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= (25×29 + ((2×16.5) + (19-10) ×3.3)) ×37) ×4.41 + (2×8.4(1.4×16.5 tan27.5 + 25) +

8.4×3.3(1.4×47.85×tan27.5 +25))

Qultg = 13237.455 kN

𝑄𝑢𝑔 13237.455
Qag = = = 4412.8 kN > 1000 kN……ok
𝐹𝑆 3

Step-2 Determine the require length and number of piles plugged case

Qult = Qp + Qs

= (cNc + qNq)Ap + PL(αCu + ks𝛿𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿) + PL(αCu + ks𝛿𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿)

π(0.32 )
Where Ap = = 0.072 m2 and for cu ≤ 25 , α = 1
4

Qult = (25×29 +37(16.5×2 + 9h)) ×0.071 + 2×0.3π(1.4×16.5×tan19.25 + 25) +

π×0.3×h(1.4(33+4.5h) tan19.25 + 25) + 2×0.2π(1.4×16.5×tan19.25 + 25) +
π×0.2×h(1.4(33+4.5h) tan19.25 + 25)

Qult = 3.456h2 + 98.598h + 242.049

Qnult = nQult = 9(3.456h2 + 98.598h + 242.049) = 31.104h2 + 887.382h + 2178.441

31.104h2 + 887.382h + 2178.441 = 1000×3

31.1604h2 + 888.382h - 821.559 = 0

h = 1.95 m ≈ 2 m

Therefore the total length will be = h + 2 = 2 + 2 = 4 m

check for the ultimate load carrying capacity of the pile group

Ag = ((n-1) ×s + d)2 = ((3-1) ×0.9 + 0.3)2 = 4.44m2

Pg = 4((n-1) ×s + d) = 4((3-1) ×0.9 + 0.3) = 8.43m

Qultg = (cNc* + qNq*)Ag + PgL(ks qo’tan∅ + αc)

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= (25×29 + ((2×16.5) + (19-10) ×2)) ×37) ×4.44 + (2×8.43*(1.4×16.5 tan27.5 + 25) +

8.43×2(1.4×42×tan27.5 +25))

Qultg = 13076.177 kN

𝑄𝑢𝑔 13075.177
Qag = = = 4358.492 kN > 1000 kN……ok
𝐹𝑆 3

4. A machine of mass 500 kg is spported on a RCC block of size L = 2500 mm; B = 1500
mm;& H = 400 mm. density of concrete is 2500 kg/m3. The block in turn is supported by a
lateral translational spring in X direction having stiffeness of kx = 2x107N/m attached at CG
of the base area of the block (point o) as shown in figure, height of the CG of machine
(point C) above top of the block is hl = 100 mm. CG of block and CG of the machine lie on
the same vertical line. Consider that the system is un damped and it is constrained to
translate only along X-axis. A dynamic force of Fx = 200 N at excitation frequency of (ω) =
50 rad/s is applied at the machine mass CG along X-axis. Find natural frequency of the
system and compute maximum amplitude of vibration at the machine center point C.

Given

Mass of machine = 500 kg Density of concrete = 2500 kg/m3

Block size kx = 2x107 N/m

L = 2500 mm Fx = 200 N

B = 1500 mm ω = 50 rad/s

H = 400 mm

Required

natural frequency (ωn)

maximum amplitude

Solution

M total = M machine + M bolck,

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M block = 2500(2.5 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 0.4) = 3750 𝑘𝑔

= 500 kg + 3750 kg

= 4250 kg

Step -1: determination of natural frequency

𝑘 2x107 𝑁/𝑚
𝜔𝑛 = √ = √ = 68.60 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑀 4250 kg

𝜔𝑛 68.60
Then the natural frequency in Hz will be Fn = = = 10.92 Hz
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝐹𝑜⁄
𝑘
The maximum amplitude 𝑍 =
√(1−𝐵2 )2 +(2𝐷𝐵)2

Hence, the dimension less frequency ratio is calculated as follows

ω 50
𝐵=𝜔 = = 0.729 and the damping ratio D = 0 So that
𝑛 68.60

200⁄
𝑍= 2𝑥107 = 2.134𝑥10−5 𝑚𝑚 = 0.02134 m
√(1 − 0.7292 )2

5. Consider a circular footing with radius ro=2 m and a moment of inertia,I𝜑=1.7×106 kgm2, for
rocking about a line through the center of the base of the footing. The shear modulus, Gmax is
measured to be 50 Mpa for the saturated, medium stiff clay in the site and the density is
ρ=2000kg/m3.
a) Determine the shear wave speed at the site, the mass ratio, the dimensionless
resonance frequency for rocking of the footing and the dynamic amplification factor
using the exact elastic half space method.
b) Check the exact solution resonance frequency found in (a) by the resonance
frequency expression from 1 DOF analogue.

Given data

Radius(ro) = 2m

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Moment of inertia(I𝜑) = 1.7×106 kgm2

Density = 2000𝑘𝑔/m3

Poisson’s ratio for the saturated, medium stiff clay = 0.5

Solution

Step -1

𝐺 50×106N/m2
a) Shear wave velocity (Vs) = √𝜌 = √ 2000𝑘𝑔/m3 = 158.114m/s

𝜌 𝜔ro
Dimensionless frequency (a0) = 𝜔ro√𝐺 = Vs

3(1−v)I𝜑 3(1−0.5)×1.7×106
Mass ratio (B𝜑) = = = 4.983
8𝜌ro5 8×2000×(2)5

8Gro3 8×50×106×(2)3
K𝜑 = 3(1−v) = = 2.13×109N/m
3(1−0.5)

K𝜑 mro2
Then the natural frequency (𝜔n) = √ 𝑚 but I𝜑 = 4

I𝜑×4 1.7×106×4
m= = = 1700000kg
ro2 4

K𝜑 2.13×109
𝜔n = √ 𝑚 = √ 1.7×106 = 35.397Hz

Since the motion is at resonance 𝜔 = 𝜔n

𝜔ro 35.397
Then after the Dimensionless resonance frequency (a0) = = 158.114 = 0.224
Vs

dynamic amplification factor (M𝜑) = M𝜑(a0, B𝜑)

for a0 = 0.224 and B𝜑 = 4.98 from graph read M𝜑= 40

Step -2

b) Using analogue solution

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M𝜑= 40

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