Basic
Calculator
Course
For
use
in
evaluating
notes
and
other
income
streams.
Purpose:
This
course
is
intended
to
provide
a
basic
introduction
to
the
use
of
a
financial
calculator
in
evaluating
notes
and
other
income
streams.
At
the
end
of
the
course,
you
should
be
able
to
perform
the
following
functions
using
your
financial
calculator:
• Determine
the
number
of
payments,
interest
rate,
principal
balance
or
payment
amount
for
a
given
note
or
income
stream.
• Determine
the
discounted
yield
of
a
note.
• Determine
how
much
to
pay
for
a
note
given
a
desired
yield.
• Calculate
yields
and
discounts
on
partial
purchases.
• Discount
complex
cash
flows
(those
with
more
than
one
income
stream).
Note:
This
course
is
intended
for
use
with
HP
financial
calculators.
If
you
use
a
calculator
other
than
HP,
your
keystrokes
may
be
different,
and
slight
rounding
differences
may
occur.
All
examples
used
in
this
course
assume
12
payments
per
year.
Please
ensure
that
your
calculator
is
set
accordingly.
All
examples
also
assume
that
payments
are
made
at
the
end
of
the
corresponding
period.
Please
set
your
calculator
to
“END”
mode.
Consult
your
calculator
manual
if
necessary.
Special
thanks
to
Bill
Tan,
an
original
National
Note
franchisee,
who
provided
the
materials
used
to
create
this
course.
Part
One:
Variables
All
calculations
pertaining
to
the
discounting
of
notes
use
the
time
value
of
money
formula.
This
formula
contains
five
variables.
They
are:
• N
-‐
Number
of
Payments,
or
Periods.
The
could
also
be
called
“Term.”
It
is
important
that
you
enter
the
proper
number
of
periods.
For
instance,
if
you
are
attempting
to
calculate
the
payment
on
a
five
year
note
with
monthly
payments,
you
would
enter
60
(5
years
X12
monthly
payments).
• I/YR
-‐
This
is
the
yearly
Interest
Rate
or
Yield.
If
you
have
set
your
payments
per
year
correctly
as
mentioned
above,
the
calculator
will
most
likely
automatically
divide
this
number
by
the
periods
per
year
to
determine
the
periodic
interest
rate.
• PV
-‐
This
is
the
Present
Value.
It
represents
the
face
value
of
the
note,
balance
or
discounted
value.
On
HP
calculators,
always
change
the
sign
to
a
negative
number,
which
signifies
an
outflow
of
funds.
• PMT
-‐
This
is
the
Payment.
It
is
used
to
enter
or
calculate
the
regular
periodic
payment
of
an
income
stream.
• Future
Value
-‐
This
represents
Future
Value,
and
will
be
used
to
calculate
payments
that
occur
in
the
future,
such
as
balloon
payments,
final
payments
or
future
balances.
For
fully
amortizing
loans
or
current
income
streams,
the
value
will
always
be
0.
Calculating
Variables
When
calculating
ANY
of
the
five
variables,
simply
enter
the
four
known
variables
into
the
calculator,
and
press
the
button
for
the
unknown
variable
last
to
find
the
solution.
NOTE:
Most
calculators
will
automatically
store
0
as
FV,
so
it
may
not
be
necessary
to
enter
this
value
for
every
calculation.
Problem
1
You
have
received
an
offer
from
a
buyer
to
purchase
your
property.
Because
of
the
scarcity
of
traditional
financing,
they
have
offered
you
$100,000
but
would
like
to
make
you
360
monthly
payments
at
6%
interest
per
annum.
If
you
accept
this
offer,
what
will
be
the
amount
of
the
payment
you
will
receive
each
month?
Solve
for
the
Payment:
N
=
360
I/Yr
=
6
PV
=
-‐100,000
PMT
=
____________________
FV
=
0
Keystroke
Sequence:
360,
N
,
6
,
I/YR,
100000
,
+/-‐
,
PV
,
PMT
Problem
2
As
a
business
owner,
you
would
like
to
purchase
a
retail
location
for
one
of
your
stores,
but
would
like
to
know
the
price
of
the
building
you
can
afford.
After
speaking
to
a
commercial
lender,
you
find
that
interest
rates
are
currently
8%,
and
lenders
are
offering
loans
with
240
month
terms.
You
have
allotted
$1,500
of
your
hard-‐earned
cash
flow
to
the
monthly
payment
at
this
location.
What
can
you
afford
to
pay
for
your
new
building?
Solve
for
the
Present
Value:
N
=
240
I/Yr
=
8
PV
=
____________________
PMT
=
1,500
FV
=
0
Keystroke
Sequence:
240,
N
,
8
,
I/YR,
1500
,
PMT
,
PV
Problem
3
You
are
preparing
to
sell
a
rental
home
that
you
have
owned
for
several
years.
The
home
is
now
paid
off,
and
you
would
like
to
use
it
to
generate
passive
income
without
the
hassles
of
management.
You
decide
to
offer
seller
financing
in
order
to
produce
income
in
your
retired
years.
An
appraisal
shows
the
value
of
the
home
to
be
$150,000,
and
you
would
like
a
payment
of
$1,100
for
360
months.
What
rate
of
interest
should
your
charge?
Solve
for
the
Interest
Rate:
N
=
360
I/Yr
=
____________________
PV
=
-‐150,000
PMT
=
1100
FV
=
0
Keystroke
Sequence:
360,
N
,
150000
,
+/-‐
,
PV
,
1100
,
PMT
,
I/YR
Problem
4
You
create
a
note
on
the
sale
of
a
property.
You
plan
to
charge
10%
interest
on
the
$200,000
balance,
and
would
like
to
collect
a
payment
of
$2,000.
How
long
will
it
take
for
the
loan
to
be
paid
off?
Solve
for
the
Number
of
Payments:
N
=
____________________
I/Yr
=
10
PV
=
-‐200,000
PMT
=
2,000
FV
=
0
Keystroke
Sequence:
200000
,
+/-‐
,
PV
,
2000
,
PMT
,
10
,
I/YR
,
N
Part
Two:
Discounting
The
following
process
applies
to
discounting
notes
and
other
cash
flows.
Walking
through
each
step
will
allow
you
to
determine
yields
and
discounts
on
the
most
complex
cash
flows.
• Identify
all
cash
flows:
• Solve
for
the
unknown
factors.
• Discount
each
cash
flow
separately.
• Add
cash
flows
for
totals.
Problem
5
–
Full
Purchase
You
have
been
presented
the
opportunity
to
purchase
a
$50,000
note
that
bears
interest
at
8%
per
annum
and
calls
for
60
regular
monthly
payments
of
$1,013.82.
What
amount
can
you
pay
for
this
note
in
order
to
yield
15%?
Because
we
have
the
note
that
tells
us
all
the
values,
there
is
no
need
to
solve
for
a
missing
variable.
However,
it’s
always
a
good
idea
to
enter
them
in
and
check
the
payment
amount
against
the
note
to
ensure
accuracy
of
the
original
amortization
schedule
(You’d
be
surprised
how
often
they
are
incorrect).
Once
you
have
input
all
the
variables
from
the
note,
the
process
is
simple.
Just
replace
the
interest
with
the
desired
yield,
and
then
press
the
PV
key
to
determine
how
much
you
will
pay
for
the
note
in
order
to
achieve
the
15%
yield.
Original
Note
Discounted
Note
N
=
60
N
=
60
I/Yr
=
8
I/YR
=
15
PV
=
-‐50,000
PV
=
____________________
PMT
=
1,013.82
PMT
=
1,013.82
FV
=
0
FV
=
0
Keystroke
Sequence:
60,
N
,
8
,
I/YR
,
50000
,
+/-‐
,
PV
,
PMT
[verify
payment
with
note]
,
15
,
I/YR
,
PV
What
can
you
pay
for
the
60
payments
if
you
want
the
following
yields:
___________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
12%
18%
21%
24%
Problem
6
–
Partial
Purchase
Using
the
same
note
from
Problem
5,
what
could
you
pay
for
the
note
if
you
only
want
to
purchase
the
next
30
payments
and
achieve
the
same
target
yield?
Remember,
solve
for
the
payment
on
the
original
note,
then
replace
the
variables
that
are
changing
and
solve
for
the
discounted
value.
Original
Note
Discounted
Note
N
=
60
N
=
30
I/Yr
=
8
I/YR
=
15
PV
=
-‐50,000
PV
=
____________________
PMT
=
1,013.82
PMT
=
1,013.82
FV
=
0
FV
=
0
Keystroke
Sequence:
60,
N
,
8
,
I/YR
,
50000
,
+/-‐
,
PV
,
PMT
[verify
payment
with
note]
,
30
,
N
,
15
,
I/YR
,
PV
What
can
you
pay
for
the
30
payments
if
you
want
the
following
yields:
___________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
12%
18%
21%
24%
Problem
7
–
Remaining
Balance
Using
the
same
note
above,
what
will
the
remaining
balance
of
the
note
be
after
the
first
30
payments
have
been
made?
Finally,
you
get
to
use
your
FV
key!
All
you
need
to
do
is
enter
the
original
note
variables,
and
then
replace
the
Number
of
payments
as
shown
below,
and
solve
for
FV.
Original
Note
Discounted
Note
N
=
60
N
=
30
I/Yr
=
8
I/YR
=
8
PV
=
-‐50,000
PV
=
-‐50,000
PMT
=
1,013.82
PMT
=
1,013.82
FV
=
0
FV
=
____________________
Keystroke
Sequence:
60,
N
,
8
,
I/YR
,
50000
,
+/-‐
,
PV
,
PMT
[verify
payment
with
note]
,
30
,
N
,
FV
What
is
the
balance
after
the
following
number
of
payments?
___________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
10
20
40
50
Problem
8
–
Balloon
Payment
A
lender
has
offered
to
sell
you
a
$30,000
note
that
bears
interest
at
7%
per
annum
and
has
interest
only
payments
of
$175
for
60
months,
after
which
then
entire
amount
of
$30,000
is
due.
However,
the
lender
would
like
to
keep
the
monthly
payments
of
$175
and
only
sell
you
the
$30,000
payment.
If
your
target
yield
is
11%,
what
can
you
pay
for
the
$30,000
payment
you
plan
to
receive
60
months
from
the
date
of
purchase?
Enter
the
variables
you
know
into
the
calculator.
Enter
11%
in
I/YR
because
11%
is
your
target
yield.
Enter
60
in
N
because
60
is
the
number
of
months
until
you
receive
your
balloon
payment.
PMT
remains
0
because
you’re
getting
0
regular
payments
for
the
60
months
leading
up
to
the
balloon,
and
Enter
30,000
in
FV,
because
30,000
is
the
amount
your
plan
to
receive
60
months
from
now.
Balloon
Note
N
=
60
I/Yr
=
11
PV
=
____________________
PMT
=
0
FV
=
30,000
Keystroke
Sequence:
60,
N
,
11
,
I/YR
,
30,000
,
FV
,
PV
What
can
you
pay
for
this
note
if
your
target
yields
are
as
follows?
___________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
12%
18%
21%
24%
Problem
9
–
Balloon
Term
A
friend
of
yours
loaned
money
to
his
brother,
but
now
wants
to
sell
the
note
to
ease
familial
tensions
caused
by
the
debt.
The
original
note
states
that
$60,000
was
lent
at
a
5%
Interest
Rate
and
was
to
be
repaid
in
48
months.
The
loan
was
made
12
months
ago,
so
it
is
now
due
in
36
months.
What
can
you
pay
your
friend
today
for
his
note
if
your
desired
yield
is
12%?
Balloon
Note
N
=
36
(The
number
of
months
until
you
receive
the
balloon
payment.)
I/Yr
=
12
(Your
desired
yield.)
PV
=
____________________
PMT
=
0
(This
is
0
because
you
receive
no
payments
for
the
36
months.)
FV
=
60,000
(The
amount
of
the
payment
you
will
receive
in
the
future.)
Keystroke
Sequence:
36,
N
,
12
,
I/YR
,
60,000
FV
,
PV
Solving
for
the
present
value
given
a
different
number
of
months
is
simply
a
function
of
re-‐entering
a
new
value
for
N
and
solving
for
PV.
What
is
the
value
of
the
balloon
if
it
is
due
in
the
following
number
of
months?
___________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
12
24
48
60
Problem
10
–
Amortized
with
Balloon
Let’s
assume
you
would
like
to
purchase
$200,000
note,
amortized
over
thirty
years,
6%,
with
the
remaining
balance
due
in
120
months.
What
can
you
pay
for
this
note
to
achieve
a
yield
of
12%?
This
problem
is
“complex”
in
that
you
must
identify,
solve
for,
and
discount
different
cash
flows.
However,
you’ve
already
performed
the
separate
calculations
necessary
in
the
previous
questions.
Step
One:
Identify
the
Cash
Flows
In
this
example,
we
have
two
cash
flows:
Cash
Flow
1
–
Regular
Payments
(Solve
for
the
payment
amount)
Cash
Flow
1
(CF1)
=
120
Payments
of
____________________
Original
Note
Discounted
CF1
N
=
360
N
=
120
I/Yr
=
6
I/YR
=
12
PV
=
-‐200,000
PV
=
____________________
PMT*
=
____________________
→
PMT
=
____________________
FV
=
0
FV
=
0
*
Copy
PMT
from
“Original
Note”
above
to
all
PMT
fields
on
this
page.
Cash
Flow
2
(CF2)
–
Balloon
Payment
Cash
Flow
2
=
1
Payment
of
____________________
It
is
necessary
at
this
point
to
determine
the
balance
after
120
payments
of
the
original
note
have
been
made,
because
the
balance
at
that
point
will
be
the
balloon
amount.
This
will
become
our
Future
Value
for
calculating
the
balloon
discount.
Original
Note
Balance
after
120
Payments
N
=
360
N
=
120
I/Yr
=
6
I/YR
=
6
PV
=
-‐200,000
PV
=
-‐200,000
PMT
=
____________________
→
PMT
=
____________________
FV
=
0
FV
=
____________________
Problem
2,
Cont.
Discounted
Balloon
(CF2)
N
=
120
I/Yr
=
12
PV
=
____________________
PMT
=
0
FV
=
____________________
(From
FV
in
“Balance
after
120
Payments”
on
previous
page.)
Now
that
you’ve
determined
the
discounted
value
of
each
cash
flow,
add
them
together.
Discounted
Payments
____________________
(PV
under
“Discounted
CF1”)
Discounted
Balloon
+
____________________
(PV
under
“Discounted
Balloon”)
Total
Discounted
Value
=
____________________
BONUS
–
Wraparound
This
problem
is
optional
and
will
be
reviewed
during
the
live
course.
A
wraparound
note
is
one
that
is
created
on
a
property
that
has
existing
debt.
The
wraparound
note
is
created
“subject
to”
the
existing
debt.
In
the
simplest
example,
the
existing
debt
remains
in
first
position
and
the
new
wraparound
note
takes
second
position.
Example
–
A
Seller
sold
their
home
for
$100,000
using
seller
financing
at
10%
for
360
months
using
a
wraparound
note.
This
means
the
Buyer
will
make
payments
to
the
Seller.
However,
the
Seller
still
has
a
loan
on
the
property
that
has
37
payments
of
$477.83
before
it
is
paid
off.
When
a
payment
is
made
on
the
wraparound
note,
it
is
collected
by
the
Seller,
and
the
Seller
then
makes
the
payment
to
the
loan
that
he
had
when
he
sold
the
home.
This
loan
is
referred
to
as
the
“underlying
loan”
or
simply,
the
“underlying.”
What
can
you
pay
for
the
note
today
if
your
target
yield
is
12%?
Determine
the
payment
on
the
Wraparound
Wraparound
(Solve
PMT)
N
=
360
I/Yr
=
10
PV
=
-‐100,000
PMT
=
____________________
(Wrap
Payment)
FV
=
0
Cash
Flow
1
(CF1)
When
you
buy
a
“wraparound”
note,
you
receive
a
payment
on
that
note,
but
you
also
have
to
make
a
payment
on
the
underlying
loan.
To
determine
your
cash
flow,
use
the
following
formula:
Wrap
Payment
_______________
Underlying
Pmt
-‐
477.83
Net
Payment
=
_______________
The
first
cash
flow
on
the
wrap
around
is:
37
payments
of
_______________
(From
“Net
Payment”
above)
Discounted
CF1
N
=
37
I/Yr
=
12
PV
=
_______________
PMT
=
_______________
(From
“Net
Payment”
above)
FV
=
0
Cash
Flow
2
(CF
2)
After
the
first
37
payments,
the
underlying
loan
will
be
paid
off.
That
means
you
keep
the
entire
amount
of
the
payments
for
the
remaining
323
payments.
The
second
cash
flow
on
the
wraparound
is:
323
payments
of
_______________
(PMT
from
“Wraparound”
on
previous
page.)
Determining
the
present
value
of
Cash
Flow
2
takes
two
steps:
Step
One
–
Find
the
value
of
Cash
Flow
2
at
the
time
it
starts
in
37
months.
N
=
323
I/YR
=
12
PV
=
_______________
PMT
=
_______________
(PMT
from
“Wraparound”
on
previous
page.)
FV
=
0
Step
Two
–
Find
the
value
of
Cash
Flow
2
today.
N
=
37
(The
number
of
months
until
the
payments
start.)
I/YR
=
12
PV
=
_______________
(The
value
of
future
payments
TODAY)
PMT
=
0
FV
=
_______________
(Enter
PV
from
Step
One
above)
Now
that
you’ve
determined
the
discounted
value
of
each
cash
flow,
add
them
together.
Disc.
Payments
1-‐37
_______________
(PV
under
“Discounted
CF1”
previous
pg.)
Disc.
Payments
38-‐360
+
_______________
(PV
under
“Step
Two”
above)
Total
Discounted
Value
=
_______________