INTRO TO PHILO

MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER KARL JASPERS

 affirms that if people keep on isolating their
selves, they cannot attain full consciousness.
JOHN LOCKE
 dialogue foster individuality
 Man is naturally cooperative and reasonable.
 Society is organized by individuals who form a
covenant to work together in upholding the GABRIEL MARCEL
welfare of society.  in establishing relationship with another
 Society is run by a government established by people, self-consciousness becomes more
people who share common ideals and beliefs. aware than itself
Should this government fall to uphold these
ideals, it will be replaced by another. VIKTOR FRANKL
 Human freedom does not exist in a vacuum.
THOMAS HOBBES  Freedom is destined
 Society controls the natural desires of humans in  Self-determining
order to ensure order and harmony.
 Individuals establishing a society agree on a PAN-DETERMINISM
 disregards the capacity of man to take a
“social contract” where they surrender their
stand toward any condition?
wants and submit to a higher authority.
 He is the philosopher behind the book entitled BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
“Leviathan  Human genetic plays a vital role in human
behavior, attitude, and personality.
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
 In some cases, the government is able to SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
impose its will on the people.  Human behavior is shaped by external
 The government has been empowered by the conditions and not by the inner-self.
people to act on their behalf and is considered
to be the best judge regarding what is best for PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
all.  Human actions are just manifestation of
 He is the proponent behind the book entitled various mental states.
“Emile.”
KEY POINTS
KARL MARX
 It is not the consciousness of a human person
 ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH- Human
that determines his or her condition, but rather,
being uses this view to environment to
it is a human person’s condition that determines exploit and manipulate natural environment
his or her consciousness. for human development?
 AXIOLOGICAL APPROACH - In this approach
SIGMUND FREUD
to environment, human being recognizes
 Human freedom is impossible because human
the intrinsic value of the environment.
behavior is determined by mental states which
 INTERSUBJECTIVITY - basis of human beings in
humans are not aware of.
creating shared meanings
 A human person has no control over the
 DECEPTION - hindrance toward establishing
workings of the unconscious level of the mind.
communication between human beings.
 Freedom is an illusion
 SELF-CENTEREDNESS - A factor that hinders
B.F. SKINNER communication between human beings
 There is no autonomous agent in a human  Sakop is a Filipino family mechanism in
person; his or her behavior is conditioned by establishing wider family relations.
external stimuli.  RATIONAL BEING - Capable of knowing the
 Human person is not free because his/her articles of the Natural Law & capable of
actions are conditioned by external factors. determining what is right or wrong.
 There is no autonomous agent in a human  NATURAL LAW - It is the theory stating that
person that enables him/her to choose his/her human beings are subject to a moral law.
responses to stimuli.
 STATE OF NATURE - It is a state wherein
everything is equal regardless of status, age,
gender and influences.
 EXECUTIVE - it is the branch of the
government that enforces written laws.
 LEGISLATIVE - It is the branch of the
government which enacts written laws.
 JUDICIAL - It settles actual controversies
among the people.
 UNITY - According to Jean Jacques
Rousseau it is the majorities decision.