Chapter 8 Multiplexing Multiplexing

The higher the data rate, the more cost-effective the trans. facility
• Frequency-Division Multiplexing
(a) (b)
A A A Trunk A
• Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing B B B
group
MUX DMUX B

C C C C
• Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing

• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

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Frequency Division Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing

• Individual signals occupy W Hz

• A number of signals are carried simultaneously on the A

f
0 W
same medium.
• Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency B
0 f
W
• Useful bandwidth of medium should exceed required
bandwidth of channels C
f
0
• Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap W

(guard bands) • The transmission channel bandwidth is divided into a number of frequency
slots, each of which can accommodate the signal of an individual connection;
• e.g. FM radio, CATV Multiplexer assigns a frequency slot to each connections and uses modulation
to place the signal of the connection in the appropriate slot
• Channel allocated even if no data
A B C
f
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 FDM System FDM (Con’t)
• AT&T analog carrier system used a hierarchy of
Transmitter: FDM schemes
1st Modulate -> Multiplex ¾ Group
-12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
-> 2nd Modulate
-Range 60kHz to 108kHz
¾ Supergroup
- 60 channel
- FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 312kHz and
552kHz
Receiver:
¾ Mastergroup
1st Demodulate->Demultiplex -10 supergroups : 2.52MHZ bandwidth between 564KHz
and 3084 kHz
->2nd Demodulate

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Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing

• Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital signals TDM

to be transmitted
• Multiple digital signals interleaved in time FDM
• Interleaving can be at: bit level; blocks of bytes level; or
larger quantities level
• Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed
• Time slots allocated even if no data
• Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed amongst •With FDM, each channel continuously gets a fraction of the bandwidth.
sources -> TDM can handle source with different data •With TDM, each channel gets all of the bandwidth periodically during brief
rate. intervals of time.

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 TDM System Synchronous TDM Link Control
Transmitter: • No headers and tailers for the TDM frame needed
Buffer->Multiplex • Data link control protocols are not needed for the
->Modulate overall TDM link, why?
¾ Flow control
¾ Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
¾ If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must
carry on. This leaves empty slots
¾ Data link control protocol can be used on a per-channel basis
Receiver: ¾ Error control
Demodulate-> ¾ Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems

Demultiplex -> Buffer

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Framing Pulse Stuffing

• Problem - Synchronizing various data sources
• No flag or SYNC characters bracketing TDM frames
• Clocks in different sources drifting
• Must provide frame synchronization mechanism • Data rates from different sources not related by simple
rational number
• Added digit framing • Solution - Pulse Stuffing
¾ One control bit added to each TDM frame ¾ Outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits) higher than sum
¾ Looks like another channel - “control channel” of incoming rates
¾ Identifiable bit pattern used on control channel: e.g. ¾ Stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming signal
alternating 01010101…unlikely on a data channel
until it matches local clock
¾ To synchronize, a receiver compares incoming bits of
¾ Stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in the multiplexer
one frame position to the expected sync pattern
frame format, and identified/removed at demultiplexer

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 Digital Carrier Systems: T-1 Carrier T-1 Carrier System

• A digital Telephone speech signal is obtained by sampling a speech

• Digital Hierarchy of TDM waveform 8000 times/sec and by representing each sample with 8 bits.
• USA/Canada/Japan use this TDM structure of various
• T-1 system uses a transmission frame that consists of 24 slots of 8
capacities bits each. Each slot carries one PCM sample for a single connection.
• ITU-T use a similar (but different) system • DS1: (1+24x8) bits/frame x 8000 frames/sec =1.544 Mbps
• US system based on DS-1 format
• Multiplexes 24 channels 1 1

• Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus one framing bit 2 MUX MUX 2

...
22

...
23 24 b 1 2 ... 24 b
• 193 bits per frame frame
24 24

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T-1 Carrier System (Con’t) SONET/SDH: An example of TDM

Higher-level multiplexing achievable by interleaving bits from
DS-1 inputs -> DS2 (6.312 Mbps), DS3 (44.736Mbps)
• Synchronous Optical Network by BellCore (ANSI)
• Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (ITU-T)
Digital Signal 1
• Signal Hierarchy
Primary M12 M23
Multiplex DS1 1.544 Mbps Multiplex DS2 6.312 Mbps Multiplex DS3 44.736 Mbps
¾ SONET: Synchronous Transport Signal level 1 (STS-1) or
e.g. Digital Optical Carrier level 1 (OC-1): 51.84Mbps
Switch x4 x7
24 chan PCM ¾ Can carry DS-3 or a group of lower rate signals (DS1 DS1C
DS2) plus ITU-T rates (e.g. 2.048Mbps)
1 ¾ SDH: lowest rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-1)
M13
Multiplex ¾ SONET uses a frame structure with the same 8khz repetition
DS3 44.736 Mbps
z rate as traditional TDM system
z
z
¾ Multiple STS-1 combined into STS-N signal
28
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 SONET STS-1 Frame Format SONET Multiplexing

90 bytes
B B B 87B
DS1 Low-Speed
Section Mapping
3 rows DS2 Function STS-1
Overhead
Information 9 Rows CEPT-1
Payload 51.84 Mbps
Line
6 rows DS3 Medium
Overhead Speed
STS-1
44.736 Mapping
Function z

Transport 125 µs z
z
z
z
z
STS-n OC-n
overhead STS-3c
STS-1 Mux Scrambler E/O
• Section overhead is used to provide framing, error monitoring, and other CEPT-4 High-
Speed STS-1
section-related management functions. Mapping STS-1
139.264 Function
• Line overhead is used to provide synchronization and multiplexing for the STS-3c
STS-1
path layer, as well as protection-switching capacity High- STS-1
ATM Speed STS-1
• The first two bytes of the line overhead are used as a pointer that indicates the Mapping
150 Mbps Function
byte within the information payload where the SPE begins
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SONET STS-1 Overhead Octets Statistical TDM

• In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted
• Statistical TDM allocates time slots dynamically based on
demand -> Sequence of data packets from multiple users does
not have fixed pattern as FDM & TDM
• Data rate on output line lower than aggregate rates of
input lines -> higher facility utilization; however, the need for
“address” and “data length” causes big overhead
• May cause problems during peak periods
¾ Buffer inputs
¾ Keep buffer size limited to reduce delay
• Statistical TDM is the base for Packet Switching. While
FDM and Synchronous TDM belong to Circuit Switching

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 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line ADSL Channel Configuration
• Explore the potential capacity of the installed twisted pair
(0-1MHz)
• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
¾ Greater capacity downstream than upstream
• Supported by Frequency division multiplexing
¾ Lowest 25kHz for voice: plain old telephone service
(POTS)
¾ The region above 25kHz is used for data transmission
¾ Upstream: 64kbps to 640kbps
¾ Downstream: 1.536Mbps to 6.144Mbps

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Discrete Multitone (DMT) xDSL

• ITU-T G.992.1 standard for ADSL uses DMT • High data rate DSL (HDSL): deliver T1 data
• DMT divides available bandwidth into # of subchannels (1.544Mbps) over two twisted pair lines -> replace
T1 lines – 1.544 or 2.048 Mbps
• 4kHz for each subchannels
• Single line DSL (SDSL): echo cancellation used
• The binary bits are distributed among the subchannel,
each of which use QAM (using two copies of the carrier • Very high data rate DSL: 13 to 52 Mbps
frequency, one shifted by 900) downstream
• More bits feed to subchannels with high SNR, less bits
to subchannels with poor SNR
• Current ADSL: 256 downstream subchannels (1.5 to
9Mbps).

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