PART 1
INTRODUCTION
TRAFFIC CALMING IS CONCERNED WITH REDUCING THE
ADVERSE IMPACT OF MOTOR VEHICLES.THIS CAN REDUCE
VEHICLE SPEED AND VOLUMES TRAFFIC AND ALLOWS MORE
SPACE FOR PEDESTRIANS AND CYCLISTS.THIS PROJECTS
GENERALLY HAVING WIDE RANGE OF MEASURES FOR EXAMPLE:
SPEED HUMPS, SPEED TABLES, RAISED CROSSWALKS,
CHICANES, CHOKERS, ROUNDABOUTS, CIRCLES, AND
PAVEMENT MARKINGS.
THE PROCESS OF MAKING SPEED LIMITS IS OFTEN VIEWED AS A
TECHNICAL EXERCISE.
THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF SPEED MANAGEMENT MUST REMAIN
OF SAFETY..
PART 2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:-
Speeding is a complex problem involving the interaction of many factors
including public attitudes, road user behavior, vehicle performance,
roadway design and characteristics, posted speed limits and
enforcement strategies.
TRAFFIC CALMING DEVICES:-
1.SPEED BUMPS:-
Speed bumps (or speed breakers) are the common name for a family
of traffic calming devices that use vertical deflection to slow motor-
vehicle traffic in order to improve safety conditions. Variations include
the speed hump, speed cushion, and speed table.
The use of vertical deflection devices is widespread around the world,
and they are most commonly found to enforce a low speed limit, under
40 km/h (25 mph) or lower.
2.SPEED HUMPS:-
A speed hump (also called a road hump, or undulation, and speed ramp)
is a rounded traffic calming device used to reduce vehicle speed and
volume on residential streets.Generally, speed humps have a traverse
distance of about 12 to 14 feet (3.7 to 4.25 m) and span the width of
the road.
3.STREET CLOSURES :-
Temporary streets closures, such as play streets, block parties, street
fairs, and open streets, demonstrate the range and diversity of ways in
which a city's streets may be utilized. Whether done as a precursor to a
future project or as a seasonal or weekly event, temporary closures can
activate the street and showcase participating businesses and
communities.
4.TRAFFIC DIVERSION:-
Any motorist who has up to four traffic tickets from a single incident may
apply to the Tioga County District Attorney’s Traffic Diversion Program. If
you successfully complete the program your ticket(s) will be dismissed.
There will be no fine or surcharge, and there will be no record of
conviction added to your driving record. Not every traffic ticket is eligible
for the program.
5.SURFACE TEXTURE:-
Every surface has some form of texture that takes the form of a series of
peaks and valleys. These peaks and valleys vary in height and spacing
and have properties that are a result of the way the surface was
produced. For example, surfaces produced by cutting tools tend to have
uniform spacing with defined cutting directions whilst those produced by
grinding have random spacing.
In surface texture there are many factors that, when combined,
characterise a surface profile. For example:
the microstructure of the material.
the action of the cutting tool.
the instability of the cutting tool on the material.
errors in the machine tool guide-ways.
deformations due to stress patterns in the component.
6.VISUAL DEVICES:-
In an increasingly complex world, students are bombarded with
information in the form of visual texts or devices such as graphs, charts,
and maps. Visual literacy or the ability to analyze and interpret these
types of texts is critical to students' success as they transition from the
classroom to the real world.
PART:-3
Improvement of traffic operations in congested intersections of our
city Agartala.
Agartala, the capital city of Tripura, faces traffic congestion at different
human operated unsignalized intersection. Intersections are usually
considered as the critical points within the network and the evaluation of
their performance provides valuable understanding and useful indication
about the performance of the system. The vissim software helped
identify the problems faced during traffic flow, mainly overcrowding at
the stretch of road and the queue length. Successful implementation of
traffic signals in Paradise Chowmuhani(meaning intersection), Agartala;
several other intersections in the city can be taken into consideration
and traffic flow can ease congestion in the intersection, the risk of right-
angled crashes was reduced , which in turn can help ease the flow of
traffic.
CONCLUSION:-
8.1 The most effective traffic calming measures for reducing vehicle
speeds involve vertical shifts in the carriageway such as road humps,
plateau and cushions. These measures are very dependent upon
spacing for their effectiveness. At a spacing of 40-60m, 85 percentile
speeds of less than 30kph may be achieved.
8.2 Other measures may be used in supporting roles such as road
narrowing, chicanes, islands etc., however, these measures are less
effective in reducing speeds when used in isolation.
8.3 Studies have shown that traffic calming can reduce accident levels
by up to 40%, and have a significant impact on reducing the severity of
accidents. Air pollution can also be reduced, although detailed
information on this is limited.
8.4 Noise reduction through traffic calming is mainly related to
reductions in traffic volumes, however the type of measures employed
may create problems with noise levels. These are exacerbated if there is
a high proportion of HGV's.
8.5 Area wide traffic calming schemes seek to calm both main roads
and residential roads, however main road traffic calming is still a
relatively new concept, and information on this is limited. Generally
schemes on main roads do not make use of vertical shifts, and therefore
significant reductions in vehicle speeds are harder to achieve.
8.6 In view of the shortage of published information on main road traffic
calming it is recommended that further studies should be undertaken
into this area.
TRAFFIC CALMING MEASURES ON MAIN ROADS:-
Without the option of using vertical shifts, the most effective speed
reducing measures are removed from the traffic calming armoury,
lessening the potential for achieving slower traffic and reducing
accidents. Some schemes include the use of road humps cushions or
plateau.
The most effective traffic calming measures for reducing vehicle speeds
involve vertical shifts in the carriage way.
Some Measures includes:-
1. Road narrowing
2. Islands
3. Replacement of traffic lights by mini round abouts.
Effectiveness of the traffic calming measures:-
Although traffic crashes have been reduced significantly in New
York City since 1990, safety continues to be a major concern.
Traffic calming or similar measures have been shown to be
effective countermeasures for improving safety and improving the
multimodal street environment, and in fact New York City has
successfully introduced numerous traffic calming measures.
However, to increase the effectiveness of their efforts at further
increasing safety, New York City Department of Transportation
needs to have better information on the expected impacts of the
traffic calming measures on safety and other factors such as traffic
volumes as well as which measures are most appropriate to
specific situations. Additionally, they need a tool that will allow
them to continue evaluating the appropriateness of traffic calming
and other measures to specific locations beyond the end of this
project.
It was clearly evident that traffic calming devices reduce vehicular
speeds and, thus, the incidence and severity of pedestrian injuries in
built-up areas in Ghana. However, the fact that they are deployed on
arterial roads is increasingly becoming a road safety concern. Given the
emerging safety challenges associated with speed calming measures,
we recommend that their use be restricted to residential streets but not
on arterial roads. Long-term solutions for improving pedestrian safety
proposed herein include bypassing settlements along the highways to
reduce pedestrians' exposure to traffic collisions and adopting a modern
way of enforcement such as evidence-based laser monitoring in
conjunction with a punishment regime that utilizes the demerit points
system.
