CERAMICS
PORCELAIN-GLASS-STRUCTURAL CLAY-ABRASIVE-ADVANCE CERAMICS
OVERVIEW
Introduction Porcelain Glass Structural
Clay
START
END
Advance Other Video
Abrasives
Ceramics Ceramics Presentation
OBJECTIVES
Know the different types of ceramics and their applications
Describe the processes in which different types of ceramics are
produced
CERAMICS
INTRODUCTION
A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic solid made up of either metal
or nonmetallic compounds that have been shaped and then
hardened by heating to high temperatures. In general, they are hard,
corrosion-resistant and brittle.
‘Ceramic’ comes from the Greek word meaning ‘pottery’. The clay-
based domestic wares, art objects and building products are familiar
to us all, but pottery is just one of the ceramic world.
Ceramics are brittle because they’re loaded with irregularly
distributed pores. Some ceramics like bricks, have large pores. “The
larger the pore, the easier it is to break.
EARLY RECORDS
MESOPOTAMIA HISTORY
GREECE Ceramics is one of the most
ancient industries on the planet.
Once humans discovered that
clay could be dug up and formed
into objects by first mixing with
water and then firing, the industry
CHINA was born. As early as 24,000 BC,
animal and human figurines were
made from clay and other
AFRICA materials, then fired in kilns
partially dug into the ground.
COMPOSITION
CLAY
a fine-grained natural rock
or soil material that
combines one or
more clay minerals with
traces of metal oxides
and organic matter.
SAND
a naturally occurring granular material
composed of finely
divided rock and mineral particles.
FELDSPAR
Feldspar is the name
- most common constituent of sand in given to a group of
inland continental settings and non- minerals distinguished by
tropical coastal settings the presence of alumina
is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2
)
, and silica (SiO2)in t
hei
r
u sua llyin th eform of
q u ar
tz .
ch em i
s tr
y.
PROPERTIES
STRUCTURAL THERMAL MECHANICAL PHYSICAL
Ceramic compounds are The strong bonding also Ceramic materials are rigid Most ceramic materials are
characterized by covalent provides these materials and brittle, exhibiting a lighter than metals and
and ionic bonding. These with high melting stress-strain behavior best heavier than polymers.
bonds are stronger than temperatures, although characterized as perfectly Melting temperatures are
metallic bonding in metals, some ceramics decompose, elastic higher than for most metals,
which accounts for the high rather than melt, at some ceramics preferring to
hardness and stiffness but elevated temperatures. decompose rather than melt.
low ductility of ceramic
materials.
PROPERTIES
ELECTRICAL OPTICAL
Electrical and thermal Some ceramics,
conductivities of most ceramics especially aluminum
are lower than for metals; but oxide (alumina), could be
the range of values is greater, made translucent. These
permitting some ceramics to be translucent materials were
used as insulators while others transparent enough to be used
are electrical conductors. for containing the
electrical plasma generated in
high-pressure sodium street
lamps.
APPLICATIONS
Retention of properties at Low coefficient of friction Low coefficient of Thermal insulators
high temperature (particularly at high loads expansion
and low levels of
lubrication)
APPLICATIONS
Electrical insulation Low density
Traditional Ceramics
silicates used for clay products New Ceramics
such as pottery and bricks,
more recently developed ceramics based on
common abrasives, and cement.
nonsilicates such as oxides and carbides, and
generally possessing mechanical or physical
properties that are superior or unique compared to
traditional ceramics.
PoRCELAIN
PORCELAIN
A ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin.
The European name, porcelain in English, comes from the old Italianporcellana (cowrie
shell) because of its resemblance to the surface of the shell.
It is also referred to as china or fine china in some English-speaking countries, as it was first
seen in imports from China.
It combines well with both glazes and paint, and can be modelled very well, allowing a huge
range of decorative treatments in tablewares, vessels and figurines.
PROPERTIES OF PORCELAIN
Low permeability and elasticity
Considerable strength, hardness, toughness, whiteness and
resonance
A high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock
White or artificially colored
Translucent (except when of considerable thickness)
Pottery and Tableware
This category is one of the oldest, dating back thousands of years; yet it is still one of the most
important. It includes tableware products that we all use: earthenware, stoneware, and china.
The raw materials for these products are clay usually combined with other minerals such as
silica and feldspar.
PORCELAIN
Stoneware
Has lower porosity than
earthenware, resulting from
closer control of ingredients
and higher firing
temperatures.
China
Fired at even higher
temperatures, which
produces the translucence Earthenware
in the finished pieces that Least refined of the group;
characterize their fine it includes pottery and
quality similar articles made in
ancient times.
Earthenware is relatively
porous and is often glazed.
APPLICATION OF PORCELAIN
Terminal for high-voltage cable
Bushings of power transformers
Insulation of high frequency antennas
Bathroom fittings
Building materials
GlASS
GLASS
Transformation from a noncrystalline to a crystalline by the proper high-temperature heat
treatment (crystallization)
A glass that can simply be considered as a liquid which undergoes a demixing process
when it cools.
The product is a fine-grained polycrystalline material which is often called a glass-ceramic
The formation is by a phase transformation, which involves two stages nucleation and
growth stages.
PROPERTIES OF GLASS CERAMICS
High mechanical strength.
Low coefficients of thermal expansion.
Good dielectric properties
High impact resistance
A range of optical properties, from translucent to opaque and
sometimes opalescence.
APPLICATION OF GLASS CERAMICS
Telescopic mirrors
Table ware oven windows
Range tops
Heat Exchangers
Architectural cladding
Bioactive glass for biomaterials
STRUCTURAL CLAY
STRUCTURAL CLAY
Structural clay tile describes a category of burned-clay building materials used to construct the walls of
buildings and in structural fireproofing. Also called building tile, structural terra cotta, hollow tile, and clay
block, the material is an extruded clay shape with substantial depth that allows it to be laid in the same
manner as other clay or concrete masonry.
PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL CLAY
Load-bearing strength
Resistance to wear
If underfired, structural clay products have low strength and poor
resistance to frost and freezing
Resistance to chemical attack
Attractive appearance
An ability to take a decorative finish
STRUCTURAL CLAY
BRICK AND TILE REFRACTORIES PLASTER CEMENT
Building brick, clay pipe, Refractory ceramics, often Plaster is a building Cement is made by heating
unglazed roof tile, and drain tile in the form of bricks, are material used for the limestone (calcium carbonate) with
are made from various low- small quantities of other materials
critical in many industrial protective and/or
cost clays containing silica and (such as clay) to 1450°C in a kiln.
gritty matter widely available in processes that require decorative coating of walls The resulting hard substance, called
natural deposits. These furnaces and crucibles to and ceilings and for 'clinker', is then ground with a small
products are shaped by heat and/or melt materials. moulding and casting amount of gypsum into a powder to
pressing (molding) and firing decorative elements. make 'Portland Cement', the most
at relatively low temperatures. commonly used type of cement
APPLICATION OF STRUCTURAL CLAY
End pressure Arch construction
Book Tile
Structural Glazed Facing tiles
Exterior walls of either load-bearing or non-load bearing type
Suitable for both below-grade and above-grade construction
Use for construction that can withstand high temperature without
melting or decomposing
ABRASIVES
ABRASIVES
Natural (garnet, diamond, etc.)
Abrasives can be natural or synthetic
Diamonds utilized as abrasives; but they are expensive
Silicon car- bide, tungsten carbide (WC), aluminum oxide and silica sand are typically used
as abrasives.
Synthetic abrasives (silicon carbide, diamond, fused alumina, etc.) are used for grinding,
cutting, polishing, lapping, or pressure blasting of materials
Abrasive ceramics are used to wear, grind, or cut away other material, which necessarily is
softer.
PROPERTIES OF ABRASIVES
Wear resistance
High hardness at room and elevated temperatures
Chemical stability
High degree of toughness
Friability – capacity to fracture when cutting edge dulls, so a new
sharp edge is exposed
Low adhesion to the workpiece
COMPONENTS
SILICON TITANIUM TANTALUM CHROMIUM
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
CARBIDE (SIC) CARBIDE (WC)
CARBIDE CARBIDE
, (TIC) (TAC) (CR3C2).
Generally included in the Was the first to be Produced by Made by carburizing More suited to
traditional ceramics group.
developed and is the carburizing the either pure tantalum applications where
In addition to its use as an
abrasive, other SiC most important and minerals rutile (TiO2) powders or tantalum chemical stability
applications include widely used material or ilmenite (FeTiO3) pentoxide and oxidation
resistance heating in the group. resistance are
elements and additives in
steelmaking.
important
APPLICATION OF ABRASIVES
Grinding
Polishing
Lapping
Sharpening
Cutting
Drilling
Advance ceramics
ADVANCE CERAMICS
Advanced ceramics can be defines as the substances and processes used in the development
and manufacture of ceramic materials that exhibit special properties.
They are referred to in various parts of the world a technical ceramics, high-tech ceramics and
high-performance ceramics.
Materials made by refining naturally occurring ceramics and by other special processes
The term advance ceramics is used in order to distinguish the material from traditional ceramics,
a category of industrial ceramics based on raw materials that are fabricated into products with
comparatively little alteration from their natural state.
PROPERTIES
Structural Coatings
Wear parts, bioceramics, cutting tools, Engine components, cutting tools, and
engine components, armour. industrial wear parts
Electrical Chemical and environmental
Capacitors, insulators, integrated circuit Filters, membranes, catalysts, and catalyst
packages, piezoelectrics, magnets and supports
superconductors
ADVANCE CERAMICS
CABLES
This tape can be used in the
production of high-field
electromagnets such as those used
in hospital imaging devices. It also
increases the capacity to carry
much higher electric currents with
MAGNETS very low energy losses.
Magnetic ceramics are widely
used. Some types can be
permanently magnetized, and BALL BEARINGS
these find use in motors for
electric toothbrushes and knives, Bearing steel balls are replaced
speakers, all of the motors that by SiN4 ball which is harder
power the accessories in a car. and less dense and has higher
compressive strength than
bearing steel.
APPLICATION OF ADVANCE CERAMICS
Automotive
Electronic applications
Energy and environment
Mechanical engineering
Medical Technology
Aerospace
Modern Industries
Other ceramics
OTHER CERAMICS
Rotor
Made of Alumina Gears
Also made of Alumina
OTHER CERAMICS
Ceramic Brake Discs
For automobiles.
Body armour and other
components
Chosen for their ballistic
properties.
OTHER CERAMICS
Ceramic Hot Gas Filters
Widely used to remove particulate pollution from power generation stations,
industrial processes, and waste incinerators. Other types of porous ceramic
membranes and electrochemical ceramics will effectively remove chemicals
Photovoltaic Cells and particles from fluids (especially water) to allow both the fluid and
chemicals to be recycled. Even a complex process such as papermaking will
For harnessing power from solar recycle nearly 100% of water and chemicals now used and will generate all
irradiance. the heat and electricity needed for the process.
