Cooperative Animal Science
Extension
Program FSA9613
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
Balancing Rations for
Sheep and Goats
David Fernandez
Extension Livestock
To achieve the best production how much of the feed an animal will
Specialist
from your flock or herd of sheep or have to consume to meet its needs.
goats, you must provide them with For example, silage averages 34%
optimum nutrition throughout the DM, meaning that about twothirds of
production cycle. Unfortunately, some the silage is just water. The animals
of the most critical periods in the will drink less because they are get
production
cycle are also those during ting water from their feed, but they
which pastures are not available or will have to eat many more pounds of
are not at their peak. This means you silage than they will of hay, which
will have to feed your animals to tends to be about 88% dry matter. If
maintain their productivity. But feed our 100lb doe could get all of her
costs are high, and overfeeding your nutrients from silage or hay, she
sheep and goats will not only waste would have to consume 7.5 to 9 lbs of
feed and money, but it can cause silage to meet her needs. She would
problems,
especially at or around the only have to eat 2.8 to 3.4 lbs of 88%
time of birth. How do you meet the DM hay to do the same thing.
needs of your animals without spend
ing more than you have to? Balance The stage of the production cycle
a ration! is critical to know because animals
have different needs depending upon
To balance a ration you will need what you are asking their bodies to
to know how much your animals do. For example, during late summer
weigh, their stage of the production ewes and does are not usually still
cycle and the nutrient contents of producing milk and they have not yet
your available feeds. You will also been bred. Their nutritional needs are
need to be familiar with a few terms at the lowest point of the year, and
that are commonly used in nutrition. good pasture should meet or exceed
all of their needs. During late preg
You need to know your animals’ nancy their nutrient requirements
weights because feed requirements nearly double to meet the needs of the
are higher for larger animals than rapidly growing fetuses. Once they
they are for smaller ones. Ruminants kid or lamb, their needs will be triple
tend to eat 2.5% to 3% of their body their late summer levels to meet the
weight in dry matter (DM) each day. demands of milk production for their
So, a 100lb doe or ewe will eat about growing kids or lambs. Growing kids
2.5 to 3 lbs of DM per day on average, and lambs need roughly the same
and a 150lb doe or ewe will eat about amount of energy and protein as their
3 to 4.5 lbs of DM per day. dams, yet they are only half as big.
The National Research Council (NRC)
What is dry matter? Feeds are has developed tables you can use to
made up of proteins, carbohydrates, estimate the nutrient needs of your
fats, minerals, vitamins and water. animals depending upon their size
The amount of water in a feed alters and stage of production.
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating
Finally, you need to know the nutrient content of Nutrients, and it is measured as a percent of the DM
the feeds you are offering. It is not uncommon for in the feed. TDN is an approximation of the energy
goats and sheep to nibble on straw bedding or wood value of all of the carbohydrates, proteins and fats in
shavings, but they have little nutritional value. You the feed. Because neither TDN nor DE are required
can make a reasonable guess about nutrient quality to be on the feed label, you may have to calculate
by using values established by the NRC if you want the TDN.
% TDN = % crude protein + % crude fiber +
to formulate a ration before you buy any feeds; a wise
(% crude fat x 2.25)
thing to do.
If you already have the feed, you can look at the
guaranteed analysis on the feed tag. The Arkansas A pound of feed that is 50% DM and 80% TDN
Feed Law (Act 726 of 1997) requires feed mills to pro would have 0.4 lb of TDN (1 lb x 50% x 80% = 0.4 lb).
vide basic nutrient information on all livestock feeds Ruminants like sheep and goats convert excess
sold in Arkansas. Nutrient information required by
protein into energy in the rumen. DE is Digestible
Arkansas includes: Energy, a measure of the difference between the
gross energy in the feed and the gross energy left in
1. Minimum percentage of Crude Protein. the manure. DE is often reported in megacalories per
2. Maximum percentage of equivalent crude
kilogram (Mcal/kg) or per pound (Mcal/lb).
protein
from NonProtein Nitrogen (NPN)
when added.
Most sheep and goat producers use TDN because
3. Minimum percentage of Crude Fat. it is easier to work with. But the requirements of
4. Maximum percentage of Crude Fiber. sheep and goats are often listed using DE. To convert
5. Minimum and maximum percentage of
DE to TDN, use:
% TDN = Mcal/kg DE ÷ 4.4
Calcium.
OR
6. Minimum percentage of Phosphorus.
% TDN = Mcal/lb ÷ 2
7. Minimum and maximum percentage of Salt
(if added).
8. Minimum and maximum percentage of total
Sodium shall be guaranteed only when total For example, a feed containing 2.42 Mcal/kg DE
Sodium exceeds that furnished by the maxi would contain 1.1 Mcal/lb DE, which would be
mum salt guarantee.
equivalent to 55% TDN.
55% TDN = 2.42 Mcal/kg DE ÷ 4.4
9. Minimum and maximum Copper in parts per
OR
million (ppm) (if added, or if total copper
55% TDN = 1.1 Mcal/lb ÷ 2
exceeds 20 ppm).
10. Minimum Selenium in parts per million (ppm).
11. Minimum Vitamin A, other than precursors of
Vitamin A, in International Units per pound
Crude protein (CP) is a measure of the amount of
(if added).
nitrogen in a feed. Nitrogen is the key element in
Information about energy content of the feed is not
protein. Nitrogen is easy to measure and is used as a
substitute for actual protein. Labels on feeds in
required to be on the label. Arkansas must state how much CP and how much
nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) is in the feed. Ruminants
In the case of hays, silages or pastures, you can
have the ability to convert cheap NPN into protein
collect a sample and take it to your county Extension
because of the bacteria in the rumen. You should
agent. Your agent will send the sample in for analysis
avoid feeding too much NPN though, because it can
for $18 in Arkansas at the time of this writing. Once
cause digestive upset. CP is what you will use to
you have this information, you are ready to create a
develop your ration.
ration for your sheep or goats.
Usually your lowest cost feed will be a forage, Mineral deficiencies can crop up when you
either pasture or hay. You want your forage source to are balancing a ration. Most sheep and goat produc
provide as many of your animals’ needs as possible. ers provide free choice trace mineralized salt to
Typically the nutrients that forages lack most are
prevent them. Be careful to avoid feeding goat or
energy, followed by protein. Energy supplements are cow mineral to sheep. It usually contains too much
usually but not always cheaper than protein supple copper, which can be toxic to sheep. The ratio of
ments. This is why, when you balance a ration, you
calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P ratio) should remain
usually start by balancing the DM needs, then near 2:1 and should not drop below 1:1. Grains and
energy, then protein. byproduct feeds often have extremely low levels of
Ca and often fairly high levels of P. So, if your supple
Energy is commonly measured in one of two ment exceeds 1% of the body weight of your animals,
ways: TDN or DE. TDN stands for Total Digestible you may have problems like milk fever or urinary
calculi develop in your flock or herd. For example, if 4.3 g P each day. In Arkansas, mixed bermudagrass
you feed a 100lb goat 1.5 lbs of grain or byproduct hay is a commonly available winter forage. Look in
feed, you are feeding 1.5% of the animal’s weight and Table 1 below for the nutrient values for the hay.
may run into a problem. Vitamin deficiencies are
extremely rare in ruminants. If your ewe eats 3.2 lbs of DM per day and
bermudagrass hay is 87% DM, to find out how much
Let’s try an example. Suppose it is January and hay she can consume, divide 3.2 by 87%:
3.2 lbs DM per day ÷ 87% = 3.7 lbs of
you are feeding a small flock of ewes bred to lamb in
bermudagrass hay per day
March. They are entering late pregnancy at this time
and may need some additional feed to lamb success
fully and produce milk. They weigh, on average,
110 lbs. What do you need to feed them? First, you Your ewe needs 2.1 lbs of TDN and 0.34 lb of
need to know the ewes’ nutrient requirements. Look CP each day. Nutrients in feeds are calculated using
in Table 2 below and find the requirements for a ewe, DM, so you need to decide whether 3.2 lbs DM of
last trimester (110 lbs). She will need 3.2 lbs of DM bermudagrass hay will meet her needs. In Table 1,
containing 0.34 lb of CP, 2.1 lbs of TDN, 7.3 g Ca and you can see that on average, bermudagrass hay
Table 1. Nutrient composition of selected feeds.
DE
Feed DM (%) CP (%) TDN (%) (Mcal/lb) Ca (%) P (%)
Bermudagrass hay (AR) 87 12.3 58 1.04 0.51 0.27
Corn, ground grain 88 9.0 88 1.76 0.03 0.31
Whole cottonseed 92 24.4 90 1.80 0.17 0.62
Distillers dried grain 88 31.0 90 1.80 0.08 0.88
Table 2. Nutrient requirements of sheep.
Animal/ DE
Production Stage DM (lb) CP (lb) TDN (lb) (Mcal/day) Ca (g) P (g)
Ewe, dry (110 lbs) 2.0 0.15 1.1 2.2 2.0 1.5
Ewe, dry (154 lbs) 2.6 0.20 1.4 2.8 2.4 2.0
Ewe, last trimester
3.2 0.34 2.1 4.3 7.3 4.3
(110 lbs)
Ewe, lactating (110 lbs) 3.5 0.56 2.4 4.8 6.7 5.7
Ewe, flushing (110 lbs) 2.2 0.18 1.2 2.4 2.4 1.8
Lamb, growing (66 lbs) 2.3 0.29 1.8 3.7 4.2 3.4
Table 3. Nutrient requirements of goats.
Animal/ DE
Production Stage DM (lb) CP (lb) TDN (lb) (Mcal/day) Ca (g) P (g)
Doe, dry (110 lbs) 2.2 0.16 1.2 2.4 1.9 1.5
Doe, dry (154 lbs) 2.8 0.20 1.5 3.0 2.3 1.9
Doe, last trimester
2.9 0.18 2.0 4.0 5.9 3.3
(110 lbs)
Doe, lactating (110 lbs) 3.4 0.44 1.8 3.6 8.9 5.3
Doe, flushing (110 lbs) 2.4 0.17 1.3 2.6 2.0 1.6
Kid, growing (67 lbs) 2.0 0.33 1.3 2.7 5.4 2.8
58% TDN and 12.3% CP. But for the 2.1 lbs TDN required – 1.7 lbs TDN provided =
purposes of our example, we will assume a level of 0.4 lb TDN still needed
contains
52% TDN and 7% CP, which is not uncommon:
0.34 lb CP required – 0.22 lb CP provided =
0.12 lb CP still needed
3.2 lbs DM per day x 52% =
1.7 lbs of TDN per day This means you will have to substitute an energy
3.2 lbs DM per day x 7% =
feed for some of the hay. Keep in mind that the
0.22 lb of CP per day
ewes will eat less hay to make room in their diet for
the energy feed. The easiest way to calculate how
much hay to replace with an energy feed without a
There is not enough TDN or CP in the hay to computer
is by using a Pearson’s Square. You will use
meet all of your ewes’ needs. a worksheet like this one to develop the ration:
Worksheet 1
Hay
52 TDN Requirement
Total
In Table 1, you can see ground corn is 88% TDN. balance
for energy first. Energy feeds are often
You will have to convert the TDN and CP require less expensive than protein supplements, and rumi
ment in Table 2 from pounds per day to percent of nants often require extra energy, but not much
the diet, but that can easily be done: extra protein.
(2.1 lbs TDN required per day ÷
3.2 lbs DM required per day) x 100 = 65.6% TDN
In the upper lefthand box, put the percent TDN
found in your hay (52%). In the lower lefthand box,
(0.34 lb CP required per day ÷ 3.2 lbs DM
put the TDN percent for the ground corn (88%). In
required per day) x 100 = 10.6% CP
the center box, put the percent TDN requirement for
your animal (65.6%). Subtract the amount of TDN
provided by each feed from the requirement in the
Now you can fill in the boxes in the Pearson’s center box to get the amount of hay and ground corn
Square below (Worksheet 2). You should always needed to meet your ewes’ energy needs.
Worksheet 2
Hay Hay (88 – 65.6)
52 TDN Requirement
22.4
Ground corn 65.6 Corn (65.6 – 52)
88 13.6
Total 36
3.2 lbs DM x 62.2% hay =
1.99 lbs DM hay per day
Now divide the number you got for hay by the
total and multiply by 100 to get the percent of the
3.2 lbs DM x 37.8% ground corn =
final ration that will be hay: (22.4 ÷ 36) x 100 =
1.21 lbs DM ground corn per day
62.2%. Do the same for the number you got for the
1.99 lbs hay per day +
corn: (13.6 ÷ 36) x 100 = 37.8%. You will know you did
1.21 lbs ground corn per day =
this correctly if the numbers add up to 100% (62.2% +
3.2 lbs DM per day
37.8% = 100%). This means in a ration with 3.2 lbs of
DM per day, you will feed:
You have met your ewes’ DM and energy require but also reduce the amount of your new ration.
ments. Some energy feeds are low in protein, so you Remember, the ewes can only eat so much feed in a
may have to add a protein supplement after you have day, so anything you add has to replace something
removed some of the hay and added some energy you are already feeding. Let’s continue with our
feed. Feeds that are high in energy are most often example. We will use whole cottonseed (Table 1) as
corn and small grains. But they are often too high in the protein supplement because it is usually readily
P and too low in Ca. Let’s see if you have also met available in Arkansas.
your ewes’ CP requirements.
(1.99 lbs hay per day x 7% CP) +
The % CP in your new ration is:
(0.25 lb CP per day in the ration ÷
(1.21 lbs ground corn per day x 9% CP) = 3.2 lbs DM) x 100 = 7.8% CP
0.14 + 0.11 = 0.25 lb CP per day in the ration
To set up a Pearson’s Square for CP (Work
The ewes need 0.34 lb CP per day, so you are sheet 3), you do the same thing you did for TDN.
0.09 lb short on CP each day. To increase your Just replace the numbers for TDN with the numbers
CP, you will have to add a protein supplement, for CP.
Worksheet 3
Hay/corn ration
7.8 CP Requirement
10.6
Total
Whole cottonseed is 24.4% CP (Table 1), so 7.8% CP for your hay/corn ration you made to
insert that number in the bottom left box below the balance
TDN (Worksheet 4).
Worksheet 4
Hay/corn ration Hay/corn ration (24.4 – 10.6)
7.8 CP Requirement
13.8
Whole cottonseed
10.6 Whole cottonseed (10.6 – 7.8)
24.4 2.8
Total 16.6
Divide the number you got for the hay/corn ration Remember that your hay/corn ration is made up
you made earlier by the total and multiply by 100 to of 62.2% hay and 37.8% ground corn. Since your new
get the percent of the final ration that will be hay: ration is 2.66 lbs of the hay/corn ration, your final
(13.8 ÷ 16.6) x 100 = 83.1%. Do the same for the num ration will be:
2.66 lbs hay/corn ration x 62.2% hay =
ber you got for the corn: (2.8 ÷ 16.6) x 100 = 16.9%.
1.65 lbs DM hay per day
You will know you did this correctly if the numbers
add up to 100% (83.1% + 16.9% = 100%). This means
2.66 lbs hay/corn ration x 37.8% ground corn =
in a ration with 3.2 lbs of DM per day, you will feed:
3.2 lbs DM x 83.1% hay/corn ration = 1 lb DM ground corn, and
2.66 lbs DM hay/corn ration per day
0.54 lb DM whole cottonseed per day
3.2 lbs DM x 16.9% whole cottonseed =
0.54 lb DM whole cottonseed per day 1.65 lbs hay + 1 lb ground corn +
0.54 lb whole cottonseed = 3.19 lbs DM
2.66 lbs hay/corn ration per day +
0.54 lb whole cottonseed per day =
3.2 lbs DM per day
You have met your ewes’ DM needs and CP corn is 88% DM and whole cottonseed is 92% DM.
requirements. Let’s make sure you are still meeting Just divide the pounds of DM you will feed in your
their TDN requirements. ration by the % DM:
(1.65 lbs hay x 52% TDN) +
1.65 lbs DM hay ÷ 87% =
(1 lb ground corn x 88% TDN) +
1.9 lbs of bermudagrass hay as fed
(0.54 lb whole cottonseed x 90% TDN) =
0.86 + 0.88 + 0.49 = 2.23 lbs TDN
1 lb DM ground corn ÷ 88% =
1.1 lbs of ground corn as fed
0.54 lb DM whole cottonseed ÷ 92% =
Your ewes require 2.1 lbs of TDN per day, so you
0.6 lb of whole cottonseed as fed
have still met their TDN needs.
Congratulations! You’ve balanced your ration.
All of this has been calculated on a DM basis,
but you don’t feed DM. You feed hay or ground corn
or whole cottonseed, all of which have water in them. If you like to play with numbers or are handy with a
So, there is a final step you must take; you must spreadsheet, you can include the costs of different
convert
your DM calculations to an “asfed” basis. feeds and create a lowcost ration based on inexpen
It’s easy! Remember the hay is 87% DM, ground sive feeds that are available locally.
Summary References
Sheep and goats have different nutritional needs Arkansas Feed Regulations. Arkansas State Plant
depending upon size and stage of production. Feeds Board. http://plantboard.arkansas.gov
provide nutrients to meet these needs, but the nutri /FeedFertilizer/Documents/FeedLaws
ents in feeds can vary greatly from one source to /Feed%20Reg.pdf. Accessed 2/26/2014.
another. Feeds, especially forages, should be tested Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research
to make sure you are feeding enough to meet the Council. Nutrient Requirements of Small
animals’
needs. Begin by balancing your ration for Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids and
how much they can eat, the DM energy (TDN or DE) New World Camelids. 2007. The National
and/or DM CP. Remember to convert the final results Academies Press.
from DM to an asfed basis. By balancing a ration, University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension
you will meet your livestock’s needs while avoiding Service. Arkansas Feedstuffs Database 20Year
overfeeding, wasting feed and high feed bills. Summary.
Pearson’s Square Worksheet
Feed 1 Feed 1
Requirement
Feed 2 Feed 2
Total
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