Substance Use Disorders:
A Guide to the Use of Language
last rev. 41204
PREFACE
Those involved in preventing, treating, and supporting recovery for substance use
disorders employ a variety of competing terms to describe the illness and the people it
affects. This lack of a common language fosters fragmentation within the workforce,
causes confusion in public discourse, and allows for the perpetuation of stigma.
In discussing substance use disorders, words can be powerful when used to inform,
clarify, encourage, support, enlighten, and unify. On the other hand, stigmatizing words
often discourage, isolate, misinform, shame, and embarrass. Recognizing the power of
words, this guide is designed to raise awareness around language and offer alternatives to
stigmatizing terminology associated with substance use disorders. It is offered primarily
as a resource to those who work within the field of prevention, treatment, and recovery
support.
This language guide was created by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA) Center for
Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). Working with SAMHSA’s National Alcohol and
Drug Addiction Recovery Month Planning Partner organizations, SAMHSA’s Partners
for Recovery (PFR) initiative and the PFR National Subcommittee on Reducing Stigma,
this guide integrates input from numerous interviews, focus groups, and documents. It
also incorporates feedback and edits from reviewers representing public and private
treatment and recoveryrelated entities nationally. This is a dynamic document that will
change as the science around substance use disorders and recovery continues to evolve,
and as further consensus on language is achieved.
This guide is not intended to serve as a glossary of clinical terminology, nor does it offer
a comprehensive list of all the stigmatizing words used in association with substance use
disorders. Many casual and slang terms are so clearly stigmatizing that they need not be
repeated here. Rather, this guide draws attention to the terminology that currently causes
confusion and perpetuates stigma within the prevention/treatment/recovery workforce,
and it promotes the use of words that will advance the understanding of substance use
disorders as a health issue.
In one key instance, the recommendations in this guide depart from the commonlyused
terminology of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health
Problems (ICD10) published by the World Health Organization and the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMIV) published by the American Psychiatric
Association. These texts employ the term abuse as a clinical diagnosis, whereas this
guide suggests the term misuse as less stigmatizing for vernacular usage.
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While this guide aims to promote nonstigmatizing language for the
prevention/treatment/recovery workforce, it is not for the workforce to define how those
who have substance use disorders or those in recovery choose to identify themselves. To
attempt to do so would negate the autonomy and selfdefinition of the very individuals
the workforce seeks to serve.
Finally, attention to language is a critical step toward the reduction of stigma, but it is
only one step. Reducing stigma involves not only changes in language, but also a
significant transformation in people’s underlying perceptions and attitudes, and in
society’s discriminatory policies. These developments are essential to creating a society
that fully supports prevention, treatment, and recovery for substance use disorders.
This guide was prepared by TASC, Inc. under contract for the Center for Substance
Abuse Treatment (CSAT), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMHSA), part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 2004.
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TERMINOLOGY
Words that Work
The following terms are considered effective in advancing people’s understanding of
substance use disorders as a health issue.
Addiction
Why it works: This widely understood term describes “uncontrollable, compulsive drug
seeking and use, even in the face of negative health and social consequences.” 1 There
is a distinction between addiction and dependence, although many use the words
interchangeably. Addiction conveys both social and health problems, whereas
dependence only encompasses the latter.
Caveats: Clinically speaking, both the DSMIV and the ICD10 use the term
dependence, not addiction. (See dependence and substance dependence.) Also,
addiction cannot be used as an umbrella term for substance use disorders, because not
all substance use disorders reach the level of addiction. Finally, without a modifier
(e.g. addiction to alcohol and drugs), addiction as a standalone term could potentially
encompass any addictive disorders (e.g. alcohol and drugs, gambling, shopping,
eating, or sexual disorders).
Addictive Disorder, Addictive Disease
Why it works: By incorporating disorders or disease, these terms reinforce the medical
nature of the condition. See addiction.
Caveats: See caveats under addiction.
Alcohol and Drug Disease
Why it works: This term works because it is precise. Alcohol and drugs is more specific
than substance, which could include any substance to which one can become
addicted, including nicotine and caffeine. In addition, the word disease clearly
denotes the condition as a health issue.
Caveat: It is debatable at what point alcohol and drug misuse becomes alcohol and drug
disease. Some would argue that any misuse is a sign of the disease, while others
would argue that misuse must reach the level of addiction before it constitutes
disease.
Alcohol and DrugRelated Problems
Why it works: This term is useful as a general descriptor because it refers to the range of
difficulties that may accompany alcohol and drug disease.
Allies of Recovery, Friends of Recovery
Why it works: When viewed as a movement, recovery involves not only those who are
in recovery, but supporters as well. Those who have not had a substance use disorder
but seek to understand recovery and contribute to the movement are considered allies
of recovery or friends of recovery. The term helps reinforce recovery as a process that
extends beyond the individual to the family and broader community.
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Chemical Dependency
Why it works: A term used more in clinical settings than by the public at large, chemical
dependency accurately alludes to the changes in brain chemistry in alcohol and drug
disease.
Caveats: The term is seen by some as outdated. Also, nonclinicians may not recognize
that chemical dependency includes alcohol dependency. More current terms are
alcohol and drug dependence or substance dependence.
Dependence
Why it works: The term is useful because it represents a distinct clinical diagnosis and it
does not include stigmatizing terminology. Physical dependence is “a state of
adaptation that often includes tolerance and is manifested by a drug class specific
withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction,
decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.” 2
However, withdrawal should not be overemphasized in describing dependence
because some highly addictive drugs, such as crack cocaine and methamphetamine,
do not produce severe physical symptoms upon withdrawal. 3
In clinical settings dependence is preferred over addiction: “In the 1960s the
WHO [World Health Organization] recommended that the term ‘addiction’ be
abandoned in favor of dependence, which can exist in various degrees of severity as
opposed to an ‘all or nothing’ disease entity. Addiction is not a diagnostic term in the
ICD10, but continues to be very widely employed by professionals and the general
public alike.” 4
Caveats: Note that it is possible to be physically dependent on a drug without being
addicted (e.g. using painregulated narcotics), and it is also possible to be addicted
(e.g. to gambling) without being physically dependent. 5 Also, dependence cannot be
used as an umbrella term for substance use disorders because not all substance use
disorders meet the criteria for dependence.
Disease Management
Why it works: Disease management “is the management of severe behavioral health
disorders in ways that enhance clinical outcomes and reduce social costs.” 6 It relates
to the medical concepts of suppressing symptoms and providing the appropriate level
of service intervention. Disease management’s focus is on service and cost efficiency,
as distinct from recovery management, whose focus is on the individual.
FaithBased Recovery
Why it works: This term describes recovery that occurs in the context of faithbased
settings or principles. The term underscores the notion that there are many paths to
recovery, including those that occur within the experience, support, and rituals of the
faith community.
Family Illness / Family Recovery
Why it works: These terms reinforce the fact that both the disease and the recovery
process affect the entire family. Family recovery may entail three aspects: the
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individual family members’ recovery, the recovery of the family as a unit, and the
recovery of the family in relation to external entities. 7 Alcohol and drug disease can
be considered a community illness as well.
Caveat: These terms do not distinguish alcohol and drug disease from other illnesses,
most of which also affect entire families. Also, while the whole family may feel the
effects of the illness, not everyone experiences the physiological and physical
symptoms.
Intervention
Why it works: This is a broadly used term to describe the interruption of the progress of
an illness or potential illness, but it may have different interpretations depending on
the context. Intervention is widely used in clinical settings to describe the process in
which a group of formally prepared, concerned parties intervene to encourage a
person to get help for a substance use disorder.
The following descriptors are quoted from SAMHSA RFA No. TI 03009, May 2003: 8
Universal preventive interventions: targeted to the general public or a whole
population that has not been identified on the basis of individual risk.
Selective preventive interventions: targeted to individuals or a subgroup of the
population whose risk of developing a mental or substance use disorder is
significantly higher than average.
Indicated preventive interventions: targeted to highrisk individuals who are
identified as having minimal but detectable signs or symptoms foreshadowing a
mental or substance use disorder, or biological markers indicating a predisposition
for a disorder, but who do not meet accepted clinical diagnostic criteria at the
time.
Treatment interventions: therapeutic services designed to reduce the length of time a
disorder exists, halt its progression of severity, or if not possible, increase the
length of time between acute episodes.
Maintenance interventions: services, generally supportive, educational, and/or
pharmacological in nature, provided on a longterm basis to individuals who have
met DSMIV diagnostic criteria, are considered in remission, and whose
underlying illness continues.
MedicationAssisted Recovery
Why it works: This is a practical, accurate, and nonstigmatizing term to describe the
path of recovery which is facilitated by medicallymonitored pharmacological agents
such as methadone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, and other medications.
Mutual Aid (or Support) Groups
See Recovery Support Groups.
Partial Recovery
Why it works: The term recognizes the fact that the recovery process is incremental.
Partial recovery entails a reduction in the frequency, duration, and intensity of use
along with a diminution of the problems associated with continued alcohol and drug
use. 9
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Patient
Why it works: As with other illnesses, the word accurately refers to a person who is
under care for a substance use disorder. It reinforces the fact that substance use
disorders constitute a health issue.
Person(s) or People With…
Why it works: Used in terms such as person(s) or people with alcohol and drug disease,
with addictions, or with substance use disorders, this modifier is helpful because it
gives identity to individuals as people, rather than labeling them by their illness.
Recovery
Why it works: SAMHSA defines recovery as “abstinence plus a full return to biological,
psychological, and social functioning.” 10
“Elevating the concept of recovery is important because it reflects a shift from a
pathology paradigm to a resiliency paradigm. It is a way of declaring that it is time
for 'addiction treatment' agencies to become 'recovery agencies.'” 11
Caveats: There is no formal consensus on the precise definition and boundaries of
recovery. Also, while the context of the word recovery may be clear to those affiliated
with alcohol and drug issues, the term also is used in numerous other contexts, e.g.
economic recovery, disaster recovery, grief recovery, etc. Unless the context is clear,
a modifier is helpful (e.g. addiction recovery, recovery from alcohol and drug
disease).
Recovery Capital
Why it works: Recovery capital refers to the resources (e.g. personal, family, social,
environmental) in place to support a person in recovery. It is a constructive concept
because it reinforces the fact that recovery is not an isolated process, but is facilitated
through internal and external supports. 12
Caveat: Some consider that the use of business terminology (i.e. capital) detracts from
the personal, humantohuman relationships that are important in the recovery
process.
Recovery Coach
Why it works: A recovery coach is one who provides clinical intervention, access to
resources, inspiration, and support to those in treatment and recovery. Underlying the
concept of coach is the notion that the patient/client is doing the actual work of
recovery, while the coach provides support. Other suggested terms include recovery
guide and recovery support specialist.
Recovery Community
Why it works: This is a term to describe all who are either in recovery from alcohol and
drug disease, family members, workforce members, and others who have a personal
commitment to the issue.
Caveat: The word community may imply that it is a unified group, which is not the case.
Recovery communities or communities of recovery are more accurate terms.
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Recovery Management
Why it works: It is a straightforward description of what the recovery process entails. As
with other chronic illnesses such as diabetes and hypertension, a substance use
disorder is an illness that can be treated and managed, and from which people
recover. The focus of recovery management is on the individual, whereas the focus
of disease management is more on the broaderlevel efficiency of costs and services.
Caveat: This term is not specific to alcohol and drug disease. Also, some consider that the
use of business terminology (i.e. management) detracts from the personal, humanto
human relationships that are important in the recovery process.
Recovery Movement
Why it works: The term elevates the notion that the voices and faces of recovery are
becoming stronger, more visible, and more unified. The recovery movement seeks to
make recovery a reality for all who may seek it, free from stigma, discrimination, and
other barriers.
Recovery Process
Why it works: Recovery process conveys the fact that recovery happens over time. The
process occurs as people gain awareness and manage their behavior in terms of: (1)
abstinence from alcohol and drugs; (2) separating from negative influences and
establishing social networks supportive of recovery; (3) stopping selfdefeating
behaviors; (4) learning to manage feelings and emotions responsibly; (5) learning to
change addictive thinking patterns; and (6) identifying and changing mistaken core
beliefs that promote irrational thinking. 13
Recovery Support Groups
Why it works: This term is more accurate than selfhelp groups because it conveys the
fact that individuals are not only helping themselves, but they are supporting one
another in their recovery.
Caveat: This term is not specific to alcohol and drug disease.
Recovery Support Services
Why it works: This term refers to services designed to help people in recovery and/or
their family members and significant others initiate and/or sustain recovery from
alcohol and drug use disorders and related problems and consequences by providing
various forms of social support (emotional, informational, instrumental, spiritual,
companion).
Caveat: This term is not specific to alcohol and drug disease.
Remission
Why it works: This term is aligned with medical terminology that describes a period of
time in which the signs and symptoms of the illness have disappeared.
Caveat: Until now this term seldom has been used in relation to alcohol and drug disease.
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Roads (or Paths) to Recovery
Why it works: The term is useful because it recognizes that there is no single means to
achieve recovery, but rather that people find recovery via multiple paths such as
clinical treatment, 12step programs, faithbased recovery, medicationassisted
recovery, the Red Road (Native American recovery framework), etc.
Misuse
Why it works: It offers the same intended meaning as what has traditionally been termed
as abuse, but without the stigma and judgmental overtones that abuse carries.
Caveat: Some argue that technically speaking; one does not misuse a substance when it
is used as intended. For instance, marijuana is produced and purchased for the
intention of being smoked, so technically it is not misused when people smoke it. For
this reason, some prefer the terms risky use or problem use.
Substance Dependence
Why it works: According to the DSMIV, the “essential feature of Substance
Dependence is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms
indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant
substancerelated problems… A diagnosis of Substance Dependence can be applied
to every class of substances except caffeine.” 14
Caveats: The term “substance” may be unclear to some. It could encompass anything
from alcohol and drugs to nicotine, caffeine, and vitamins. In addition, dependence is
a distinct clinical diagnosis and not all substance use disorders reach the level of
dependence. See also dependence.
Substance Use Disorder
Why it works: Substance use disorders include misuse, dependence, and addiction to
alcohol and/or legal or illegal drugs. The term is helpful because it encompasses a
range of severity levels, from problem use to dependence and addiction.
Caveats: The term substance may be unclear to some. It could encompass anything from
alcohol and drugs to nicotine, caffeine, and vitamins. In addition, some view the term
disorder itself problematic for its affiliation with other stigmatized conditions, e.g.
mental health disorders.
Treatment
Why it works: According to ASAM, “Treatment is the use of any planned, intentional
intervention in the health, behavior, personal and/or family life of an individual
suffering from alcoholism or from another drug dependency designed to enable the
affected individual to achieve and maintain sobriety, physical and mental health, and
a maximum functional ability.” 15 It effectively connotes a health intervention.
Caveats: Treatment does not constitute the entire recovery process, nor is professional
treatment the only path to recovery.
Use
Why it works: The term commonly refers to experimental or occasional consumption of
alcohol and drugs.
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Caveat: This term is not specific to alcohol and drugs.
Wellbriety
Why it works: Wellbriety, which combines wellness with sobriety, conveys the notion
that recovery is more than the cessation of alcohol and drug misuse. Coined in the
Native American community, the term encompasses the whole of physical,
emotional, spiritual, and relational health. 16
Caveat: Because the term is relatively recent, it is not yet widely known or understood.
Explanation is helpful until it attains more widespread use.
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Words to Use with Caution
The following terms are not necessarily considered stigmatizing, but they may cause
confusion in some contexts. Readers should note the caveats associated with each term.
Chronic Disease
When it works: It is useful because it identifies alcohol and drug disease not as an acute
condition, but one that requires continued management just as other chronic
conditions such as heart disease and hypertension.
Caveat: Some view the term “chronic” as enabling, one that justifies failure and
presumes a negative end result. 17
Client
When it works: This is a common term to refer to individuals who are receiving any type
of intervention, treatment, or recovery support services.
Caveat: Given the medical model of understanding substance use disorders, many
service providers prefer the term patient.
Customer
When it works: The term customer generally refers to one who is purchasing goods or
services. It may be fitting and appropriate when referring to an agency or funding
entity that purchases services from a provider.
Caveat: If the intent is to describe a client or patient, the term customer is unhelpful
because it is unclear what he/she is purchasing, i.e. drugs, treatment services, or
something else. Second, the term customer may be inaccurate if the direct recipient of
the services is not in fact the purchaser of the services (as in the case of publicly
funded treatment).
Enable
When it works: American Heritage defines the term as follows: “to supply with the
means, knowledge, or opportunity; make able.” 18 In this sense, enable is a positive
and beneficial term that represents support.
Caveat: Associated with substance use disorders, the term has taken on connotations of
codependency and impairment.
Recovered vs. In Recovery
When it works: Both terms are used to describe someone who is no longer actively
experiencing a substance use disorder.
Caveats: There is an ongoing debate regarding which term is more appropriate or
accurate, and ultimately the choice of words may depend on the speaker and/or the
audience. It has been suggested that in recovery applies to those who continue an
active commitment to the recovery process, while recovered applies to those who
have effectively dealt with the symptoms for a number of years without a recurrence
of the illness.
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Relapse
When it works: It is a recognized term to describe the recurrence of symptoms and
behaviors of substance use disorders following a period of remission.
Caveats: The term has negative connotations for it often has projected a tone of moral
judgment. Some recommend the term recurrence for its alignment with the nature of
other chronic illnesses.
Treatment Works
When it works: The term may be useful if referring to a single episode or period of
intervention and services. The term emanates from the fact that studies have shown
that treatment, whether a single episode or multiple episodes, often results in
demonstrated improvements beyond reduced alcohol or drug use, including changes
in functional areas such as employment, health, etc.
Caveats: The problem with the term is that it implies that treatment is a onetime event,
when in it is only part of the longterm process of recovery. In addition, the term also
suggests that treatment is something that happens to the individual, instead of the
reality of the patient learning to manage his/her illness. Alternative terminology
highlights the reality of recovery. 19
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Words to Avoid
The following words are considered stigmatizing or unhelpful and should be replaced
with the preferred terminology as noted.
Abuse
Problem with the term: Although this is a clinical diagnosis in the DSMIV and ICD10,
this is a stigmatizing word because (1) it negates the fact that substance use disorders
are a medical condition; (2) it blames the illness solely on the individual with the
illness, ignoring environmental and genetic factors, as well as the drugs’ abilities to
change brain chemistry; (3) it absolves those selling and promoting addictive
substances of any wrongdoing; and (4) it feeds into the stigma experienced not only
by individuals with substance use disorders, by also by family members and the
treatment/recovery field. See also substance abuse.
Preferred terminology: Misuse, harmful use, inappropriate use, hazardous use, problem
use, risky use, substance use disorder
Abuser, Addict, Alcoholic
Problem with the terms: These terms are demeaning because they label a person by
his/her illness. By making no distinction between the person and the disease, they
deny the dignity and humanity of the individual. In addition, these labels imply a
permanency to the condition, leaving no room for a change in status.
Preferred terminology: Person with alcohol/drug disease, person with a substance use
disorder, person experiencing an alcohol/drug problem, patient or client (if referring
to an individual receiving treatment services)
Clean, Dirty (when referring to drug test results)
Problem with the terms: These words commonly are used to describe drug test results,
but they stigmatize by associating illness symptoms (i.e. positive drug tests) with
filth.
Preferred terminology: Negative, positive
Consumer
Problem with the term: First, the term is unclear regarding what is being consumed, i.e.
drugs, treatment services, or something else. Second, it may be an acceptable term to
treatment providers who are clearly identifying consumers of their services, but it is
not helpful as a general term to describe people in recovery because not everyone
who seeks or is in recovery is a consumer of treatment.
Preferred terminology: To describe service recipients: patient, client. To describe people
in recovery in general: people in recovery. To describe a broader population or
movement: constituency representation, recovery representation.
Drug Problem
Problem with the term: By saying someone has a drug problem, the full weight is on the
person with the illness. Also, by employing the singular form of both drug and
problem, the term portrays the condition as an isolated issue unrelated to the other
aspects of a person’s health, relationships, etc.
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Preferred terminology: problems caused by alcohol/drugs, alcohol and drugrelated
problems
Habit or Drug Habit
Problem with the term: Calling substance use disorders a habit denies the medical nature
of the condition and implies that resolution of the problem is simply a matter of
willpower.
Preferred terminology: substance use disorder, alcohol and drug disorder, alcohol and
drug disease
Problem Drinker
Problem with the term: The use of the word problem to identify and describe the person
(the “drinker”) by implication identifies the person as a problem. The use of the word
drinker as a label for the person reduces the person’s essence and identity to one
(problematic) behavior. Like abuser, alcoholic, and addict, this term denies the
dignity and humanity of the individual.
Preferred terminology: Person experiencing an alcohol problem, person with a
substance use disorder
SelfHelp Groups
Problem with the term: The term is a misnomer because such groups are formed for the
express purpose of providing an environment for individuals to support one another.
Preferred terminology: recovery support groups, mutual aid groups
Substance Abuse
Problem with the term: While this term is in common usage, many consider it
stigmatizing because of the association of the word “abuse” with illicit activities such
as child, domestic, sexual, and animal abuse. Others add that the term is inaccurate
because the substance abuses the individual, not the other way around. To many in
the general public, the term substance abuse refers to illegal drugs, not necessarily
alcohol or prescription drugs, and conjures up images of “recreational drug use gone
awry.” 20 Finally, in terms of the utility of the term in describing the severity of the
issue on a societal scale, it is not perceived as strongly as other terms such as a
serious problem with drug or alcohol. See also abuse.
Preferred terminology: substance use disorder, substance misuse, alcohol and drug
misuse, harmful use of substances, alcohol and drug disorder, alcohol and drug
disease, risky use of substances
Substance Abuser (see “Abuser, Addict, Alcoholic”)
Substance Abuse Treatment
Problem with the term: See concerns associated with the term substance abuse.
Preferred terminology: treatment for alcohol and drug disease, treatment for alcohol and
drug disorders, treatment for substance use disorders, addiction treatment (if the
treatment is indeed for addiction and not misuse), chemical dependency treatment (if
the treatment is indeed for dependency)
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User
Problem with the term: The term is stigmatizing because it labels a person by his/her
behavior. It is also misleading because the term user has come to refer to one who is
engaged in risky use of substances, but use alone (e.g. of alcohol or prescription
drugs) is not necessarily problematic.
Preferred terminology: If referring to use: person who uses alcohol/drugs. If referring to
misuse: person engaged in risky use of substances
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