17/07/2019

Web Technologies
Dr. Pankaj Kumar

Outline
• Introduction to Web Technologies
• Technologies for Web Development
• Web Development Strategies
• History of Web and Internet
• Protocols governing Web
• Writing Web Projects
• Connecting to Internet
• Introduction to Internet services and tools
• Introduction to client-server computing

1
 17/07/2019

Introduction to Web Technologies

• The methods by which computers communicate with each other
through the use of markup languages and multimedia packages is
known as web technology.
• In the past few decades, web technology has undergone a dramatic
transition, from a few marked up web pages to the ability to do very
specific work on a network without interruption.
• It involves the use of hypertext markup language (HTML) and cascading
style sheets (CSS), JavaScript etc.

14 Technologies need Web Development

• Browsers • HTML
▫ Browsers are the interpreters of the web. ▫ HTML is a markup language. It provides the
They request information and then when they structure of a website so that web browsers
receive it, they show us on the page in a know what to show.
format we can see and understand. • CSS
▫ Examples: ▫ CSS is a Cascading Style Sheet. CSS let’s web
Google Crome designers change colors, fonts, animations,
Internet Explorer and transitions on the web. They make the
Safari web look good.
Firefox
Netscape navigator

2
 17/07/2019

14 Technologies need Web Development

• Programming Languages Coffeescript - is a kind of “dialect” of
▫ Programming languages are ways to javascript. It is viewed as simpler and easier
communicate to computers and tell them on our eyes as a developer but it complies
what to do. There are many different (converts) back into javascript
programming languages just like there are Python -used by the Django framework and
many different lingual languages (English, used in a lot of mathematical calculations
Spanish, French, Chinese, etc). One is not Ruby - used by the Ruby on Rails framework
better than the other. Developers typically are Go - newer language, built for speed.
just proficient at a couple so they promote Objective-C - the programming language
those more than others. Below are just some behind iOS (our iPhone), lead by Apple
of the languages and links to their homepages Swift - Apple’s newest programming language
Javascript - used by all web browsers, Meteor, Java - Used by Android (Google) and a lot of
and lots of other frameworks desktop applications.
PHP - used by Wordpress

14 Technologies need Web Development

• Frameworks Phonegap/Cordova - a mobile framework that
▫ Frameworks are built to make building and exposes native api’s of iOS and Android for use
working with programming languages easier. when writing javascript
Frameworks typically take all the difficult, Bootstrap - a UI (user interface) framework for
repetitive tasks in setting up a new web building with HTML/CSS/Javascript
application and either does them for we or make Foundation - a UI framework for building with
them very easy for we to do. HTML/CSS/Javascript
Meteor - a full-stack (front and back end) Wordpress - a CMS (content management
javascript framework system) built on PHP. Currently, about 20% of all
websites run on this framework
Node.js - a server-side javascript framework
Drupal - a CMS framework built using PHP.
Ruby on Rails - a full-stack framework built using
ruby .NET - a full-stack framework built by Microsoft
Django - a full-stack framework built using Angular.js - a front-end javascript framework.
python Ember.js - a front-end javascript framework.
Ionic - a mobile framework Backbone.js - a front-end javascript framework.

3
 17/07/2019

14 Technologies need Web Development

• Libraries • API
▫ Libraries are groupings of code snippets to ▫ An API is an application programming
enable a large amount of functionality interface. It is created by the developer of an
without having to write it all by yourself. application to allow other developers to use
Libraries typically also go through the trouble some of the application’s functionality
to make sure the code is efficient and works without sharing code. Developers expose
well across browsers and devices (not always “end points” which are like inputs and outputs
the case, but typically they do). of the application. Using an API can control
access with API keys. Examples of good API’s
are those created by Facebook, Twitter, and
Google for their web services.

14 Technologies need Web Development

• Client (or Client-side) • Front-end
▫ A client is one user of an application. It’s we ▫ The front-end is comprised of HTML, CSS, and
and me when we visit http://google.com. Javascript. This is how and where the website
Client’s can be desktop computers, tablets, or is shown to users.
mobile devices. There are typically multiple • Back-end
clients interacting with the same application ▫ The back-end is comprised of our server and
stored on a server. database. It’s the place where functions,
• Server (or Server-side) methods, and data manipulation happens
▫ A server is where the application code is that we don’t want the clients to see.
typically stored. Requests are made to the
server from clients, and the server will gather
the appropriate information and respond to
those requests.

4
 17/07/2019

14 Technologies need Web Development

• Databases Redis - is the most popular key-value store. It
▫ Databases are where all our data is stored. It’s is lighting fast for retrieving data but doesn’t
like a bunch of filing cabinets with folders allow for much depth in the data storage.
filled with files. Databases come mainly in two PostgreSQL - is a popular open-sourced SQL
flavors: SQL and NoSQL. SQL provides more database.
structure which helps with making sure all the MySQL - is another popular open-sourced
data is correct and validated. NoSQL provides SQL database. MySQL is used in Wordpress
a lot of flexibility for building and maintaining websites.
applications. Oracle - is an enterprise SQL database.
MongoDB - is an open-sourced NoSQL SQL Server - is an SQL server manager created
database and is currently the only database by Microsoft.
supported by Meteor (It is a complete
platform for building web and mobile apps in
pure JavaScript.).

10

14 Technologies need Web Development

• Protocols DDP - is a new protocol created in connection
▫ Protocols are standardized instructions for with Meteor. The DDP protocol uses
how to pass information back and forth websockets to create a consistent connection
between computers and devices. between the client and the server. This
constant connection lets websites and data
HTTP - This protocol is how each website gets
on those websites update in real-time
to our browser. Whenever we type a website
without refreshing our browser.
like “http://google.com” this protocol
requests the website from google’s server REST - is a protocol mainly used for API’s. It
and then receives a response with the HTML, has standard methods like GET, POST, and
CSS, and javascript of the website. PUT that let information be exchanged
between applications.

5
 17/07/2019

11

14 Technologies need Web Development

• Data formats
▫ Data formats are the structure of how data is stored.
JSON - is quickly becoming the most popular data format
XML - was the main data format early in the web days and predominantly used
by Microsoft systems
CSV - is data formatted by commas. Excel data is typically formatted this way.

12

Web Development Strategies

• Web development strategies can lead us nowhere if we have not based
it on effective strategies.
• Jumping upon website development without planning and strategizing
is simply like going on a journey without roadmap.
• As a brand that is planning to make an impactful entry into the web
world, we require strategizing the web development activities so that
these help us attain our set goals. Right from ensuring visibility to
expanding reach, it is the strategies that help us beat the competition
and evolve continuously to stay in demand.

6
 17/07/2019

13

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Strategy for Responsive web design

14

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Strategy for Responsive web design
▫ Accessing internet only on desktops is a thing of yesteryears. The customer, these
days, have access to various of interfaces like tablets, notebooks, mobiles, etc. to
be connected to the internet. Accordingly, our web design has to be presentable
on any of the gadgets used by the customers.
▫ Web design is not restricted to designing a few web pages only; now we have to
have a mix of apps and other responsive versions of our websites so that we do
not lose the attention of our target audience in want of responsiveness. We have
to meet the criterion of omnipresence to make sure that every possible interface
is made to work like a revenue center for our business.

7
 17/07/2019

15

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Strategy of Web/Application/Software Prototyping Development

16

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Strategy of Web/Application/Software Prototyping Development
▫ Consumers have very little attention span these days. They can drop off the tool
or software or app in no time if it does not meet their expectations, no matter
how creative we have been in developing a website software. our offering should
make the point bang-on, else we have dug our own grave.
▫ Thus, before putting the software into function, prototyping has become the
essential step. It is essential to know in advance how the software would look like
and if it is able to deliver the expected functionalities. Therefore, the developer
has to have thorough requirement gathering and analysis done before the actual
process, and should be ready for revisions post development, till the final product
is refined and sophisticated on all aspects.

8
 17/07/2019

17

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Business Strategy/Marketing Plans and Strategies

18

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Business Strategy/Marketing Plans and Strategies
▫ Research is undoubtedly the backbone of a successful offering. What makes
us unique from and better than others? This is something the brand owner
has to be sure of at first place before expecting the end users to understand
it.
▫ How our business is going to be a one stop with solution provider, what
resources would be required to handle customer expectations and how
these resources would be put to use, to make the offering effective and
yielding, are some of the questions that need thorough research. There is
no shortcut to success and research is the very first and most reliable
strategy that yields results assuredly.

9
 17/07/2019

19

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Strategy of Competitor Analysis

20

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Strategy of Competitor Analysis
▫ Competitor analysis is crucial to stay one above the contemporaries.
Ostrich approach is certainly not going to work in such highly competitive
world where the markets are deeply diversified and are clamored by a
number of competitors doing their bit at the same business phase.
▫ Identifying weak points of competition and giving solution to those is a
great opportunity that may get missed off the radar if analysis of
competitors’ approach and offerings is not done.

10
 17/07/2019

21

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Identify our Target Audience

22

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Identify our Target Audience
▫ It is essential to do a detailed profiling of our target audience. Their
attitude, perceptions, expectations and buying sentiment are worth
knowing in order to prepare our web development process to sync with
their attributes.
▫ As a long-lasting brand, our challenge is to win the audience and retain it
too. With the help of knowing target audience thoroughly, we can make
cognitive marketing attempts that guarantee far-fetching results.

11
 17/07/2019

23

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Use WordPress or others as a CMS
▫ A better alternative to relying solely on HTML page, for sure! WordPress
CMS offers us lot more than what a conventional HTML page can offer. We
enjoy better control over our way of offering using this easy handle. It
allows the user to add pages, choose beautifully themed templates, and do
lots more.
▫ We can go a step further and make the offering open to comments to get
data, add tags to enhance visibility. In addition, we are provided with drag-
and-drop editors to make our interface quite engaging.

24

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Strategy of SEO Friendly Design and Development
▫ The design of web property should be close to how a search engine sees it.
An important tip includes – putting most important portion of our offering
in HTML text format.
▫ We must focus on achieving content that is indexable, carrying keywords in
sufficient numbers and at prominent places, making links crawlable, and so
on and so forth.
▫ All such qualities can make our offering become the search engine’s
favorite.

12
 17/07/2019

25

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Optimization of JavaScript, CSS and HTML Code
▫ We need to achieve omnipresence given the fact that the points of
interaction in world web are many. HTML5 renders fitness to complement
multi-device environment and makes it look consistent across all the
platforms using single code.
▫ CSS imparts readability and engagement to the web property by making it
more lucid. Both HTML5 and CSS benefit the businesses by adding to their
visibility, offering cross-platform consistency and achieving user-
friendliness.
▫ All these features make the path to higher ranks on search engine easier.

26

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance for web design
▫ Penalties for non-compliance to GDPR are severe, so why take chances. To
understand better, GDPR is the legal framework under which the
consumers are allowed better control over the data they share with the
companies.
▫ How companies should store, collect and used consumer information is
regulated by this framework called GDPR (General Data Protection
Regulation). Thus, the web design should be fully compliant with this
regulation.

13
 17/07/2019

27

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Rich Web based custom web/application development Strategy
▫ Businesses of present times are flexible as well as scalable. Custom
application development, therefore, is priority rather than an option.
▫ Cloud based applications make the environment resource-rich as well as
flexible enough to accommodate new changes.
▫ Thus, this approach helps introduce changes faster and easier way. Web
designers should adopt these features in their products to meet customer
expectations.

28

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Pros and Cons of JavaScript Full Stack Development
▫ By working with Full Stack JavaScript, a web designer is able to become
browser-friendly as well as client-friendly in approach. This is exactly what
is expected from the web properties that are given the task of promoting
businesses over internet while retaining the customer interest.
▫ Present times belong to Internet of Things, Virtual Reality, Mobile
applications, and bot frameworks, to quote very important few. Full Stack
JavaScript allows the developer to deliver all of it, that too with added
finesse.

14
 17/07/2019

29

Some of the Web Development Strategies are:

• Choose the right DevOps tools
▫ Culture in the organizations of present times is more of collaborative nature. DevOps
tools support better collaboration between the developers and operational teams and
help bring in the automation of sophisticated level to the way business processes are
carried out.
▫ Plan, integrate, collaborate, update, and get feedback from the end users – all these
processes are now possible with the help of tools. Therefore, DevOps tools make the
backend of the services more robust and help reach the offering to the end users in
record minimal time.
▫ Be prepared to change ourself the way web changes. This is the main crux behind web
development. Customization, automation, faster delivery, sophistication, better visibility
and above all compliance – the web developers these days cannot afford to falter on any
point.
▫ Thus, we must have an intelligent mix of all the strategies mentioned above in our
arsenal to keep overcoming the challenges – both foreseen as well as unforeseen.

30

History of Web and Internet

• Sir Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist. By October of 1990,
Tim had written the three fundamental technologies that remain the
foundation of today’s web (and which we may have seen appear on
parts of our web browser):
HTML: HyperText Markup Language. The markup (formatting) language for the
web.
URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of “address” that is unique and used to
identify to each resource on the web. It is also commonly called a URL.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of linked resources
from across the web.

15
 17/07/2019

31

History of Web and Internet

• Tim also wrote the first web page editor/browser
(“WorldWideWeb.app”) and the first web server (“httpd”).
• By the end of 1990, the first web page was served on the open internet,
and in 1991, people outside of CERN (European research organization)
were invited to join this new web community.
• As the web began to grow, Tim realized that its true potential would
only be unleashed if anyone, anywhere could use it without paying a fee
or having to ask for permission.

32

Protocols governing Web

• A Protocols is a set of rules. Protocols allows two computers to
communicate over media such as wireless or hardwired technologies.
• When computers communicate with each other, there needs to be a
common set of rules and instruction that each computer follows.
• Protocols are the language of computers.

16
 17/07/2019

33

OSI & TCP/IP Model with its protocols

34

OSI & TCP/IP Model with its protocols

17
 17/07/2019

35

TCP/IP Model with its protocols

36

Protocols governing Web

• Transmission control Protocol (TCP)
▫ This is a communication protocol that computers uses to communicate
over a network. TCP divides message into stream of packets which are sent
and then reassembled at the destination.
• Internet Protocol (IP)
▫ Internet protocol is addressing protocol. It is always used together with TCP.
IP addresses of packet, routes them through different nodes and networks
until it reaches its final destination. TCP/IP is perhaps the most used
standard protocol for connecting computer networks.

18
 17/07/2019

37

Protocols governing Web

• Post office Protocol (POP)
▫ This is used to receive incoming E-mail .
• Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)
▫ This protocol is used for sending and distributing outgoing E-Mail .
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
▫ This protocol is used by IP hosts to report their host group memberships to
any immediately neighboring multicast routers.

38

Protocols governing Web

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
▫ This is a system that allows users to transfer files from one computer to
another computer. Files that can be transferred may include program files,
text files and multimedia files etc. This method of file transfer is faster than
that using HTTP.
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
▫ HTTP is used to transfer a hyper text between two or more computers.
Hyper text is the text that is coded using the language called HTML. HTML
codes are used to create links. This link may be in any format such as text or
graphics.

19
 17/07/2019

39

Protocols governing Web

• Ethernet
▫ Ethernet is a most popular protocol used for LAN communication. It
transfer the information in digital packets. Every computer that uses this
protocol contains the Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC).
• Telnet
▫ Telnet is a set of rules used to connect one computer to another computer.
The process of this connection is called as remote login. The computer who
request connection is called local computer, who accept the connection is
called remote computer. If you type commands in local computer remote
login these commands executed in the remote computer. You can see in
your monitor what is the process going on in this remote computer.

40

Protocols governing Web

• Gopher
▫ Gopher is a set of rules used to search, retrieve and display documents
from remote sites. It is possible to initiate on-line connections with other
systems through Gopher. It also operates on client/server principal.
• ARP/RARP
▫ TCP/IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and the Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol (RARP) to initialize the use of Internet addressing on an
Ethernet or other network that uses its own media access control (MAC).
ARP allows a host to communicate with other hosts when only the Internet
address of its neighbors is known.

20
 17/07/2019

41

Protocols governing Web

• DHCP
▫ The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides Internet hosts
with configuration parameters. DHCP is an extension of BOOTP. DHCP
consists of two components: a protocol for delivering host-specific
configuration parameters from a DHCP server to a host and a mechanism
for allocation of network addresses to hosts.
• ICMP/ICMPv6
▫ The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) was revised during the
definition of IPv6. In addition, the multicast control functions of the IPv4
Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) are now incorporated with the
ICMPv6.

42

Protocols governing Web

• UDP
▫ The User Datagram Protocol (UDP), defined by IETF RFC768, provides a
simple, but unreliable message service for transaction-oriented services.
Each UDP header carries both a source port identifier and destination port
identifier, allowing high-level protocols to target specific applications and
services among hosts.

21
 17/07/2019

43

Writing Web Projects

• Developing web project is a crucial activity and web project
development differs from traditional web projects.
• Steps of writing a web projects are:
1. Write a project mission statement: Write the specific mission statement
that we want to do.
2. Identify Objectives:
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Time limited

44

Writing Web Projects

3. Identify our target users: The matter of a website will be determined by
the users whom we want to visit the site. This is totally depend upon.
Market research
Focus group
Understanding intranet audiences
4. Determine the scope: By supporting documents and client’s approval.
5. Budget
Assumption for budgets.
Budget categories.
Determine hidden costs and tools.

22
 17/07/2019

45

Writing Web Projects

6. Planning issues
Discuss client’s existing information system.
Project team and developing infrastructure.
Where the website will place.

46

Connecting to Internet
• Depending on whether we have a cable or DSL internet service provider
(ISP), the steps we will need to take to setup our internet connection
will be different.
1. Setting up cable internet connection.
2. Setting up Digital subscriber line (DSL) internet connection.

23
 17/07/2019

47

Setting Up a Cable Internet Connection

1. Plug the cable modem into computer. 2. Plug the cable modem into the wall cable
Make sure computer is near a wall cable socket.
socket.

48

Setting Up a Cable Internet Connection

3. Plug in the cable modem's power cord.
▫ Most modem's don't have an On/Off switch. Plugging and unplugging them is
how we turn them on and off. When the cable modem is turned on, it has to go
through a boot up process. we can tell this process is done when most of the
lights have turned on and stopped blinking. There's usually one light that will keep
blinking.
▫ It usually takes about 30-60 seconds for a modem to finish turning on.
▫ If we have purchased a new modem, we'll need to call our cable ISP and give
them information about our new modem, because they won't recognize it as
being associated with our account otherwise. we'll need our modem's serial
number and its MAC address, both of which should be printed on the bottom or
side of the modem.

24
 17/07/2019

49

Setting Up a Cable Internet Connection

4. Test our internet connection.
Open a web browser and go to a website
that we haven't been to before.
If we go to a website we've been to
recently, our browser may load it from its
cache.
If the website loaded, then you're
connected to the internet. If not, complete
the rest of the steps.
Searching for something using a search
engine is a good way to do this.

50

Setting Up a DSL Internet Connection

1. Plug the DSL modem into our computer. 2. Plug the DSL modem into the wall cable
Make sure our computer is near a wall cable socket.
socket.

25
 17/07/2019

51

Setting Up a DSL Internet Connection

3. Plug in the DSL modem's power cord. Most
modem's don't have an On/Off switch.
Plugging and unplugging them is how we turn
them on and off.
When the DSL modem is turned on, it has to go
through a boot up process. we can tell this
process is done when most of the lights have
turned on and stopped blinking. There's usually
one light that will keep blinking.
It usually takes about 30-60 seconds for a
modem to finish turning on.
If we have purchased a new modem, we will
need to call our DSL ISP associate our modem
with our ISP account username and
password. If we don't know what these are,
we will need to call our ISP to get them.

52

Setting Up a DSL Internet Connection

4. Log in to the modem's administrative
screen. Open a web browser. In the address
field, type the modem's IP address. It's often
printed on the modem itself.
▫ If not, it will be in the modem's manual.
Common modem IP addresses are
192.168.0.1 and 192.168.1.1.

26
 17/07/2019

53

Setting Up a DSL Internet Connection

5. Enter our DSL account username and
password. Once we have connected to the
modem's administrative screen, look for
PPPoE. Enter our DSL account username and
password into the PPPoE fields. The
username is usually an email address.
If we don't know our account username and
password, contact our DSL ISP.

54

Setting Up a DSL Internet Connection

6. Save our settings. When the setup is
complete, save the settings. The internet
light on our modem should turn green to
indicate that we are online.

27
 17/07/2019

55

Setting Up a DSL Internet Connection

7. Test our internet connection. Open a web browser and go to a
website that we haven't been to before. If we go to a website you've
been to recently, our browser may load it from its memory. If the
website loaded, then you're connected to the internet. If not,
complete the rest of the steps. Searching for something using a search
engine is a good way to do this.

56

Introduction to Internet services and tools

• Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of information such
as text, graphics, sound and software over the internet.
• Following diagram shows the four different categories of Internet
Services.
Internet
Services

Information
Communication World Wide
Retrieval Web Services
Services Web
Services

28
 17/07/2019

57

Communication Services
S. No Service Description
1 Electronic Mail - Used to send electronic message over the internet.
2 Telnet - Used to log on to a remote computer that is attached to internet.
3 Newsgroup - Offers a forum for people to discuss topics of common interests.
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) - Allows the people from all over the world to communicate in
4
real time.
Mailing Lists - Used to organize group of internet users to share common information
5
through e-mail.
Internet Telephony (VoIP) - Allows the internet users to talk across internet to any PC
6
equipped to receive the call.
Instant Messaging - Offers real time chat between individuals and group of people. Eg.
7
Yahoo messenger, MSN messenger.

58

Information Retrieval Services

• There exist several Information retrieval services offering easy access to
information present on the internet. The following table gives a brief
introduction to these services:
S. No. Service Description
1 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Enable the users to transfer files.
Archie - It’s updated database of public FTP sites and their content. It helps to search a
2
file by its name.
3 Gopher - Used to search, retrieve, and display documents on remote sites.
Very Easy Rodent Oriented Netwide Index to Computer Achieved (VERONICA)
4 VERONICA is gopher-based resource. It allows access to the information resource stored
on gopher’s servers.

29
 17/07/2019

59

Web Services
• Web services allow exchange of information between applications on
the web. Using web services, applications can easily interact with each
other.
• The web services are offered using concept of Utility Computing.

60

World Wide Web (WWW)

• WWW is also known as W3.
• It offers a way to access documents spread over the several servers over
the internet.
• These documents may contain texts, graphics, audio, video, hyperlinks.
• The hyperlinks allow the users to navigate between the documents.

30
 17/07/2019

61

Introduction to client-server computing

• A server software accepts requests for data from client software and
returns the results to the client is called as Client-Server (CS)
Computing.

62

Elements of client-server computing

Client
Server
Network

Client machine
Server machine

31
 17/07/2019

63

Where Operations are Done?

• In Client-Server Relationship “most of the application processing
is done on a computer (client side), which obtains application
services (such as database services) from another computer
(server side) in a master slave configuration.
• In client-server computing major focus is on SOFTWARE.

64

Application Tasks
User Interface
Presentation Logic
Application Logic
Data Requests & Results
Physical Data Management

32
 17/07/2019

65

Client (dumb) - Server Model

Server
Client

Presentation Logic

Network
Application Logic

DBMS

66

True Client-Server Model

Server
Client

Application Logic
Presentation Logic Network
DBMS

33
 17/07/2019

67

Distributed Client-Server Model

Server
Client

Application Logic
Application Logic
Network
DBMS
Presentation Logic

Client-server computing is distributed access, not a

distributed computing.

68

Tutorials
• List the two major protocols for accessing email from the server.
• Define WWW.
• Define Webpage, Website & Web Portal.

34