0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes) 229 views36 pagesMicroprocessor Class Notes
Contains brief of generations of computers and ups and memory types
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ah fv rout om Abend ay leher
bin called fteg gn ths Play rywher
Ragu array - she viguby erry uy an
intrned storey, davies and bu it Ww
Pe diel marury ~The int dakfor LV, ty othut dite of mv
ond only. ty bmn wfovmehon,
nutded Foy fpocaing ane xtood i
the rageler omty oy rummy
Tnshudwn diceding nit for ony mu
prasme, or with bre ack of
Uiatyuchens gion by thy manvfuchoor
For doy any wsdl WK wih Pe
mes procter, pa have to with a
regvem using thahe —mochuchon,
ehh on Abyd in He viginter nay
0 wmny
Piagrom couunbie (PC) - “Thin viguhe ve
vad dor the exrudion of
nshuchony = Thy Pachun ot the
Program court we fe panth fo the
mamsry added yum Lav te rox
byte Sn te be fedehud.s wun a byte
(imechne Gb)» Uihy td fe pe
vy neve masthed by ow te pet tay
‘rot swurng faction «
di her WO ~ De rmthruched
Jporrtie ywrelay thy addniaa of the
perathony ctor Fetuhed rem the.
wumeryand pend Arrayghe adnan
bus fe A mtg. he perm sill
hin Stnd a ymhuden tole and
dota Anveuyh data buy = The stl
Cady ove ast by aw dealing unk
ont nd ntormetin to choy ond
taba uni. Athy eeusing thy
informe, {he alay scl. tte
tid Sale Gecccane age ee
Siyruleo
all ports of amerobroaner toh
Ww bropie hing cbs perform Hu
ua sheafud Wy th Instruction
The dee lw toed tn ths Kegatar
cor _prounniny by fly
thd nit = the cenho! unt wll
Corll er Cenhal syne
Jernal obreher
gervate The nicraney
for and er
at ty mere procure’
wbernalRragremminy aosams ste dvilab o bragram]
toa guin Yrablim eediny tt rh th)
ettadwn unit de enaite HE.
nacike Hes ty oll
nokirn Computers Languayey Buch ar
BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN ee an
eaaalehd wey michine
lanyuoye ood
edhird mde
Qu cembehy repnyea ony one of He
Felllaainy Jeng wag, —
Pr gromng
A- Machine Donguage.
a Aaambly Cie
B~ High fave Language
s-Mochina Lenguage = Machine longus
@ Squna ahaa Leptsie
The fam of bing numbirs Goatshny
ok J! ond ot ste uh Conbahw
eapsda divedty . obey coded
anprudton Wa cabled machine eda,
fin nshruthen rbud in modine
Language hea he bes — ober
ank Oprend +
the opcode telly te compute, ihe
qunchin yh be performed ALL,
Conch hast an opeeda, Foy cash +
Ha funchwna
The pnend lla th Conbehe lure te
“fod or Are Be be AN te be
manipuldhid «
Yen each machin Language rethuchon
dalle Bu CPU, vat teak te be
berdromad and whet dott de be.
perch on. “Wy wnechme Banger
Sirdid on ah mee Dee
7
tortie inh
nny hetehon and
very deffiath te remember ee
edt of Vaneuy cheradua and
gyriety
8) Unt He adventager, and disadvontys|
ah rock Langue
| Asorly Danauage - Anaraity Darymae vv
an npvvimast” ovte machin Lmaguaye
Tn ayrendly Language Gta, dagthy ow
specnd charade’ one emblayed fer the
ehh. port, addven pert and ofaw
pork ob te unsbushen Tine synbely
are Kou 0A net mens uy TH
Conmbe fy be stew) yawn
we
Layee
machi Hanguagty
oy be hud bays,
Wea, Bo caing fv e prebln
Gq the ndvrdvad South» Same od The
Fumasnose lpi, oe HEY, ADD,
Lon, WT ete. Thee nmmmey improved
the vadelilty bt compte prgyrem-
| fanembber = Thy anrrmbly Saqguege
pragvin 4 nd an maton cede , ko
fhe pt evecthd bectly by the
machine An a Anmble rated
fo trowlele. aantnbly Cangege bogrer
whe aed ok Condo ed) °
aynnblay vy a sytin. prove (seitoer)
tehch Wotan, by gyvlin pegeme
Aywetby —_“Fggambl aeeege
> Pronmbly end
ous abe Fon
boy. Pomyo. bod Language, —
Pachiny Lanywcge amd ansinly 0
| a) nh
ed hey of
ove foo Levit Cangungy on Hone ere | Q) Lote
ache deprnda ib wrshyy pyr
ov bee Louk Rengunger Yo fragrammir
hav ts vedas oll the oped of
Gampahte ond daily of He chee
Ta Wye baud Languayer, He Parmer |
mud net rimimbir ay oferds and
nha mthaduen al Hh combuctiy
High Quid Paogarge nable the
Prgrinae cb orke prgvams oninge
Simple angle Werte and canvemant
wathimshead ebchent. Sime exembly
Ore BASIC, FORTRAN, CoBeL ete
eo]
ame | berbutie Ohta]
agra
Complain A prayiam thet sronsfetey
cnglth ike wordy of} hugh font
Bongurge inte machina Longuage &
Gombahy «fl Compby veedy e git
programe, cad sour cela ym ths
ehrely ond don ctrenlchey he program:
indo mecha Sengurge . woeh cad
an obpt cde
Trhivbwhr- How abe @ prem that
tranaleber the engl ate Abeta. of
ce bugh Loud Language, inte machine
Reguye cebetiy , Wa an
muprilie hoerdelir ow stetamiat” ob
chm sree cule fo obpab code
ad weed
er
th advewbaytr ond ditadvec
aastably Danynaye preyven
Hy advodyes and die
of hugh Doel apyoegerHucrsproaner bared Syvbrm
The imerepracaty includey thy ALU,
Yeghs aney ond Canhol cuit on
single chth «To errno inden
ow urtfal Jaa We Reve to firm «
Syplon by any micbrecney ay
CPU (or MeO) an) ering memory,
inp and galt daw th it, Al
systim du agred wing & mitrepouney
aA ja cpu w Call a rcrofomvh
&% sm bound micrnconbuliy’, Jno
monproumer bad syhe , the mio
prune a de marti and all ollvr
Doiphrvala
ave
saver
il
oll the
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oriplavaby altth—penphe nab
and mhstiy alt ofrahewy. fll
ths alaver in thy Syston ave,
committe Syston bu AF
any mw Anatert cemfourechrn tol
plea behuun th madhie ond ow
fe slaves AU AR Afauen have:
trade Layo ond hn normally
freman ok hgh tmbedance (adh comilid
fo thy syste). Te proaney saith
a steve by sinking an adden
vlan 0 plave vy tbiled, ot come
fe fhe normed gic and Communcostor,
toith thy brea?Memoy >
ia non esstehed Combs of
a merscenpihy Sythe A aterey bong] OR
rnatruchena onl dita for the mcs}
Tare ove vortiua yb ob manny, whch]
Con be cleanhtd ete H8+ grauby—
PrmeCmoin) ramay ord Shige mony
Fbbefteh or Qotch an a ateay sbevnd |
a
Deck diagram of 4-bit
98, iat. |Mommy dbaanchesten —
————_——_—_————
Steen Tumery |
ee
stig mm
Backup she
Paphos
Hgochc babe
\
)
(eco J
— EPROM Hotel Rr
— cern | | pron
+ Flank try | <1Read forte Pumery (gives) —
Ba Danan wugyths, Ys moda
a
mum > it ia bepuledy Knaum av
Rekne aco marr (a6) <8 oe
promonly forhomehin Ah Ly
fo be abheed, Suh ay Orth) faye
or muwing dates Shia rman)
viehle, raenly thst hin dhe sur
wturmd of! all ty eerleah arn
dated
_Stahe RArs (SRAM) ~ Thy wemey wy
tok up of dbp Hibs yond A stores]
fhe bt oy voltage «each ru
all repre Suk tranmatera ftery
dy memey chip hes Dew danarty
hak gh shank © "Ths remap) were
enbennvve | and Gansu, Pere burr
ron tha dynes murmeny In hah
shud preanea (uc ay Itt 486
ond Panu), Sear
Coch mummy a indodd on the
preaner dhk> In addthew hgh
shed coche memeg bys ndudid
extn te ty prounen te
npr tS pertormenue of Syttim
ny Kann ay
Dyneme Rad (DRAM) — “Thus wemery or
Tak ob ok MOS chenniners gater,
and fF gto thy bt av @ hone
Th abvarbyes of dynemic mumng)
arr thet hay high dinatty and
fea pore cengumphin and ny dusbir|
ther sbehe mum. Ty Anedveng,
We thet He charge (bi Informhen)
Belo, avebre stored prfonmeien
nud de be rad ted wba agen ey
uo mllgitondy «Ths» calld fb
the mum, and ge Yeguinea entre
ceatly aig hh cat Te
Syphon.
”Rort (Read Only Merny) —
Ty Ren wa nen-velihl, mu may,
th reba teed fermion evra if
the Youu we obs TA mung)
unc far pregremy and deta thet
nud vt be athred Air th nome
Suggests, he anbermahen can br ell
only, which mem ona a bd beter
te plored tow fremewet or at Abate
Sump temenunt
|
stir Belichon,
“TUE by chevy te flechey gete
Ye mmud
emunbal prays ond collige Lebostory
Le He emat by bake ok of 1H crt te emu
J2- Hw entre chap munt be ereaed
[Ptoakid ROM Ja thn Ret, bt
Petre parma rually etended by He
maakleg and mnafabeatin proay, - Mi may
ronvtedtoras arr gerally equiped ts
de Ba proam Hp an exbinave
and Shreveled prow but ecenemedd
for Ange. brodudien que? tay
PRert(Pregrommnbe Red oaly menu) =
“Ths wamey bon mickreme or beprin
tavay ienged wn a anebns, Hho
tainty con br cfentbonably vested ay
dhedey or Raey = Thy wurmey, Coa
be prgrommd by ty we uth a
Shuust Peet programmar Shet sulchody
burns Bo fos aceéeding te the
be pethen de by afered The: prone
Kraan a £ burning dhe R44” and
fe, hh atone lini
Emon (Erasebhe frogregmebde Ried,
Only Fhmery).- Tha momar Aten &
of on FET. Infarmdhin watered
Ay wong on PRIM fragremmr
whuch afplur, hgh vebbaga, ty che
Ye gale. AU the etormchin con
be eres by enboring aM choh te
ulbasiddr JghI Rrawhe ts quart
ainda, and Ya chip con be Fe -brag
Breau the chp can be runed
ony fray thy mommy wy dually
sutid for brodud duulspmuct, ¢
TW Gusedvankayo of PRM one
: Both erenigg brew hi is #20 malin mune vy funchmelly simiby to
EPRI, exabt that anformehin Con be
atte by aan ghdhneat bighaly ot
tee vughor hid etter then cranny
all th dake + This hea ar adyortag
ww Fuld and remtte contrat applicabrnnr |
Tn merobrouner Syshn , sebtone ube
Wwoa MW EE eam
an uned i th Syshoue, they tan
be ubdatl from a antrad combate
Lang vee tabiphone
Janse < Symbirdy ino preci combel
sehure tilay hla ie bh
chong, tt can br changed by
Sending tdvich algnaly drm o.
Ctnbrat place + {Thin rumniy abr
Ureludee a chip tebe male whorly
ct entre chp cen Ue etened in toms
Vs 15 to 2ehhin. ‘to erent on EPROM
Hewever Ya memny Ue exbreaive,
compared 4o EPROM ov Fleah, mney
Flaah Mame Tha wn vawrhen of |”
eran thet Uy brcaming, bopulew The
maja dette behoun, dy fleale
tummy and EEPROM Wy ¥ th the
Cranure procedure - Th EEPRIM con,
be evened ot th righ vel, but
J lanky amon mat be cheaed
etdur in HS epbvely er af te
Sector bleak) Bl © Teac mamenge
Chiba can be erened and jegrommud)
at Deoab miphen Hray .Thy pototef
Cammen ocwrren
by bang rents
] steve chin ‘wen around iy v, ba nos
Ghps ore auabehte thet con be pry
[rammed uring o pent Subhly ay foo
OA KEV. arbre tha mumny My
urd Geo pots syn,
Pilsbhy Dist (.F2)!— Hw mad ub sk a
thn maguhe mnchewl (symm onde) tet
Con tore ogre 0! and JA 1m He
form vt ynayauhe divvthenk fhe surtoee,
dw dak vw dvd ite
numbir of Cencnbse hacke, and
tach tek wy divided inte accor
‘ata ow aloed|” oh cmathad cir celer
Jenks on beth! Bide (Kndum to double
sid) Te Darga hee , Yu anh
Uwe by ples dak [ante wh
th Shim te ite et a canhteat shard
Coby. doe rms) Thy febdeny | yma.
shan da Wo te vted)urte
(AIG) Sayer jn ve dh only
signed jt tty) Suvta hot Comey inv
oe loth he Rf [ed od the
Conhatlsl «| pu of mutt called the
Shatter | nerratly costs tua recerdingy
ante «
an
Supbly paire nue” far prgammngHard dink CHD) —
Anis type of Bloey moving une
taith Cempuhra wh called a had dak}
He herd dak vw Aine to the app
dink enabt tho ty megwhe, mehr
we cadbd on a yng olimniem bare
and enclsged in a Seelid contmy’.
To gave, the ink prrmen ety
sfartiod un a duat—dea drive mucha
mam + ;
Cd-Rom (Comba dinky Row) ~
A CORON Wy oan obheal dusk that
usta ¢ Gaye bom tater digital
informhon that can be Prod tithe
a toate dieds ~The dink 9 immune
fo dash and meena’ Wave brcoue
of thy obhcel nature THA He
Samy shchnelayy wed tn aude CO-
eearding: «Te CDR Gm me
Veneer 6120 (3% inch te Ht inch)
ond shown a Fuge omewst: od
debe from hundrele of noite he
eviyal | gugabyts +, Ceenuit of. Wha
Vege Beye expt, Me dk ton
sere tut, grapes, ond caudie ihr:
cmehen, and ice itm vemeeble,
Arformhin con be Vtej ety dashabeted
vib ay andre COA
[Cocke Memes Tncmenng the mame
royghesh marta the are
ghedss th boom. To ochieve
vs, ont or mere fut butters
che befuan thy procure
and Ae mem wong ovt provided
Te Cady swmey ho get te
Cembehbh wih Ak pre aner spud
‘Thin fuoktvtiy dete ond ns brachg
she be supptad cto a jet
eneugh for protley cache toy
a of Fem Kitbyter of hyp shad
ay demon
shh. kan (SRAM), [dun oy 4
angat of @ fe myahyba-
of plu bel caper
nemd co
ch yetibe Summanaed aa fallewa —
Ye tthe fhe ceu wants fe rend byte]
or werd , a gutpebs addran on
Ww olduy bua
Re cachy Combyallry cheeaey tater
Yo vequred ch ay avardet le
in cathy mmm
dance, Ys thehf
Cohen We dora by Siperdle signal
Uhin reed fram fe data jnshucen
te extutbd dh tfo syndy On
ond addveve on the addr bur
deeedud oy De put newb ond so
dues ve gutted = In cane ad reed
vente diem memory, Ay memegy Syn
Me ON ond w purheuler ecshon of
mumey ve gukitid = OTT MUM ne
of q}O dunce ave a6
on adver—————=_
| _pmoy sot ale -
Th tin Sype a to, th MPD srs
We addrvan fing bp tdirhfy on alo
don An S]o w conucled ow ib
ea mamery naywhr. Tha ve Kaun ay
Tru mery mobbed to. ‘Ty MPU wee
Fu peru Conbod Agra (Maney ried or
Mumeg Ure) and insruchions ay thee
of Mima Maximum ne of g]o dev
pean ove (5536 (Hoorrh col)tat Be
|
Intel
Re bt
Sinnad date han aiy
x
Dard Mame
acanh
Toye
Doral dats drunsfty —
Too Poni deb dhevales, « grub cb
beh (eng bik), ort homamtted Aire
cay duce Hie enrte ob Hy oe
hme. tv odveve povabld dbletancter
a. grosh ot dele Day atl
te contacng aha ramaee on
fuiphoal dana normaly in meine
Came bad Syston, he pevallal
dake ovate seevay owe ab aie
Ro amatin debe bebie vera da
inside ake Symes eve ee
tah cay Bay dahror
ae % mee at ok
ange nvnbar et Bry
Schum,
w
became
noblleng
Progrommd 3/0 -
Tn a prgrammed slo, atv deta tensh
WW Cabrobhd by te wary pregram bury
exeitid. Dipmding on de pe ob
J aw dace, date ‘trandley ty be
Dsynchrmury ar Synchrenstey . Synchye oy}
rs tawstwe si van thy Te
dung mathy in Apud with the mere
—prouner. The ye wnitey he ad) ete
wohuchen addvminy he dune vohvawe
Jala transl vy Feqgured The acual
ele ctowler eter plea inne hick el
Mun thy Abed of
Yo duu ond the
yi? spud de net
motds fe. Hf
We Aber than he
BP, aynchrmomy
detn trem
ued. tm Hg mode
of th deh hromting
thy! Pp Ouchy, the
| hehe of the dees
1 Hy dine net
Faaly, the uP Corbruly
Ghat Hy fete of Ay one, het obs
bec rad
|
[Litvwhuch
Tnhenpt Dnvm To — ~
Tahenbh dowa deta tranche sume
ve tbat ruth ef debs heartar
dor drat uhDeuchen of AP Ame
Tn tha sound du power fra
unihatiy an tle dwar for date tow
After andahing the dicts BP ull
tarhnuts th enuachon of corkuchin et
JInthe program. Alay ot the end of
any atuchen gy HP Lil hide
for velp wwhimiph Symt Mtr
ne urlioubt Yon Hee cachinty
th ty exewhen-
Inhibit oe 7,
Dive,
7
a
ishunubt Ay rwbroaner . On reels
on ynhombt tym ty AP will onb
Fhe Currin mtvuchin exttuhen ond
Seve Ha monbitiner 6
shack 1 Thun Yu we, OUD on ISR
Ciohonbh Seve. ruha) fo seve
You ymhrvubing dawiee,
AY th oud of te ISR, ty we
vin
Steha th rehuwd diem shub &
th He phrts exhyy ate mibe
bryan
Din Mommy Accum (DNB) —
Tn drepremmd gle and ishmbt ro,
dotx wo truwfirrad ty Pe rum
Hrrugh fy acu mufeter , This precy,
pry teast for Ne dab os
Thwee metdhve ths abd
via the sfo
of Ye HP. So Anh Cor the dee
th ableurd de fawher thy debe dealt
ou more prener
ty rummy. bybernng
Ty tle dance vriquusty 8
direc mumey aco (0"4)
& Aignl on oe rpead fir He a ,
duscamda ask fom frome £ 4p
dng by istsheg (rafhe rmpede ne
ty olden» dle aad buw
and acknewledyr, Po diel
p for
Ay Sending
be
lorntrod
20a ae
ani tis, |
Seyunce of obyechen
Le The HP dudes for DAA requst syed
once m tah machine cycle
Tr lo dust simde tw Alyn ev
DAD rel bin .
Te WP hashter Ha addon
and twhet bute
I
didn
34- The MP gindy ty auk Signed te He
To clue on DHA act bin
5. The gfe davis ute the bay Syston
fo perform aly dela transfer obreshin
on rmumery >
6 On Conphihen of dete shemfey, the
JJo dave withawad ty DAD requsit
Signal
The We tonbeueualy cycke th DHA
reyust sagmal Wha thy signal oy
tithdraun, He me Tegerae the Contre
ch Muty and rroumey nerme) obervhin,
Sarat Date tramfer-
Tne Aine deta syanamanion, eri
of Ae Word a aut in Ma
one ot & Hrik Oty a Singh pene
chu. A paral de arate
Converter wy uatd fy avid He
Incoming pol data de a) Atmel fem
and thn ty debe wy tank oak wry
ay Lunt agnthant bb OD, frst
Gal ahs nent aignidesst bit Dae
Coming Boat
x
a
E
E
HMe bt rete redomd aftir the
ae +e trad consi aven, Hoch
Je trenamit 9 word in Artal
met thew thy han fekew 9
pores debe hanninanron
7
Architeduvet Advoncamt of HP
‘A numby of odvenumurtn that had
Jain plea mY Cnpilira hove
mgratd fo yp fuld wth advoncunit
GE mevenbdvaniyy techn iigy« Me ost
muti -
ol multtasting, pbybning a
precianing peg \n det
‘ ving wosproumn
it Mee ind pineal
iran ess ele
eo piefere! rhs
and fe ft a
avo wenrh
hove o numbir st
unt cmd
Fah unit up oth
dasha nahn
rental nab te gs mes mere
hraghock hen th fang (prowerrer
Heth enldny provide envranient-
in which hw evopy
multe bank mul Peels, «The
Gnu of virtued rum ncaa the
memog cabeely yond te phyvead shoe
Denne Phroughs tid tha old buy.
yeamey Gn extent
Piprbning —
Pipsbning, ins
erhma He ext
rreamor a uncd to
hyn} yeti = Aswinee
ok preaning dyety ar Frere
fare ned in pabining Cennsday a esi
T ow te be exteited om o procuner’
ton kak T can br futur divddon,
to N Sablon ony Ti te Tw. Te
Aa an inddbindect of cock othr
ank Yu output of subeak 7) 4 the }
dete rannimanon ull ben, Tiwy
ee eee eee
input of sub boX Ty and ter the output!
kyof Subhk Te Ww Anat outpvt
of dak TH ow hew A prounera
Py te Pay Uhh ave conudted ym the
gem tay ond it all ubdunk take
egy hme, thn cenntchen bol thin,
aqdmave Noche enhenamust in Pu.
exsashen Apad: 7
2 TH 7a
3 TS TM) Te)
+ 74) (9) Tey THe)
5 Tle Fl Be A)
6 TH Tle BE) Ye
T@)—> TA), T) , a), Told)
IT) —> TE), Tb) , GER) THO(a) Comparison SRAM and DRAM
[Stauc RAM (SRAM)
~ Retains value indefinitely, as long asit
Kept powered.
“3 | Relatively insensitiveto disturbances
‘such as dectrical noise
4 Ithas less access time, hence faster
i memories.
‘More expensive than DRAM
‘Cheaper than SRAM
‘Tecontains less memory calls per unit
ares.
Value must be refreshed every 10-
100 ms.
Sensitiveto disturbances.
Ts access time is greater than static
RAM.
Tecontains more memory ois as
__commpared to SRAM per unit area. _
(b) Comparison 8085 and 8086 microprocessor
itis &bit Microprocessor.
‘The dock speed of 8085
microprocessor is
BMHZ
Tehas 5 fags.
ule
segmentation
Ts operate on dock qydewith Se
duty de
TP Tedoes not support memory
__| seyentation ___
Th 6085 microprocessor only one
processor
is being used.
8
|__| memory is used together.
Tthas 16-bit address line
sj ___ ___ 1 canbe see)
Tn Boas rricroproceRscr only 64KE
se
sp
between 5, 8 and 10MH2 for three
different microcrocessors.
thas 9 flags. -
Itdoes not support memory Ttsupport memory segmentation
TS operate on Gack cyde with 33%
duty cyde
eSupport mearrory saginesitalon
1 8086 more than one processor is
being
usad (additions ecarral processor
In 8086 microprocessor 1M Bis
(©) Compare Memory mapped 1/0 and 1/0 mapped 1/0
No | Memory mapped 1/0___
[In this device addressis 16bit
‘MEMR’ and MEMW" control signals are
Data transfers between any register and
0 device
‘Maximum number of O devices 65536
hardware
Data transfer is between accumulator
TOR’ and |OW control signals are used
Instructions available areiN and OUT.
__and 1/0 device _
Maximum number oF 0 devices 256
Decoding 8 bit address may require
Decoding 16 bit address may require mor
lesshardware