ERPERIMENT NO:
TITLE:REYNOLD’S NUMBER
EXAM NO.:
BATCH:
SEMESTER:
DATE:
SIGNATURE:
“REYNOLD’S NUMBER”
Objective: To study the different types of flow.
Aim: To determine the Reynolds Number.
Introduction:
From an engineering viewpoint, many variables that affect velocity profile cannot be
evaluated for all possible flow meters and for all pipe conditions. For this reason, steady
flow and fully developed flow profile as defined by Newtonian homogeneous fluid are
initially assumed. Co-efficient variation can then be predicted with the dimensionless
Reynolds [Link] number has been found to be an acceptable correlating parameter
that combines the effects of viscosity, density and pipeline velocity.
Theory:
In Reynolds experiments, the ratio inertia to viscous forces was observed to be
dimensionless and related to viscosity, average pipeline velocity, and geometrically
similar boundary conditions. For ahomogenous Newtonian fluid this dimensionless ratio
is Reynolds Number (Re) and it can be expressed as
DV
Re
Where,
ρ = Density of fluid in kg/m3
V = Average velocity of fluid in m/s.
D = Diameter of glass tube in meter.
μ = Viscosity of fluid in N.s/m2
Re < 2100 for Laminar flow.
Re > 4000 for turbulent flow.
2100 < Re< 4000 for transition zone.
When the dye filament wavers in the Reynolds experiment, it indicates critical state of
flow and the corresponding Reynolds number is called the critical Reynoldsnumber ~
2000, beyond which the flow is in transition state and then becomes turbulent.
Depending upon the relative magnitude of viscous and initial forces, flow can occurs
in two different manners. A streamline flow is defined as a line which lies in the direction
of flow in which the streamlines need not be straight as the flow steady as long as this
pretension is fulfilled. This type of motion is generally found not to be laminar
throughout the channel. Eddies generated in the initial zone of initially spread rapidly
throughout the fluid, thereby producing a dispersion of entire flow pattern. The result is
fluid turbulence superimposed upon the primary motion of transition, producing is called
turbulence flow.
Description :
The apparatus consist of a glass tube with one end having bell mouth entrance
connected to a water tank .At the other end of the glass tube a cock is provided to vary the
rate of flow. Flow rate of water can be measured with the help of measuring cylinder and stop
watch supplied with the set-up .A capillary tube is introduced centrally in the bell mouth to
this tube, dye is fed from a small container, placed at the top of constant head tank, through
polythene tube.
Utilities Required:
i) Water supply
ii) Drain
iii) Space required: 1.6m*0.5m
iv) Required chemical: Dye(KMnO4)
Experimental Procedure:
a) Clean the apparatus and make all tanks free from dust.
b) Close the drain valves provided.
c) Close flow control valve given at the end of test section i.e. glass tube.
d) Fill sump Tank with clean water and ensure that no, foreign particles are there.
e) Prepare a dye solution (KMnO4) solution in clear water in a separate vessel. Close the
control valve for dye given on the P.U. Tubing put the solution in dye vessel after
ensuring that there is no foreign particle in solution.
f) Regulate minimum flow of water through test section with the help of given Gate
value at the end of Test section. Then adjust the flow of dye though capillary tube so
that a fine color thread is observed indicating laminar flow. Increase the flow through
glass tube an observed the color thread, if it is still straight the flow still remain to be
laminar region and if waviness starts it is the indication that the flow is not laminar.
g) Measure flow rate using measuring cylinder and stop watch.
Specification:
Tube : Material Borosilicate glass
Dye vessel : Material stainless steel, suitable capacity
Capillary tube : Material copper / stainless steel
Constant head water tank : Capacity 40 Ltrs
Water circulation : FHP pump
Flow measurement : Using measuring cylinder
Sump tank : Capacity 60 Ltrs
Stop watch : Electronics
Control panel comprises of : Standard make on/off switch, main indicator etc.
The whole set-up is ell designed and arranged in a good quality painted structure.
Formulae:
A) Discharge
𝑣
Q= 𝑡
B) Average velocity of the fluid
𝑄
V= 𝐴
C) Reynolds Number
𝐷𝑉𝜌
Re= 𝜇
Kinematic viscosity of fluid
𝜇
ʋ= 𝜌
𝑫𝑽
Re= ʋ
Nomenclature:
A= Cross sectional area of glass tube
D=diameter of glass tube in m
µ= Viscosity of fluid in N-s/m2
ϑ= Kinematic Viscosity of water m2/s
ρ= Density of fluid in Kg/m3
Q= Discharge m3/s
Re= Reynolds number
t= time take for V0 sec
v= Average velocity of fluid flow m/s
V= volume of water collected in measuring cylinder ml.
Precaution & Maintenance Instruction:
1) Conduct the experimental when water gets stable.
2) Always keep apparatus free from dust.
3) Always use clean water
4) If apparatus will not in use for more than one month drain the apparatus completely
Trouble shooting:
1) If dye block the capillary tube and needle; remove the needle by disconnecting it
from capillary tube and pass air pressure through both of them
Graph: Plot a graph of Reynolds’ number versus velocity
Results:
Conclusion:
Diagram :
Dye vessel
Constant head tank
Over
flow
Control valve
drain
By pass valve
Control valve
drain
pump Sump tank
Reynolds Experiment Set up
Data:
D = 0.025m
A = 0.00049m2
ʋ = 1.788*10-6m2/s 0oc
= 1.006 *10-6m2/s 200c
= 0.657 * 10-6m2/s 400c
= 0.478*10-6m2/s 600c
Observation table:
Volume Time Q=V/t Velocity 𝐷𝑉𝜌
Sr. No. Re= Type of flow
𝜇
‘V’(cm )3
(sec) 3
(cm /s) v(cm/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Sample Calculations:
