MES INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR

PHYSICS INVESTIGAION PROJECT

TRANSFORMERS

DONE BY: VISHNU SASIKUMAR (XII-D)

PROJECT GUIDE: MR SHAJIKUMAR
 aCKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Physics
teacher Mr.Shajikumar, whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch
this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and his instructions has served as
the major contributor towards the completion
of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.
 INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. APPARATUS REQUIRED
5. INTRODUCTION
6. THEORY
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil

and primary coil of a self-made transformer
APPARATUS REQUIRED

1.VOLTMETER
2.AMMETER
3.IRON ROD
4.COPPER WIR
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according

to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the

A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few
tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to

another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step- up

transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for

high and low current circuits.
 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of
the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are
the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer
and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff

the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt (1) and

Es = -Ns dф/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2

by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = I p Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so

therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

 IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant

And Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep I p and

Output power at the same instant = Es I s

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or

E p Ip = E s Is Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
 IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current &
as
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of
thetransformer.
2.Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
-relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
.copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is
a step down transformer.
3.Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input
voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4.Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
5.Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step-up transformer.
6.Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 OBSERVATIONS

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to
the input power.

i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1 .Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat inthe
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating
of conducting wires.

2.Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.

3.Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best

insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.

4.Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.

5.Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

 USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations-
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-
Rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.
over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N
p) with respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current
and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) NCERT textbook class 12

2) www.yahoo.com

3) www.wikipedia.com

4) www.khanacademy.org

5) www.gooole.com