10.

REYES vs VIDAL

TOPICS: probate of a will; capacity of testator

FACTS: Maria Zuñiga Vda de Pando died testate on October 29, 1945. A petition for the probate of her will was
filed in the CFI of manila on November 6, 1945. Her sister, Dolores Zuñiga Vda. De Vidal opposed the probate.
The CFI disallowed the will on the grounds that: the signatures appearing on the will are not genuine, it was not
proven that decedent knew Spanish (the will was in Spanish); even if the signatures are genuine, decedent was
not of sound mind when she signed the will.

Petitioner appealed the decision.

ISSUES: WON:

1. Signatures are genuine

RULING:

1. As to the signatures: the opinion of expert witness Villanueva were rebutted by another expert witness,
Espinosa. The Court gave more weight to the Espinosa’s comparison of decedent’s signatures as the
standards for comparison used by him had closer dates to that of the disputed signature.
2. As to WON testatrix knew Spanish: though the testimonies of the witnesses did not indicate that the
testatrix knew Spanish, there was enough evidence on record to show that she indeed knew Spanish. She
was a Mestiza Espanola married to a Spaniard; she had made several trips to spain; the oppositor had
submitted several letters written by the testatrix in Spanish; the attestation clause provided that the testatrix
knew Spanish
3. As to soundness of mind: the lower court based this conclusion on the fact that she signed the will in a
varied form.

Instrumental witnesses testified that she was of sound mind, could talk and read, but was weak.

Differences or irregularities are common in the writings of old people and, far from showing lack of
genuineness, are indicative of the age, sickness, or weak condition of the writer

The court admitted the will to probate and remanded the case to the lower court.

Co Pagaduan
G.R. No. L-2862 April 21, 1952

TESTATE ESTATE OF MARIA ZUÑIGA VDA. DE PANDO, deceased. JUAN REYES, petitioner-administrator-
appellant,
vs.
DOLORES ZUÑIGA VDA. DE VIDAL, oppositor-appellee.

Jose Sotelo Mati and Agustin Alvarez Salazar for appellant.

BAUTISTA ANGELO, J.:

This concerns the admission to probate of a document claimed to be the last will and testament of Maria Zuñiga
Vda. de Pando who died in the City of Manila on October 29, 1945.

On November 6, 1945, a petition for the probate of said will was filed in the Court of First Instance of Manila. On
December 21, 1945, Dolores Zuñiga Vda. de Vidal, sister of the deceased, filed an opposition based on several
grounds. And, after several days of trial, at which both parties presented their respective evidence, the court
rendered its decision disallowing the will on the ground that the signatures of the deceased appearing therein are
not genuine, that it was not proven that the deceased knew the Spanish language in which it was written, and that
even if the signatures are genuine, the same reveal that the deceased was not of sound mind when she signed the
will. From this decision petitioner appealed to this Court.

While petitioner imputes nine errors to the lower court, we believe, however, that for purposes of this appeal of
discussion of some would be sufficient. Thus, the issues may be boiled down as follows: 1) Whether or not the
signatures of the deceased appearing in the will (Exhibit "C") are genuine; 2) whether or not there is evidence to
show that the testatrix knew the language in which the will was written; and 3) whether or not the testatrix was of
sound and disposing mind when she signed the will.

1. To prove that the will was signed by the testatrix in accordance with law, petitioner presented as witnesses the
three persons who attested to the execution of the will. These witnesses are: Cornelia Gonzales de Romero, Quintin
Ulpindo and Consuelo B. de Catindig. The first used to provide the deceased with ice every day, and in one of those
occasions she went to her house to bring ice, she requested to act witness to the execution of the will. The second
was a laborer whose job was is to fix bed made of rattan, and in one of those days he went to the house of the
deceased to work, he was asked also to witness the signing of the will. And the third was a neighbor of the
deceased for many years who was also requested to act as an instrumental witness. These witnesses testified in
their own simple and natural way that the deceased signed the will seated on her bed but over a small table placed
near the bed in their presence, and after she had signed it in the places where her signatures appear, they in turn
signed it in the presence and in the presence of each other. This is the substance of what they have testified and
from an examination of their testimony to the court entertains no doubt that they had told the truth. There is nothing
in their testimony which may in any way reflect against their credibility nor has the oppositor proven fact or
circumstance which may give rise to the suspicion that they testified out of personal interest or pecuniary
consideration. They have impressed the court as simple persons who had intervened in the execution of the will out
merely of deference to the testatrix whom they had served for sometime and had known to be a good and
respectable woman.

What evidence has the oppositor presented to contradict the testimony of these instrumental witnesses? only one
expert witness, Jose G. Villanueva, who made a comparative analysis of the signatures appearing in the will in
relation to some genuine signatures of the deceased, and in fact testified on the analysis and study he has made of
said signatures and submitted a memorandum on the study and comparison he has made. And in his testimony as
well as in his memorandum, this witness has reached the conclusion that the hand that wrote the signatures of the
deceased appearing in the will is not the same hand that wrote the genuine signatures he had examined and which
he used as basis of his analytical study, thereby concluding that said signatures are not genuine. The lower court
gave full faith and credit to the opinion of this expert witness, and decreed as a result that the will cannot be
admitted to probate.

There are, however, certain important facts and circumstances which make us differ from this opinion of the lower
court. In the first place, we find that the opinion of this expert witness has been rebutted by another expert witness
Jose C. Espinosa, whose opinion, to our mind, deserves more weight and credence. And our reason for reaching
this conclusion is the fact that the standards of the comparison used by Espinosa are more reliable than those used
by Villanueva in the comparison are two signatures appearing in two documents executed on November 10, 1942,
one signature in an identification card affixed in April 1940, a half signature appearing in a letter written on October
8, 1943, one signature appearing in a letter written on July 16, 1945, and one signature appearing in a letter written
on January, 1945, whereas the disputed signatures appearing in the will were affixed on October 29, 1945. On the
other hand, the standards used by Espinosa in making his comparative study bear dates much closer to that of the
disputed signatures. Thus, he examined four genuine signatures that were affixed on October 16, 1945, other four
signatures that were affixed in October 1945, one on January 2, 1945, on January 24, 1945, and one on September
24 1945, He also examined one affixed on March 12, 1941, only for emphasis. The closeness or proximity of the
time in which the standards used had been written to that of the suspected signature or document is very important
to bring about an accurate analysis and conclusion. the selection of the proper standards of comparison is of
paramount importance especially if we consider the age and the state of the health of the author of the questioned
signatures. a signature affixed in 1941 may involved characteristics different from those borne by a signature affixed
in 1945. And this is because the passing of time and the increase in age may have a decisive influence in the writing
characteristics of a person. It for this reasons that the authorities of the opinion that in order to bring about an
accurate comparison and analysis, the standard of comparison must be as close as possible in point of time to the
suspected signature. Such was not followed in the study made by Villanueva. But such was observed in the study
made by Espinosa. He followed the standard practice in handwriting analysis. It is for this reason that we hold that
Espinosa's opinion deserves more weight and consideration.

The standards should, if possible, have been made by the same time as the suspected document. It is
preferable that the standards embraced the time of the origin of the document, so that one part comes from
the time after the origin. (Page 423 "Modern Criminal Investigation" by Soderman and O' Connell, 1936,
Funk and Wagnalls Company, New York and London.)

If possible less than five or six signatures should always be examined and preferably double that number."
(Page 139, Forensic Chemistry and Scientific Criminal Investigation by Lucas, 1935, Edward Arnold & Co.,
London.)

2. Another ground on which the lower court base the disallowance of the will is the failure of the petitioner to prove
that the testratrix knew and spoke the language in which the will in question appears to have been written.
According to the lower court, the law requires that the will should be written in the dialect or language known to the
testator and this fact having been proven, the probate of the will must fail. And the wall was disallowed.

There is indeed nothing in the testimony of the witnesses presented by the petitioner which would indicate that the
testatrix knew and spoke the Spanish language used in the preparation of the will in question. But, in our opinion,
this failure alone does not in itself suffice to conclude that this important requirement of the law has not been
complied with, it appearing that there is enough evidence on record which supplies this technical omission. In the
first place, we have the undisputed fact that the deceased was a mestiza española, was married to a Spaniard,
Recaredo Pando, and made several trips to Spain. In the second place, we have the very letters submitted as
evidence by the oppositor written in Spanish by the deceased possessed the Spanish language, oppositor cannot
now be allowed to allege the contrary. These facts give rise to the presumption that the testatrix knew the language
in which the testament has been written, which presumption should stand unless the contrary is proven (Abangan
vs. Abangan, 40 Phil., 476; Gonzales vs. Laurel, 46 Phil. 750). And this presumption has not been overcome. And
finally, we have the very attestation clause of the will which states that the testatrix knew and possessed the
Spanish language. It is true that this matter is not required to be stated in the attestation clause, but its inclusion can
only mean that the instrumental witnesses wanted to make it of record that the deceased knew the language in
which the will was written. There is, therefore, no valid reason why the will should be avoided on this ground.

3. The remaining ground which the lower court has considered in disallowing the will is the fact that the deceased
was not of sound and disposing mind when she signed the will, and it reached this conclusion, not because of any
direct evidence on the matter, but simply because the deceased signed the will in a somewhat varied form. On this
point the lower court said:

El Juzgado es de opinion que aunque se admita que las firmas arriba indicadas feuran de Maria Zuñiga
Vda. de Pando, las mismas revelan que ella no estabe en el pleno de sus facultades mentales cuando la
hicieron firmar el documento, Exhibit C, pues el hecho de que en una sola ocasion la repetida Maria Zuñiga
 Vda. de Pando firmo dos veces, sin escribir su verdadero nombre, demuestra que ella no se daba cuenta de
sus actos por no hallarse mentalmente sana. Si esto es asi, no se debe legalizar como testamento y ultima
voluntad de la finada Maria Zuñiga Vda. de Pando el documento, Exhibit C, porque el Articulo 614 de la Ley
190 y el Articulo 12, Reglamentos de los Tribunales, disponen que solamente pueden otorgar testamento
las personas que al tiempo de su otorgamiento estaban en el pleno goce de sus facultades mentales.

The above conclusion is contrary to what the instrumental witnesses have said on this point. Cornelio Gonzales de
Romero stated that she spoke to the deceased before the signing of the will, and judging from the way she spoke
she was of the impression that the deceased was of sound mind at the time. To the same effect is the testimony of
Consuelo B. de Catindig. She said that her impression when the deceased signed the will was that she could still
talk and read, only that she was weak. In fact she read the will before signing it. These statements had not been
contradicted. They give an idea of the mental had not contradicted. They give an idea of mental condition of the
deceased in the will differ from each other in certain respects, this is only due to her age and state of health rather
than to a defective mental condition. They do not reveal a condition of forgery or lack of genuineness. These
differences or irregularities are common in the writings of old people and, far from showing lack of genuineness, are
indicative of the age, sickness, or weak condition of the writer. A comparison of the three disputed signatures in the
will readily give this impression.

Abbreviated, distorted and illegible, forms, which are sufficiently free and rapid, often actually indicate
genuineness rather than forgery even though they are very unusual and not exactly like those in the
standard writing. Those who write of difficulty or hesitation through some physical infirmity may sometimes
produced broken and unfinished signatures and these results, which in themselves are distinctly divergent
as compared with signatures produced under conditions of strength and health, may forcefully indicate
genuineness . Under conditions of weakness due to diseased or age, parts of a genuine signature may be
clumsily written over a second time not at just the same place and in a way when clearly shows that the
writer either could not see or was so week and inattentive as not to care what the result might be. This
careless, perfectly evident repetition (figure 184), unlike the painstaking and delicate retouching of the
forger, often indicates genuineness. (Page 365, Questioned Documents by Osborne, 2nd Edition, 1927.)

We are, therefore, of the opinion that the lower court erred in disallowing the will Exhibit C.

Wherefore, the decision appealed from is hereby reversed. The Court admits the will Exhibit C to probate, and
remands these case to the lower court for further proceedings, with costs against the appellee.