Environmental Engineering-I
SOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Engr. GHULAM HUSSAIN
(Assistant Professor, IEER UET Lahore)
1. SURFACE WATER
Yield:
The portion of precipitation on a water shed which can be
collected for use is called the yield.
Safe Yield:
Minimum yield recorded in the past.
Draft:
Quantity of water planned for use or actually used.
1. SURFACE WATER
IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR:
Following factors must be considered;
Evaporation losses
Seepage losses
Downstream users of water
RESERVOIR STORAGE:
An integrated hydrograph, also known as mass diagram is
used to determine the required reservoir storage graphically.
Records of the stream must be available for substantial
periods of time, generally more than 30 years.
1. SURFACE WATER
• Reservoir Storage: (by Mass Diagram)
1. SURFACE WATER
INTAKES:
• Surface source of water are subject to wide variations in flow, quality, and
temperature.
• Intake structures are required to abstract the water despite these natural
fluctuations.
Intake consists of an opening (screened in some manner) and
a conduit which conveys water to a sump from which it
may be pumped to a treatment plant.
1. SURFACE WATER
INTAKES:
Factors to be considered while locating intakes:
– Anticipated variations in water level
– Navigation requirement
– Local currents, and patterns of sediment deposition and
scour
– Spatial and temporal variations in water quality
– Quantity of floating debris
RIVER INTAKES
Location of Intake:
Whenever practicable a river intake should be sited:
• where there is adequate flow;
• at a level that allows gravity supply to minimize pumping costs;
• upstream of densely populated and farming areas to reduce silt
inflow;
• upstream of cattle watering places, washing places and sewer
outlets
• upstream of bridges
TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES
Unprotected Intake:
TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES
Protected Intake:
TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES
Pumped River Water Intake:
TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES
River Intake using Infiltration Drains:
TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES
Screened Pipe Intake
RIVER INTAKES
Design Considerations:
• The bottom of the intake structure should be at least 1 m
above the riverbed.
• The intake structure must always include one or more
baffles or screens.
• Velocity of flow through the intake should be low,
preferably less than 0.1 m/s.
• Velocity in the conduit must be in the range from 0.3 to 0.6
m/s.
IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR INTAKE
LAKE WATER
• The quality of lake water is influenced by self-purification
through aeration, bio-chemical processes, settling of suspended
solids, and thermal stratification.
• The water quality varies along the depth in deeper lakes.
LAKE INTAKES
Location:
• Must be located as far as possible from source of pollution.
• Placement should take into consideration,
– sources of pollution,
– prevailing winds,
– surface and subsurface currents, and
– shipping lanes.
LAKE INTAKES
Variable depth lake water intake:
• Provision should be made to withdraw the water at some
depth below the surface.
LAKE INTAKES
Multi-level intake:
LAKE INTAKES
Submersible Crib Intake:
LAKE INTAKES
LAKE WATER INTAKES
Shallow lake intake:
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Transmission systems are composed of supply
conduits and pumping facilities.
Supply Conduits:
– Supply conduits, or aqueducts, transport water from the
source of supply to the community.
– Depending upon topography and available materials,
conduits are designed to carry the water in open-
channel flow or under pressure.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Supply Conduits:
Hydraulic Design:
1. Darcy-Weisbach Formula;
Where;
hf is the head loss, l is the length of pipe, d is the diameter of
the pipe, v is the mean velocity of flow, g is the gravity
constant, and f a dimensionless friction factor.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Supply Conduits:
Hydraulic Design:
2. Hazen-Williams Formula;
HL = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85L/d4.87
Where;
HL is the Head loss
Q is the flow through pipe
C is Hazen Williams Coefficient
L is the length of pipe
D is diameter of pipe
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Supply Conduits:
Conduit Selection:
• Masonry aqueducts and tunnels are cheapest to be built
them to the full projected capacity of the system.
• Pipelines, however, are sometimes more economical if a
first line of limited capacity is built to be followed by a
second line at the time the capacity of the first line has
been reached.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Supply Conduits:
Conduit Selection:
Multiple supply lines may be constructed simultaneously
under a number of special conditions, as follows:
– When the size of a single line would exceed the maximum size
of pipe that can be manufactured.
– When the pipe is known to fail in such a way that much damage
is done and that repairs cannot be made within a reasonable
length of time.
– When the location of the line presents special hazards
