Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Wastewater Operator Certification

Solids Separation Study Guide

Subclass B

February 2016 Edition

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Operator Certification Program
PO Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707

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 Solids Separation Study Guide - Subclass B

Preface
The Solids Separation Study Guide is an important resource for preparing for the certification
exam and is arranged by chapters and sections. Each section consists of key knowledges with
important informational concepts needed to know for the certification exam. This study guide also
serves as a wastewater treatment plant operations primer that can be used as a reference on the
subject. Any diagrams, pictures, or references included in this study guide are included for
informational/educational purposes and do not constitute endorsement of any sources by the
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

Preparing for the exams:

1. Study the material! Read every key knowledge until the concept is fully understood and known
to memory.

2. Learn with others! Take classes in this type of wastewater operations to improve
understanding and knowledge of the subject.

3. Learn even more! For an even greater understanding and knowledge of the subjects, read and
review the references listed at the end of the study guide.

Knowledge of the study guide material will be tested using a multiple choice format. Every test
question and answer comes directly from one of the key knowledges.

Choosing a test date:

Before choosing a test date, consider the time needed to thoroughly study the guides and the
training opportunities available. A listing of wastewater training opportunities and exam dates is
available at http://dnr.wi.gov by searching for the keywords “Operator Certification”.

Acknowledgements
The Solids Separation Study Guide was the result of a collaborative effort of yearlong monthly
meetings of wastewater operators, trainers, consultants, the Wisconsin Wastewater Operator
Association (WWOA), and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR). This study
guide was developed as the result of the knowledge and collective work of following workgroup
members:

Dennis Moen, Platteville WWTP, Platteville, WI

Kelly Zimmer, MSA Professional Services, Inc, Baraboo, WI
Kevin Freber, Watertown WWTP, Watertown, WI
Curt Nickels, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Plymouth, WI
Jacob Zimmerman, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI
Danielle Luke, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI
Jack Saltes, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI

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 Solids Separation Study Guide - Subclass B

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Theory and Principles

Section 1.1 - Definitions pg. 1
Section 1.2 - Principles of Solids Separation pg. 2
Chapter 2 - Operation and Maintenance
Section 2.1 - Definitions pg. 2
Section 2.2 - Clarifier Methods, Equipment, and Maintenance pg. 3
Section 2.3 - Granular Filtration Methods, Equipment, and Maintenance pg. 11
Section 2.4 - Dissolved Air Flotation Methods, Equipment, and Maintenance pg. 17
Section 2.5 - Membrane Systems Methods, Equipment, and Maintenance pg. 19
Section 2.6 - Process Variations pg. 22
Chapter 3 - Monitoring, Process Control, and Troubleshooting
Section 3.1 - Definitions pg. 23
Section 3.2 - Sampling and Testing pg. 23
Section 3.3 - Data Understanding and Interpretation pg. 24
Section 3.4 - Sidestreams pg. 26
Section 3.5 - Performance Limiting Factors pg. 26
Section 3.6 - Corrective Actions pg. 28
Chapter 4 - Safety
Section 4.1 - Definitions pg. 32
Section 4.2 - Personal Safety pg. 32
Section 4.3 - Chemical Safety pg. 34
Chapter 5 - Calculations
Section 5.1 - Clarifier pg. 35
Section 5.2 - Granular Filtration pg. 39

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Chapter 1 - Theory and Principles

Section 1.1 - Definitions

1.1.1 Define biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).

BOD is a measurement of the organic strength of a sample by measuring the amount of
oxygen consumed.

1.1.2 Define clarification.

Clarification is a type of solids separation. In this study guide, clarification applies to
primary, intermediate, and final clarifiers.

1.1.3 Define clarifier.

A clarifier is a circular or rectangular tank with mechanical means to remove floatable and
settleable solids in wastewater.

1.1.4 Define coning in relation to pumping sludge.

Coning would occur when sludge is pumped too fast from the sludge hopper, causing a
cone to form in the hopper.

1.1.5 Define filaments.

Filamentous organisms are a group of thread-like organisms that, when in excess, can
impair the settling of activated sludge and create a bulking condition in the final clarifier.

1.1.6 Define mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS).

MLSS is the amount of suspended solids in an aeration tank, expressed in milligrams per
liter (mg/L). MLSS consists mostly of microorganisms and non-biodegradable suspended
matter. Total pounds of MLSS in an aeration tank can be calculated by multiplying the
concentration of MLSS (mg/L) in the aeration tank by the tank volume (million gallons or
MG), and then multiplying the product by 8.34 (lbs/gal).

1.1.7 Define short-circuiting.

Short-circuiting is an uneven flow distribution in a wastewater tank. Density currents occur
in some parts of a tank and the wastewater travel time (detention time) is less than in other
parts of the tank.

1.1.8 Define sludge volume index (SVI).

SVI is a numerical expression of the settling characteristics of activated sludge in the final
clarifier. SVI is expressed as the ratio of the volume in milliliters (mL) of activated sludge
settled from a 1,000 mL sample in 30 minutes divided by the concentration of mixed liquor
in milligrams (mg) per liter (L) multiplied by 1,000. A good settling sludge (textbook value)
is 100, but can commonly be between 80 and 150.

1.1.9 Define solid separation.

Solids separation is any process or combination of processes whose primary purpose is to
reduce the concentration of suspended solids in a liquid.

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1.1.10 Define total suspended solids (TSS).

TSS is a test that measures the total amount of solids suspended in a sample and is
measured in mg/L.

1.1.11 Define treatment facility overflow (TFO).

A TFO is a release of wastewater, other than through permitted outfalls, from a wastewater
facility into a water of the state or the land surface. All TFOs must be reported to the
Department of Natural Resources within 24 hours of the occurrence.

1.1.12 Define weir(s).

A weir is a level control structure used to provide a uniform effluent flow.
Section 1.2 - Principles of Solids Separation

1.2.1 Discuss the application and importance of solids separation in wastewater treatment.
A. Primary treatment
The purpose of primary treatment is to settle wastewater solids and capture floatable
substances (such as fat, oil, and grease or FOG). Primary treatment commonly consists of
circular or rectangular clarifiers or sometimes dissolved air flotation (DAF).

B. Intermediate and final treatment

The purpose of intermediate or final clarification is to settle secondary biological treatment
solids and, for final treatment, discharge clear effluent. Final treatment consists of circular
or rectangular clarifiers.

C. Tertiary treatment
The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide advanced wastewater treatment beyond
secondary biological treatment. Tertiary treatment commonly consists of sand or mixed
media filters, cloth discs, membranes, or other treatment units.
Chapter 2 - Operation and Maintenance

Section 2.1 - Definitions

2.1.1 Define detention time.

Detention time, also known as hydraulic residence time (HRT), is the time it takes for
wastewater to flow through a tank. It is calculated by taking the volume of the clarifier
(gallons) divided by the flow (gallons per hour or gph) and is expressed in hours.

2.1.2 Define headloss as it applies to granular filtration.

Headloss is the difference in the amount of pressure needed to force water through a clean
filter compared to a dirty filter. Headloss is an indication of the present condition of the bed,
ability to remove solids, and effectiveness of the backwash operation. As the media bed
becomes filled with solids, flow is restricted and the water level rises in the filter bed
indicating the filter needs to be cleaned.

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2.1.3 Define sludge blanket depth.

A sludge blanket is a layer of settled solids at the bottom of a clarifier. Sludge blanket depth
refers to the thickness of this layer.

2.1.4 Define solids loading rate (SLR).

SLR is the relationship between the solids entering the clarifier and the surface area of the
clarifier. SLR is calculated by taking the suspended solids entering the clarifier (pounds)
divided by the surface area of a clarifier (ft²) and is expressed in pounds per square feet
(lbs/ft²).

2.1.5 Define surface overflow rate (SOR).

SOR is the relationship of the flow into a clarifier to the surface area of the clarifier. SOR is
calculated by taking the daily flow (gallons per day or gpd) divided by the surface area of a
clarifier (ft²) and is expressed in gallons per day per square foot (gpd/ft²).

2.1.6 Define weir overflow rate (WOR).

WOR is the flow in relation to weir length. WOR is calculated by taking the flow (gpd)
divided by the weir length (ft) and is expressed in gallons per day per foot (gpd/ft).
Section 2.2 - Clarifier Methods, Equipment, and Maintenance

2.2.1 Discuss the process of primary, intermediate, and final clarifiers.

A. Primary clarifier
The purpose of a primary clarifier is to remove settable solids and fat, oil, and grease
(FOG) from the influent and any returned flows. Some biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
is removed in this process. The solids that settle in primary clarifiers and FOG skimmed off
the surface are removed from the liquid treatment process. Primary clarification should
remove 40% to 60% of overall suspended solids.

B. Intermediate clarifier
The purpose of an intermediate clarifier is to settle biological solids and is found between a
primary and final clarifier. The intermediate clarifier usually follows an attached-growth
process.

C. Final clarifier
The purpose of a final clarifier is to settle secondary biological treatment solids and
discharge clear effluent. The settled solids can be returned to the aeration tank or wasted
for biosolids and sludge processing. The final clarifier is the last clarifier after the
secondary treatment process.

2.2.2 Discuss the importance of even flow splitting to several clarifiers.

Even flow splitting to multiple clarifiers is important from both the hydraulic and organic
standpoint. Unequal flows will cause changes in detention times, weir overflow rates
(WOR), sludge collection volumes, and the primary effluent quality.

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2.2.3 Discuss the use of primary clarifiers in a suspended growth (activated sludge) system.
In conventional activated sludge systems, primary clarifiers are used to remove settleable
solids and FOG, allowing the non-settled portion to be further treated in the aeration basin.
Without primary treatment, a greater amount of activated sludge is produced and final
effluent quality may be impaired.

In extended aeration systems (such as oxidation ditches), primary treatment may not be
used. A higher solids concentration is held and the plant may be capable of handling shock
and peak loads without upsetting plant operations.

2.2.4 Describe the function of primary clarifiers in an attached-growth system.

Primary treatment is necessary prior to an attached-growth process. Without proper
removal, excessive solids can accumulate and clog the media causing organic overloading,
anaerobic conditions, ponding, and fouling. Primary treatment also serves to reduce
organic loading and remove grease, which can hinder biological growth on the media.

2.2.5 List the items to consider when determining the correct sludge removal rate.
The sludge removal rate is primarily dependent upon depth and concentration of the sludge.
Additional items to consider include:

A. Common to all clarifiers

1. Sludge depth
2. Sludge concentration
3. Sludge stability
4. Wastewater temperature
5. Clarifier design
6. Pumping frequency

B. Specific to primary clarifiers

1. Sludge process destination (thickening, treatment, or dewatering)
2. Sludge blanket, decomposition, and denitrification

C. Specific to final clarifiers

1. Sludge wasting rate (wasted activated sludge or WAS)
2. Sludge return rate (recycled activated sludge or RAS)

2.2.6 Describe the components of a circular clarifier.

A. Influent pipe
Conveys the wastewater up the center of the clarifier to the influent well

B. Influent well
Receives the influent, reduces the flow velocities to not disturb settling, and evenly
distributes the influent across the upper portion of the clarifier

C. Influent baffle

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Prevents short-circuiting of the wastewater solids to the effluent weir

D. Drive unit
Moves the sludge scrapers and scum skimmer arm around the bottom and top of the
clarifier respectively

E. Torque limiting device

Protects the drive unit, sludge skimmers or scum skimmer from damage should they
become jammed

F. Sludge scrapers
Located at the bottom of the clarifier and, while rotating, push the settled solids into the
sludge sump

G. Sludge sump
Collects the sludge from the sludge scrapers before the sludge is removed from the clarifier;
in some circular clarifiers, sludge is removed via suction headers

H. Sludge withdrawal pipe

Transfers sludge from the clarifier

I. Scum skimmer arm

Rotates across the surface of the water collecting any floating solids and then moving them
to the scum beach

J. Scum beach
Set at the water surface to receive the floating solids collected by the scum skimmer arm

K. Scum baffle
A circular baffle around the inside of the clarifier before the effluent weir preventing floating
solids and grease from leaving the tank

L. Effluent weir
Provides uniform flow over the surface of the clarifier

M. Effluent trough
Collects and conveys the effluent from the clarifier

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Figure 2.2.6.1

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Figure 2.2.6.2

Figure 2.2.6.3

2.2.7 Describe the components of a rectangular clarifier.

A. Influent pipe
Conveys the wastewater into the clarifier

B. Target baffle
Distributes the influent evenly across the width of the clarifier

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C. Drive unit
Moves the flight and chain system

D. Flight and chain

Flights are moved by the chain along the bottom of the clarifier pushing settled solids and
across the top to collect floating solids

E. Wear shoe
Prevents wear on the flights (not shown in the diagram)

F. Sludge sump
Collects the sludge moved by the flight

G. Sludge cross collector

Drags sludge to the deep end of the sump for removal by the sludge pump

H. Scum trough
Collects scum removed by the flight

I. Scum baffle
Prevents floating solids and grease from flowing over the weirs

J. Effluent weirs
Provides uniform flow over the surface of the clarifier

K. Effluent trough
Collects and conveys the effluent from the clarifier

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Figure 2.2.7.1

2.2.8 Discuss the maintenance needs for rectangular clarifiers.

A. Chains
Chains can stretch, loosen, and become worn. Check for chain wear and flip the chain or
replace if needed. Stretched or loose chains can be adjusted with chain adjusters or by
removing links.

B. Flights and shoes

Clarifier flights or shoes will wear over time and need to be replaced to avoid alignment
issues.

C. Sprockets
A sprocket needs to be replaced if missing any teeth or excessively worn.

2.2.9 List the normal types of pumps used to pump and recirculate sludge.
A. Pump sludge
1. Centrifugal
2. Progressive cavity
3. Diaphragm
4. Rotary lobe

B. Recirculate sludge
1. Centrifugal (most common)
2. Progressive cavity
3. Rotary lobe

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Check with the manufacturer's O&M manual for operational procedures.

For further information about these types of pumps, refer to the Wisconsin DNR General
Wastewater Study Guide.

2.2.10 Describe a preventative maintenance system for solids separation equipment.

A. Inventory and label all equipment
B. Use O&M manuals for preventative maintenance tasks and frequencies
C. Establish a preventative maintenance record keeping system for maintenance
schedules and history of repairs and maintenance for each piece of equipment
D. Establish a follow-up system to ensure maintenance is performed
E. Have a spare parts inventory

2.2.11 List the daily observations of a clarifier.

A. Amount of floating solids and gas bubbles on the water surface
B. Flow over the weirs is even and unobstructed, clear blockages from the weirs if needed
C. Skimmer arm is rotating smoothly
D. Scum beach is unobstructed, draining well and has no ice buildup in colder weather
E. Equipment is not leaking oil and has no unusual noises
F. Measure the sludge blanket depth
G. Check the scum pit level and pump down if needed
H. Clean algae buildup from weirs, effluent trough, scum baffle, and tank walls

2.2.12 List the items to check when inspecting primary weirs and baffles for proper function.
A. Level weirs
B. Algae or scum buildup
C. Corrosion
D. Warped or broken baffles
E. Surface currents

2.2.13 Discuss reasons for cleaning clarifier weirs.

Weirs are designed to be level and clean allowing effluent to flow evenly, decreasing short-
circuiting and ensuring uniform solids settling. Short-circuiting can be caused by weirs
clogged with debris, algae, or solids leaving the water to flow to the path of least resistance.
The debris, algae, and total suspended solids (TSS) also contain phosphorus, thus
increasing the effluent phosphorus numbers. Clean weirs also make for a better
appearance and improved public perception.

2.2.14 Discuss the operational significance of weir overflow rates (WOR), solids loading rate
(SLR), and surface overflow rate (SOR) in a clarifier.
A. Weir overflow rate (WOR)
WOR is the amount of water flowing over the weir per linear foot of weir length (gallons per
day (gpd)/ft). Flow over the weirs should be even. If part of the weir is clogged and restricts
flow, the flow over other sections of the weir will be faster. This may draw solids up and over
the weir.

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B. Solids loading rate (SLR)

SLR is the amount of solids per day that can be removed per square foot of surface area by
a clarifier (lbs/day/ft²). If the SLR increases above the design limits of the clarifier, there will
be an increase in effluent solids.

C. Surface overflow rate (SOR)

SOR is the gallons per day per square foot (gpd/ft²) of clarifier surface area. A SOR that is
too high will cause solids to be discharged with the effluent. A SOR that is too low may
cause a long detention time and septicity.

2.2.15 Discuss the significance of denitrification occuring in a clarifier.

In the absence of oxygen, a sludge blanket that is too thick and remains in the clarifier too
long can denitrify. Nitrates in the sludge will be converted to nitrogen gas. The release of
nitrogen gas will cause small gas bubbles that will be observed at the clarifier surface.
Clumps of sludge may also rise to the surface. The free nitrogen gas attaches to the sludge
making it buoyant.

2.2.16 Discuss hindered settling and how to determine if this may be occuring.
When there are too many mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the system, the solids
settling in the final clarifier may hinder the settling of solids above them. There are just too
many solids in the water column to settle well. This can be observed in 30-minute settling
tests and the tests will usually be high (greater than 800 mL/L). To differentiate a settling
problem caused by hindered settling versus excessive filaments, an operator can do a
diluted settleability test by diluting the mixed liquor sample in half (50%) with clear final
effluent. If the 30-minute settleability test and settling curve improves; this indicates that with
less solids, settling is better. Additional wasting would be warranted. If settling does not
improve after diluting the sample, filaments may be present and the operator should use
their microscope for filamentous organism identification.
Section 2.3 - Granular Filtration Methods, Equipment, and Maintenance

2.3.1 Describe the process of granular filtration.

The purpose of granular filtration is to provide advanced wastewater treatment beyond
secondary biological treatment by removing fine particles from the effluent through
adsorbtion and is most commonly used in treatment plants with more stringent effluent
limits. There are two notable types of granular filtration, shallow-bed filters and deep-bed
filters.

Shallow-bed filters consist of fine sand media (less than 18 inches deep). Particles are
collected on or near the media surface as the effluent moves through the filter. The majority
of the solids particles are collected in the upper part of the filter media.

Deep-bed filters have layered media (ranging from 30 to 48 inches) that may consist of
anthracite, coarse sand, fine sand, or garnet. These layers may be one media type
throughout or a different media type for each layer. The effluent flows through the deep-bed
filter from the top, smaller layer of media to the bottom, coarser layer of media.

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The overall efficiency in removing pollutants by filtration could exceed 95% removal of
suspended solids and phosphorus. An alternative to granular filtration is disc filtration or
other patented physical or chemical processes.

2.3.2 Show and discuss the components of granular filtration.

A. Media
The media provides filtering to remove suspended solids

B. Underdrain
The underdrain collects the filtered water and conveys the water away from the filter

C. Wash water trough

The wash water troughs convey the backwash water from the filter when in backwash.
When in service, the troughs feed the influent to the media

D. Media support
The media support prevents the media from entering the underdrain system. Depending on
the type of filter, the support can include gravel bed, media retaining strainers, or, in the
case of shallow-bed filters, various forms of porous plates.
Figure 2.3.2.1

2.3.3 Discuss the recommended schedule for backwashing shallow- and deep-bed filters.
A backwash would be scheduled based on headloss, time in service, or total flow through
the filter. Typically, a deep-bed filter can operate longer before needing to be backwashed.

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2.3.4 Describe the purpose and steps of backwashing granular filters.

Backwashing is necessary for the removal of solids that are trapped in the media. The
buildup of trapped solids will increase headloss. Without backwashing, breakthrough of the
solids will occur. Frequency of backwashing is dependent on the solids loading to the filter.

During a backwash cycle, the flow through the filter is reversed with the backwash water
entering the under drain system and flowing upward through the media. The backwash
water is directed to the waste drain line that goes to the backwash tank or to the head of the
plant. For exact steps in backwashing particular types of filters, consult the manufacturer’s
O&M manual.

2.3.5 List the operational factors that affect the filtration rate of a granular filter.
A. Excessive solids buildup in the media
B. Poor backwashing practices (surface clogging)
C. Excessive chemical additions
D. Poor operations of upstream treatment units
E. Channeling (short-circuiting)

2.3.6 List the daily observations of granular filtration.

A. Headloss through the filter
B. Turbidity of the effluent
C. Suspended solids in the effluent
D. Loss of filter media in the effluent, underdrains, and backwash basins
E. All gauges and flow meters
F. Quality of the filter influent
G. Any floating solids (including any oil and grease)

2.3.7 List the maintenance items for granular filtration.

A. Backwash pumps and piping
B. Compressors and piping for air scour
C. Pumps, piping, and nozzles for surface jets
D. Traveling bridge and associated equipment
E. Chlorine handling equipment and piping
F. Operating controls and recorder chart gauges for filters
G. High and low water level alarms
H. Underdrain system cleaning and repair
I. Media cleaning or replacement
J. Surface coatings (as required)
K. Maintenance of wastewater storage tanks
L. Maintenance of waste washwater tanks

Consult the O&M manual for the preventative maintenance tasks and scheduling of all
equipment used for granular filtration.

2.3.8 Outline a procedure to take a filter out-of-service for an extended period of time.

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The following steps should be taken:

A. Thoroughly backwash the filter

B. Chlorinate the filter (5 to 15 mg/L) and let stand for 2 to 3 days to kill biological growths
C. Thoroughly backwash the filter
D. Open drain valve and allow to drain
E. Store the filter wet; if the filter is stored dry the operator should remember to use the
proper start-up procedure for a new or dry filter

2.3.9 List the items to consider in starting up an granular filter that has been out of service.
To start a filter that has been out of service for a length of time, fill slowly from the bottom up
utilizing the underdrain system (shallow bed) and the back wash system (deep bed). This
allows air to be pushed from the media.

Follow the O&M manual for additional start-up procedures.

2.3.10 Describe the impact of upstream processes on the operation of a granular filter.
The suspended solids loading to the filter is dependent on good secondary system
operations and most importantly the final clarifier. A well-operated and properly utilized final
clarifier(s) should minimize suspended solids loading to the filter and extend filter run times.

2.3.11 List the causes and problems of surface binding of a granular filter.
A. Causes of surface binding
1. Excessive suspended solids loading rates
2. Large particle size in relation to media size
3. Excess chemical use (polymers, precipitants, etc.)
4. Media effective size is too small

B. Problems of surface binding

1. Short filter runs
2. Increased operational costs
3. Overload upstream processes from excessive back washing
4. May cause a condition known as negative head; this causes air entrapment in
lower levels which can cause media loss or mixing during backwash

2.3.12 Discuss some operational concerns related to granular filter backwashing.

Granular filter backwashing duration should be such that the media is effectively cleaned.
Filter backwashing should not be too long (causing hydraulic overloading to the head of the
plant and media loss) or too short (causing filter media to become built-up with solids).

2.3.13 List the considerations of using a disc filter over a granular filter.
A. Retrofit into existing location
B. Smaller footprint
C. Lower head requirements
D. Removal of finely suspended particles for low level phosphorus requirements
E. Potentially less maintenance and backwash water

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2.3.14 Describe the operating principles of disc filters.

A. Fully submerged disc filters
Fully submerged disc filters are a popular alternate to conventional granular media filtration
technology for secondary granular filtration because they typically have less of a footprint (in
other words, take up less floor space). Disc filters use cloth material to filter out fine solids
remaining in effluent. The cloth medium is made out of nylon fibers or woven polyester and
has a typical pore size of 10 μm. Cloth material creates the faces of the discs. A
submerged disc filter will have 1 to 12 vertically mounted discs with a diameter of 1 to 3 ft.

Fully submerged disc filters operate on an outside to inside flow method. During filtration,
wastewater flows through the cloth membrane by gravity and enters the filter discs from both
sides while solids are retained on the outside of the disc. Once inside the discs, the water
flows to a common hollow tube in the center of the disc which conveys filtered effluent out of
the filter system. The filters are at rest during the cycle which allows larger solids to also
settle to the bottom of the tank. Settled solids are occasionally pumped to the head works
or solids processing.

During the backwash cycle, solids are removed from the cloth material by liquid suction. A
vacuum apparatus is located on both sides of the disc to apply liquid suction. Typically 1 or
2 discs are backwashed at a time allowing for filtration through the remaining discs. This
allows for continuous operation of the system.

B. Partially submerged disc filters

Partially submerged disc filters are similar in operation to fully submerged disc filters except
the direction of the flow and depth of submergence. During normal operation, discs are only
60% to 65% submerged. Partially submerged filters operate on inside to outside flow
method. Wastewater flows into the filter disc from the center drum by gravity. Clean water
exits the disc by passing through the cloth media and entering the collection tank. Solids
are retained within the disc.

The backwash cycle initiates when water in the center drum reaches to a specific depth
because of solids buildup on the media surface. As the disc rotates, nozzles spray clean
effluent on to the disc, washing solids into a collection trough. Solids are then sent to the
head works or solids processing.

To view an online video of a disc filter visit:

https://youtu.be/tyW_ZudaCTY

2.3.15 Describe the components of a disc filter.

The main components of a disc filter include:

A. Influent pipe and weir

The influent pipe moves the wastewater over the weir where it is then distributed evenly into
the filter tank.

B. Filter tank
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The filter tank holds the influent until it is pushed through the cloth media at the same time
allowing some solids to settle.

C. Discs
The discs hold the cloth media used for removing the suspended solids.

D. Effluent pipe
Once filtered, the wastewater moves through the disc and into the effluent pipe.

E. Effluent tank
The effluent tank receives the wastewater from the effluent pipe where it flows over a weir
and away from the filter.

F. Backwash system
The two backwash pumps pull the solids off of the rotating cloth media discs and through the
suction manifolds. Some systems continuously backwash while the filter is online.

G. Solids collection system

The settled solids are collected off the bottom of the tank using one of the same pumps
used for backwashing.
Figure 2.3.15.1

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Figure 2.3.15.2

2.3.16 Describe the maintenance of disc filters.

Filter media is typically chemically cleaned every 3 to 6 months depending on use to
remove solids trapped in the cloth media and deep cleaned with stronger chemicals as
needed. Filter media panels may also need to be replaced periodically. Refer to the
manufacturer's O&M manual for additional maintenance activities.
Section 2.4 - Dissolved Air Flotation Methods, Equipment, and Maintenance

2.4.1 Discuss the process of dissolved air flotation (DAF).

The purpose of DAF in the liquid treatment train is to help clarify or remove suspended
solids from wastewater, and can be rectangular or circular. Removal is achieved by
dissolving air in wastewater (under pressure at the bottom of the tank). The air released
forms tiny bubbles that adhere to the suspended matter and float to the surface/top of the
tank where it is removed by a skimmer. Ferric chloride and aluminum sulfide are
sometimes used to enhance the solids capture. Bottom sludge collectors are used to
remove any settled sludge or grit.

2.4.2 Describe the components of DAF.

A. Air tank
The air tank over saturates the recycled and influent wastewater with air using high pressure

B. DAF tank
In the tank, the solids particles adhere to the air releasing from the over-saturated

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wastewater and rise to the surface, while larger particles settle to the bottom

C. Top skimmer system

The top skimmer system removes the floating solids by moving them into the sludge tank

D. Bottom skimmer system

The bottom skimmer system moves the larger particles that have settled to the bottom of the
tank to the settled solids tank

E. Effluent discharge chamber

The DAF effluent, no longer over saturated with air, moves past the effluent baffle and
leaves the DAF through the effluent discharge chamber

F. Effluent baffle
Effluent moves past the effluent baffle and into the effluent discharge chamber

All of the above items require maintenance. Please consult the facilities O&M manual for
specific tasks.
Figure 2.4.2.1

2.4.3 Discuss the solids removal efficiency in a DAF.

A well performing DAF unit can capture more than 95% of suspended solids. The float
solids concentration is typically 2% to 5%.

2.4.4 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of DAF.

A. Advantages
1. High solids loading and capture rate
2. Float can be dewatered without further thickening
3. Shorter detention time when compared to a clarifier
4. Smaller construction footprint when compared to a clarifier
5. Good industrial pretreatment prior to discharge to sanitary sewer systems
6. Works well for many industrial wastewaters high in solids and fats, oils, and grease
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(FOG)

B. Disadvantages
1. More complex than a clarifier
2. Higher maintenance and operational cost than a clarifier
3. Higher construction capital cost
4. Requires a cover or housing
Section 2.5 - Membrane Systems Methods, Equipment, and Maintenance

2.5.1 Discuss the process of membrane pressure systems.

The purpose of a membrane pressure system is to filter solids from wastewater by size
exclusion. Pressure is used to force water through a semi-permeable membrane while fine
solids are retained. Solids are removed from the membrane via backwash. Pressure
systems are often used for ultra-low phosphorus removal.

2.5.2 Discuss some of the important terms and process control parameters specific to
membrane bioreactors (MBR).
A. Membrane surface area (ft²)
Total surface area of the filters across which solids (mixed liquor suspended solids or
MLSS) and particles are filtered

B. Membrane flux (gpd/ft²)

Membrane flow across membranes (as measured by flow meter) per membrane surface
area

C. Trans-membrane pressure (pounds per square inch or psi)

Pressure across the membrane filter or headloss through the filter

D. Permeability ((gpd/ft²)/psi)
Flux divided by trans-membrane pressure

E. Integrity test
Leak identification

F. Time to filter
Amount of time required to filter a certain volume of solids (mixed liquor suspended solids
or MLSS)

2.5.3 List the types of membrane separation technologies and their pore size range.
A membrane is a pressure driven, solids separation device to remove very fine particles
from the water. It is a physical barrier that retains particles up to a certain pore size from
going through the membrane, in effect acting like a fine sieve or net in trapping particles.

A. Microfiltration (0.1 to 10.0 micrometers)

B. Ultrafiltration (0.01 to 0.1 micrometers)

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C. Nanofiltration (0.001 to 0.01 micrometers)

D. Reverse osmosis (less than 0.0001 micrometers)
Figure 2.5.3.1

Figure 2.5.3.2

2.5.4 List the type of membrane elements and their components used in wastewater treatment
and re-use.
A. Spiral wound (most common)
B. Plate and frame
C. Capillary fiber
D. Tubular

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Figure 2.5.4.1

2.5.5 Discuss membrane fouling and cleaning methods.

Fouling is the most common performance limiting factor and failures of membrane systems.
It can result from the accumulations of solids, precipitated salts or hydroxides, insoluble
organics such as fats, oil, and grease (FOG); thus blocking pores on the surface of the
membrane. Optimizing membrane performance and reducing fouling potential necessitates
fine screening and grit removal at the head works, FOG control, and proper dose of any
chemical additions.

Fouling is controlled by membrane cleaning. Common cleaning methods, especially for

membrane bioreactors, include:

A. Air scouring daily

B. Relaxation
C. Backwash
D. Maintenance cleaning every 1 to 2 weeks
E. Chemical clean-in-place (CIP) every 3 to 6 months

An operator should consult the manufacturer's O&M manual for the cleaning methods and
schedule for their specific type of membrane system.

2.5.6 Discuss optimization factors of membrane bioreactor systems (MBR).

A. Pretreatment
Fine screening is a critical component of a MBR plant to reduce fouling/plugging and
cleaning cycles, and to extend membrane life. Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) control is also
important.

B. Membrane flux
The membrane flux (amount of flow through the membrane surface area) is affected by
membrane type, MLSS filterability, trans-membrane pressure, wastewater temperature,
degree of membrane fouling, and peak flows. Plants with high and variable peak flows
(greater than 2 to 1) will adversely affect the optimal flux needed. Controlling peak flows is

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imperative for MBR plants.

C. Mixed liquor suspended solids

MBR plants operate at much higher MLSS concentrations because solids are separated
from the liquid by membranes, not gravity. MBRs commonly operate at MLSS
concentrations between 8000 to 15,000 mg/L, some even higher. However, too high a
MLSS concentration can impact membrane performance for various reasons. With
increasing MLSS concentrations in the aeration basins, MBR operating membrane
pressures can be reduced by fouling. It can also result in foaming. Reducing the MLSS
concentrations through increased wasting will improve operating pressures and decrease
fouling. Consistent and optimal membrane performance is achieved by balancing the solids
loading (flow and solids concentration) across a membrane surface.

2.5.7 Discuss the components of a MBR submerged membrane unit.

Membrane bioreactors consist of submerged units placed within the end of activated sludge
aeration basins or in their own tankages after the aeration basins. Each submerged
membrane unit consists of a tube, manifold, membrane case, membrane cartridge, diffuser
case, and diffuser. Basic MBRs consist of flat plate or hollow fiber membranes. Each has
their advantages/disadvantages. Flat plats require a thin biofilm to develop on the
membrane while hollow fiber does not. A continuous cross flow of mixed liquor suspended
solids and air provides for an optimum biofilm thickness on the membranes.

2.5.8 Discuss the treatment train configuration of a plant with MBRs.

A wastewater treatment plant that uses membrane bioreactors within its treatment train
combines aeration, clarification, and filtration (solids separation) into a single step (reduced
footprint). The membranes can be installed and operated within an aeration basin with a
very high MLSS concentration (6,000 to 12,000 mg/L MLSS) and produce a very high
quality effluent in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and
nutrients.
Figure 2.5.8.1

Section 2.6 - Process Variations

2.6.1 Discuss the process of up-flow reactors.

Raw wastewater is drawn into a primary mixing zone in the vertical draft tube where it is
mixed with coagulants. Wastewater then flows into the reaction-flocculation zone where it is

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mixed with partially recirculated settled solids. Some of the flow is recirculated to the mixing
zone, and some of the flow goes to the clarification zone where decreasing velocities are no
longer sufficient to keep the flocculated solids suspended. Concentrated sludge is removed
to the sludge hopper. Clear water flows over the weir.
Chapter 3 - Monitoring, Process Control, and Troubleshooting

Section 3.1 - Definitions

3.1.1 Define breakthrough.

Breakthrough is when solids push through the granular filter media and out through the
effluent, uncaptured. This occurs when a filter is run too long with insufficient backwashing,
becomes overly adsorbed with solids, and headloss increases.

3.1.2 Define filter channeling.

Filter channeling occurs when portions of the filter plug and the wastewater flows in
channels, reducing treatment efficiency.

3.1.3 Define sludge age.

Sludge age is the theoretical length of time a particle of activated sludge stays in the
treatment plant, measured in days. In an activated sludge plant, sludge age is the amount
(lbs) of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) divided by the suspended solids, or excess
cell mass, withdrawn from the system per day (lbs per day of waste activated sludge or
WAS).

3.1.4 Define washout.

Washout is the loss of solids from any treatment process due to high flows.
Section 3.2 - Sampling and Testing

3.2.1 Discuss the two primary control measurements for granular filtration.
The two primary control measurements for granular filtration are effluent turbidity and filter
headloss. Filter effluent turbidity is an indirect measurement of suspended solids and can
be measured quickly. Filter headloss is the determining factor for backwashing providing
there are no other operational problems (channeling or breakthrough). Between effluent
turbidity and filter headloss, total operations of granular filters can be done without
additional laboratory testing.

3.2.2 List methods used to evaluate the performance of clarifiers.

A. In field
1. Solids profiling
2. Dye testing
3. Drogues (submerged, flow-field indicators)

B. Performance calculations
1. Surface overflow rates
2. Weir overflow rates

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3. Solids loading rates

3.2.3 Describe how to determine if grit is building up in the sludge hopper of the primary clarifier.
To evaluate the grit in sludge, an operator can analyze the sludge for fixed suspended
solids. If a high level of grit is found in the primary clarifier sludge, an operator should
evaluate the grit removal system.

3.2.4 Describe the methods of measuring loss of media.

The most common method for measuring loss of media is to measure from a fixed point
(wash water trough or top of wall) to the surface of the filter media. Another indirect method
is to check the backwash water tank for filter media settled at the bottom of the tank.

3.2.5 Discuss how to determine if backwashing is effective.

A. Visually check and sample the total suspended solids (TSS) of the backwash water
at the beginning and end of the backwash cycles.
B. Measure headloss before and after a backwash.
C. If having chronic backwash inefficiencies, take a core or shovel sample to examine the
media.

3.2.6 Discuss the use of a core sample in granular filters.

Take a core sample of the media. The core sample can be used to determine the media
profile to assure proper grading after backwashing, it can be used to check media depth,
and used to check for proper media cleaning after backwashing.
Section 3.3 - Data Understanding and Interpretation

3.3.1 Describe normal primary sludge concentration and the effect on sludge quality of primary
sludge pumping rates.
The goal for pumping sludge from a primary clarifier is to obtain 3% to 5% solids for optimal
anaerobic digester operation. Pumping sludge too fast can create poor quality thin sludge.
Pumping sludge infrequently can create a thick sludge, resulting in clogging problems,
anaerobic conditions (gas bubbles and floating sludge), and undesirable loadings for the
anaerobic digester.

3.3.2 Discuss sludge operating depths in final clarifiers.

The sludge blanket in the final clarifier is usually kept between 1 to 3 feet. A sludge blanket
that is too deep may cause denitrification to occur. This would result in solids floating to the
surface and be lost over the weir.

Sludge blanket depth is measured using a sludge depth indicator. One such common
device is a Sludge Judge®.

3.3.3 Graph a settleability curve of a final clarifier and discuss its meaning.
A settleability curve can be graphed using the results of the 30-minute settling test. The
shape of the settling curve indicates the settling characteristics of the activated sludge in a
final clarifier. It shows how the sludge settles and is helpful in assessing settling problems.

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Figure 3.3.3.1

3.3.4 Compare activated sludge solids results expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L) and
percent solids.
In activated sludge aeration basins, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is expressed in
milligrams per liter (mg/L) . As solids are thickened and the concentration gets to 10,000
mg/L or above, the solids are then often expressed as a percent. Every 10,000 mg/L is 1%

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and can be expressed as follows:

10,000 mg/L = 1.0% solids

15,000 mg/L = 1.5% solids
20,000 mg/L = 2.0% solids
25,000 mg/L = 2.5% solids
30,000 mg/L = 3.0% solids

3.3.5 State the recommended detention time for primary, intermediate, and final clarifiers.
Wastewater should remain in the clarifier long enough to settle out most of the suspended
solids. Typically, clarifier detention times will be 2 to 3 hours. This depends on the influent
flowrate and size of the clarifier.

Clarifier detention times are calculated using the following formulas:

Circular clarifier volume (gals) = 3.14 × [radius (ft)]² × height (ft) × 7.48 gals/ft³
Rectangular clarifier volume (gals) = length (ft) × height (ft) × width (ft) × 7.48 gals/ft³
Detention time (hrs) = [tank volume (gals) ÷ flow rate (gpd)] × 24 hrs/day

3.3.6 State what to observe to determine if backwashing is effective in an granular filter.

A significant decrease in headloss after backwashing indicates the filter has been properly
cleaned. Visual observations help the operator determine if the washwater is clean or if
media is being washed out of the filter.
Section 3.4 - Sidestreams

3.4.1 Describe how spent backwash water is handled.

Backwash is returned to the head of the treatment plant similar to other sidestreams and
passed through the plant for treatment. Backwash water is primarily high in total suspended
solids (TSS) and can contain elevated levels of phosphorus. To moderate the flow of
backwash, wastewater tanks are often used to hold flows until they can be treated. Low flow
periods can be used to minimize influent plant loadings.

3.4.2 Discuss the effect of sidestreams on primary treatment.

A significant effect of sidestreams can be the TSS loading to primary treatment.
Sidestreams from the solids processing should be kept low in TSS.
Section 3.5 - Performance Limiting Factors

3.5.1 Discuss the operational problems related to hydraulic overloads from inflow and infiltration
(I/I), and suggest what an operator might be able to do to maintain and maximize
performance during high flow periods.
During wet weather peak flows, an operator is faced with protecting equipment and unit
processes while trying to maintain treatment. The loss of solids through the final clarifiers is
the most common problem from wet weather peak flow events. The key factor that controls
the peak flow capacity of activated sludge systems is solids separation.

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Keys to optimum solids separation are:

A. Mixed liquor settleability

The key to optimizing settleability is: (1) maintaining the proper environmental conditions
that favor the growth and health of good large floc-forming bacteria that settle well (not
filamentous organisms) through (2) operating the treatment plant with regular and consistent
process control.

B. Optimize clarifier performance

Be sure weirs are level and flow over them is evenly distributed. If there is more than one
clarifier, the flow distribution from the aeration basins to each clarifier should be evenly
distributed. Return activated sludge (RAS) rates should be set to minimize sludge blankets
to less than a foot. If clarifier short-circuiting is occurring, which is usually worse during high
flow periods, clarifier baffles can be considered.

C. Reduce clarifier solids loading

The clarifier solids loading rate (SLR) is affected by the incoming flow and RAS flowrate.
Some ways to reduce the solids loading to the final clarifier(s) is to (1) bring any extra,
unused tankages on-line if they are available, such as another clarifier or aeration basin; (2)
take some aeration basin(s) off-line and storing solids in them until flows subside; (3)
operate the aeration basins in a step feed configuration to reduce solids at the end of the
aeration basins and thus the solids entering the final clarifier, and (4) adjust the RAS rate to
balance the lowest possible sludge blanket at the lowest SLR.

The best long-term strategy for maintaining wastewater treatment during wet weather
periods is to reduce the amount of I/I of clear water entering into the sewer system. An
ongoing collection system Capacity, Management, Operation and Maintenance (CMOM)
Program should be developed and implemented.

Many of the concepts presented in this key knowledge were derived from a series of
articles written by Bill Marten, Wastewater Process and Operations Engineer, Triad
Engineering Inc, in the Wisconsin Wastewater Operators Association's (WWOA) “The
Clarifier” (2005-2006). For complete details on ways to maximize secondary treatment wet
weather capacity, the reader is referred to these six articles.

3.5.2 Describe the effect of high-strength waste (high BOD) has on solid separation.
High-strength wastes come from industrial operations such as dairies, breweries, and food
processors. Effluent from these industries contains significantly higher biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) as compared to domestic waste. High-strength waste can organically
overload a primary clarifier by depleting the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water. The
resulting anaerobic conditions will cause odors and floating sludge. Further in the treatment
process, high-strength organic waste will cause additional solids production during the
activated sludge process. The additional solids can cause poor supernatant return flow and
increases waste sludge hauling. When a municipality has high-strength organic waste
contributors, they often require pretreatment.

3.5.3 List operational problems caused by hydraulic overloading in a clarifier.

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A. Solids washouts
If the flow is too high through the final clarifier, the solids will not have enough time to settle
and can wash out over the weirs. This can result in a loss of solids from the system and
effluent permit violations.

B. Reduced treatment efficiency

If too many solids flow out of the clarifier, there may not be enough RAS solids returned
back to the aeration basin to effectively treat the incoming organic load.

C. Increased weir overflow rate (WOR)

High WOR can lead to a loss of solids especially when the solids settling rate is already
poor.
Section 3.6 - Corrective Actions

3.6.1 Describe the causes and corrective actions for clarifier problems.

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Figure 3.6.1.1

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Figure 3.6.1.2

Figure 3.6.1.3

3.6.2 Describe media fouling in a granular filter.

Fouling is a condition in which solids accumulate on top of or between the media resulting in
a decreasing flow through the media. It can also occur from an increase in bio-growth in the
media or from an overuse of polymers.

3.6.3 Describe the causes and corrective actions for problems with granular filtration.

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Figure 3.6.3.1

3.6.4 Discuss when chlorine may be used in granular filter operations.

Chlorine can be added into the flow to the filter or into the backwash of the filter to control
algae and slime growth. Chlorine will also kill any bacterial growth (floc) caused from
organics in the filter media.

3.6.5 Describe causes and corrective actions for problems with dissolved air filtration (DAF).

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Figure 3.6.5.1

Chapter 4 - Safety

Section 4.1 - Definitions

4.1.1 Define lock-out/tag-out.

Lock-out/tag-out is used to protect the operator from serious injury by ensuring that
machinery remains completely off. The lock is placed on the power source in a way that
prohibits the machinery from receiving the power necessary to run and includes a tag with
the operator’s name performing the maintenance. Without a lock-out/tag-out system, the
possibility exists that a machine will unexpectedly start-up, either because of stored energy
not correctly released, being triggered by the control system, or through someone starting it
without realizing maintenance is being performed.

4.1.2 Define personal protective equipment (PPE).

PPE is the protective clothing and other devices designed to protect an individual while in
potentially hazardous areas or performing potentially hazardous operations. Examples of
PPE include, but are not limited to: gloves, hard hat, steel-toed boots, safety glasses, and
other appropriate clothing.
Section 4.2 - Personal Safety

4.2.1 List various safety considerations that are important when working with a solids separation
process.
A. Falling into tanks, especially aeration tanks where currents can pull an operator under the
water surface
B. Noise
C. Exposure to waterborne and bloodborne pathogens

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D. Loose clothing around moving parts on mechanical equipment

E. Electrical hazards
F. Slippery surfaces
G. Confined spaces
H. Compressed air and air under a vacuum
I. Chemicals and chemical equipment
J. Hydrogen sulfide and other gases
K. High temperatures

Operators should follow all federal and state safety requirements. Safety programs and
emergency procedures should be in place and followed at all times.

4.2.2 Discuss draining a clarifier and the function of the relief valves.
A. Draining a clarifier
1. Leave as little a solids blanket as possible before draining
2. Close the clarifier influent gate and tag/lock it out. If there is any other piping with
valves that are connected to the clarifier being drained, make sure they are closed
and lock-out/tag-out, too.
3. Open the drain valve for the clarifier. The sludge withdrawal valve may have to be
opened, also. It is possible there is no drain valve and a pump may have to
be used.
4. Leave the drive on for a while to scrape as much solids out as possible. The skimmer
may have to be pulled up. Tag/lock out the drive after it is turned off.
5. While the clarifier is draining, make sure the pressure relief valves are operable by
confirming they open.
6. If the clarifier will not drain completely, set up a portable pump to finish. The pump
can also be used while hosing out the clarifier. Once the clarifier is cleaned,
enter it for inspection and maintenance.

B. Entering a drained clarifier

1. Follow all confined space procedures!
2. Make sure the clarifier is cleaned out, the drive is locked-out/tagged-out and all
gates or valves leading to the clarifier are also locked-out/tagged-out.
3. Before entering, wear the proper PPE (gloves, safety glasses, boots, etc.). A gas
detector is also needed for confined space entry. Fill out any paperwork
necessary for the job and have at least two people present.
4. A long extension ladder will probably be needed for entry. Be sure to secure it to
the clarifier before entering.

4.2.3 Discuss the negative consequences of leaving sludge sit in a pipe between two closed
valves.
If sludge is trapped in a pipe between two closed valves, bacteria in the sludge could
generate gas. If the bacteria generate enough gas, the pressure inside the pipe could build
up and rupture the pipe. Not only a safety concern, there is a possibility of clogging the
piping system if sludge is left in the pipe over a period of time.

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4.2.4 Identify potential toxic gases at a wastewater treatment plant.

A. Hydrogen sulfide
B. Methane
C. Carbon monoxide
D. Chlorine

4.2.5 Discuss precautions for entering tanks, vessels, or other confines space areas.
Owners of wastewater treatment plants should clearly define all confined spaces. Operators
should know them and follow all confined space entry procedures. FOLLOW ALL
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURES!

4.2.6 Describe the applicable safety program and requirements municipal wastewater treatment
plants must follow.
Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services SPS 332 Public Employee
Safety and Health must be followed. Some of the important safety requirements are:
confined space, excavation, hearing conservation, blood-borne pathogens, CPR-First Aid,
Safety Data Sheets (SDS), electrical, fall protection, hazardous materials, as well as others.
Non-public entities follow the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) CFR
29 part 1910.

4.2.7 Discuss the importance of floatation devices at a wastewater treatment plant.

Sampling from basins, channels, and other treatment processes puts an operator at risk of
falling into the wastewater. Basins that are aerated can be the most dangerous because
the aeration process makes it extremely difficult to stay afloat in waters saturated with high
concentrations of air. For this reason, an operator should never extend beyond the
protection of the guardrails. OSHA highly recommends ring buoys with at least 90 ft of line
be provided and readily available for emergencies and strategically placed around all
process basins. OSHA also recommends any operator working over or near water where a
risk of drowning is present be provided with a life jacket or buoyant work vest.
Section 4.3 - Chemical Safety

4.3.1 Discuss the importance of maintaining chemical delivery, storage, and usage records.
Some chemicals used in wastewater treatment plants are hazardous materials and must be
identified. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for each chemical are required to be kept onsite and
readily available. In the event of a spill, the Department of Natural Resources must be
contacted.

4.3.2 Discuss what should be done in the event of a chemical spill.

Any spill of hazardous material should be reported to the Department of Natural Resources
within 24 hours and to the local emergency response agencies.

4.3.3 Discuss preventative spill measures and procedures when handling hazardous chemicals.
Storage tanks must have secondary containment that equals the volume of the storage tank.
Place containment pails under potential leak points during unloading of delivery vehicles

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and when uncoupling fill lines. Inspect and maintain fill lines and valves. Inspect storage
tanks and hardware for integrity. Pay attention to what is being done!

Provide onsite containment equipment such as absorbent booms, sandbags, etc. and seal
the yard and storm drains to prevent offsite loss of chemical.
Chapter 5 - Calculations

Section 5.1 - Clarifier

5.1.1 Given data, calculate solids loading (lbs/day) to a primary clarifier.

GIVEN:
[MGD = million gallons per day]

Influent solids = 200 mg/L

Influent flow = 1.0 MGD

FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

Solids loading (lbs/day) = solids conc. (mg/L) × flow (MGD) × 8.34

= 200 mg/L × 1.0 MGD × 8.34
= 1,670 lbs/day

5.1.2 Given the dimensions of a circular clarifier, calculate its volume (gals).
GIVEN:

Diameter = 30 ft
Depth = 14 ft
1 ft³ = 7.48 gals

FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

Tank volume (gals) = 3.14 × [radius (ft)]² × depth (ft) × 7.48 gals/ft³
= 3.14 × (15 ft × 15 ft) × 14 ft × 7.48 gals/ft³
= 3.14 × 225 ft² × 14 ft × 7.48 gals/ft³
= 73,985 gals

5.1.3 Given the dimensions of a rectangular clarifier, calculate its volume (gals).
GIVEN:

Length = 50 ft
Width = 30 ft
Depth = 10 ft
1 ft³ = 7.48 gals

FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

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Tank volume (gals) = length (ft) × width (ft) × depth (ft) × 7.48 gals/ft³
= 50 ft × 30 ft × 10 ft × 7.48 gals/ft³
= 15,000 ft³ × 7.48 gals/ft³
= 112,200 gals

5.1.4 Given the following data, calculate the weir overflow rate (WOR) and solids loading rate
(SLR) of the clarifier.
GIVEN:

Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) = 3,600 mg/L

Influent flow = 1.03 MGD
Clarifier diameter = 76 ft

FORMULAS AND SOLUTIONS:

[gpd = gallons per day]

Weir length = 2 × 3.14 × clarifier radius

= 2 × 3.14 × 38 ft
= 238.64 ft

WOR = flow (gpd/ft) ÷ weir length (ft)

= 1,030,000 gpd ÷ 238.64 ft
= 4,316 gpd/ft

Clarifier surface area = 3.14 × [radius (ft)]²

= 3.14 × (38 ft) ²
= 4,534 ft²

SLR = solids applied to clarifier (lbs/day/ft²) ÷ clarifier surface area (ft²)

= (1.03 MGD × 3,600 mg/L × 8.34) ÷ (4,534 ft²)
= 6.82 lbs/day/ft²

5.1.5 Given data related to primary clarifier loading, calculate the amount of sludge (gals) that
need to be pumped daily.
GIVEN:
[NOTE: every 1% solids is the equivalent of 10,000 mg/L]

Flow = 2 MGD
Influent suspended solids (ISS) = 200 mg/L
Effluent suspended solids (ESS) = 100 mg/L
Sludge solids concentration = 5% (50,000 mg/L)

FORMULAS AND SOLUTION:

Settled solids (lbs) = flow (MGD) × [ISS (mg/L) - ESS (mg/L)] × 8.34
= 2 MGD × (200 mg/L - 100 mg/L) × 8.34

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 Solids Separation Study Guide - Subclass B

= 1,668 lbs of settled solids

Settled solids (lbs) = sludge to be pumped (MGD) × solids conc. (mg/L) × 8.34
[NOTE: Formula needs to be rearranged to find the amount of sludge to pump]

Sludge to be pumped [MGD] = settled solids (lbs) ÷ [solids conc. (mg/L) × 8.34]
= 1,668 lbs ÷ [50,000 mg/L × 8.34]
= 0.004 MGD or 4,000 gpd of sludge

5.1.6 Given data, calculate the sludge pumped (gals) when running time and capacity of pump are
known.
GIVEN:
[gpm = gallons per minute]

Pump capacity = 60 gpm

Pumping time = 20 mins

FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

Pumped (gals) = pump capacity (gpm) × pumping time (mins)

= 60 gpm × 20 mins
= 1,200 gals

5.1.7 Given data, calculate the amount of sludge pumped (gals) from the bottom of 2 primary
clarifiers using a diaphragm pump.
GIVEN:

Pump runtime = 20 mins/hr

Pump capacity = 4.5 gals/stroke
Pump strokes 4 times per minute
2 clarifiers

FORMULAS AND SOLUTION:

Strokes (#/day) = [pump run time (mins/hr) × 24 hrs/day] × strokes/min

= [20 mins/hr × 24 hrs/day] × 4 strokes/min
= 480 mins/day × 4 strokes/min
= 1,920 strokes/day

Sludge pumped (gals) = [strokes (#/day) × sludge (gals/stroke)] × 2 clarifiers

= [1,920 strokes/day × 4.5 gals/stroke] × 2 clarifiers
= 8,640 gpd × 2 clarifiers
= 17,280 gpd

5.1.8 Given data, calculate the suspended solids or BOD percent removal.
GIVEN:

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 Solids Separation Study Guide - Subclass B

Primary effluent = 120 mg/L

Primary influent = 200 mg/L

FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

Percent removal = ([influent (mg/L) - effluent (mg/L)] ÷ influent (mg/L)) × 100

= [(200 mg/L - 120 mg/L) ÷ 200 mg/L] × 100
= (80 mg/L ÷ 200 mg/L) × 100
= 0.4 × 100
= 40% removal

5.1.9 Given treatment plant data, calculate the sludge volume index (SVI) and discuss possible
causes of the result.
GIVEN:

30-minute settling test = 800 mL/L

MLSS = 4,000 mg/L

FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

SVI = [settled volume (mL/L) ÷ MLSS (mg/L)] × 1,000

= [800 mL/L ÷ 4,000 mg/L] × 1,000
= 0.2 × 1,000
= 200

Possible causes for high SVI:

A. Filamentous organisms
B. Young, poor settling sludge
C. Too high a MLSS

5.1.10 Given data, calculate the detention time (hrs) in a clarifier (rectangular and circular).
GIVEN:

A. Rectangular clarifier
Width = 20 ft
Length = 40 ft
Depth = 10 ft
Flowrate = 532,800 gpd

B. Circular clarifier
Diameter = 20 ft
Depth = 12 ft
Flowrate = 432,000 gpd

FORMULAS AND SOLUTION:

[gph = gallons per hour]

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 Solids Separation Study Guide - Subclass B

A. Rectangular clarifier
Clarifier volume (ft³) = width (ft) × length (ft) × depth (ft)
= 20 ft × 40 ft × 10 ft
= 8,000 ft³

Clarifier volume (gals) = clarifier volume (ft³) × 7.48 gals/ft³

= 8,000 ft³ × 7.48 gals/ft³
= 59,840 gals

Detention time (hrs) = clarifier volume (gals) ÷ [flowrate (gpd) ÷ 24 hrs/day]

= 59,840 gals ÷ [532,800 gpd ÷ 24 hrs/day]
= 59,840 gals ÷ 22,200 gph
= 2.7 hrs

B. Circular clarifier
Clarifier volume (ft³) = 3.14 × [radius (ft)]² × depth (ft)
= 3.14 × [10 ft]² × 12 ft
= 3,768 ft³

Clarifier volume (gals) = clarifier volume (ft³) × 7.48 gals/ft³

= 3,768 ft³ × 7.48 gals/ft³
= 28,185 gals

Detention time (hrs) = clarifier volume (gals) ÷ [flowrate (gpm) × 60 mins/hr]

= 28,185 gals ÷ [432,000 gpd ÷ 24 hrs/day]
= 28,185 gals ÷ 18,000 gph
= 1.6 hrs
Section 5.2 - Granular Filtration

5.2.1 Given data, calculate the daily filtration rate through a granular filter (gallons per minute
(gpm)/ft²).
GIVEN:
[MGD = million gallons per day]
[gpd = gallons per day]

Average daily flow = 0.4 MGD

Filter width = 10 ft
Filter depth = 12 ft

FORMULA AND SOLUTION:

Flowrate = [average daily flow (gpd) ÷ mins/day] ÷ filter area

= (400,000 gpd ÷ 1,440 min/day) ÷ (10 ft × 12 ft)
= 277.77 gpm ÷ 120 ft²
= 2.3 gpm/ft²

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 Solids Separation Study Guide - Subclass B

5.2.2 Given data, calculate total backwash (gpd) of a granular filter.

GIVEN:

Length = 10 ft
Width = 12 ft
Flow rate = 20 gpm/ft²
Backwash time = 8 mins
Number of filters = 3 (each backwashed once per day)

FORMULAS AND SOLUTION:

Backwash area (ft²) = length (ft) × width (ft)

= 10 ft × 12 ft
= 120 ft²

Backwash flow (gpd) = backwash area (ft²) × flowrate (gpm) × backwash time (mins/day) ×
# of filters
= 120 ft² × 20 gpm/ft² × 8 mins/day × 3 filters
= 57,600 gpd

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 References and Resources

1. UW WATER LIBRARY
Most of the resources listed on this page can be borrowed through the UW Water Library as
part of a partnership between the UW Water Library, the Wisconsin Wastewater Operator
Association (WWOA), Central States Water Environmental Association (CSWEA), and the
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Instructions for borrowing materials from the
UW Water Library can be found by visiting the website provided below, clicking on
‘WISCONSIN RESIDENTS’, and then clicking on ‘HOW TO BORROW MATERIALS’.
www.aqua.wisc.edu/waterlibrary

2. OPERATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

Water Environmental Federation (WEF) (2008). Manual of Practice (MOP) No. 11 vol. I, II, III
(6th ed.). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill
www.wef.org

3. OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

Office of Water Programs, California State University, Sacramento (2008). Operation of
Wastewater Treatment Plants (7th ed.). Sacramento, California: University Enterprises, Inc.,
California State University
www.owp.csus.edu

4. INTRODUCTION TO WATER RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITY DESIGN

Water Environmental Federation (WEF) (2014). Introduction to Water Resources Recovery
Facility Design (2nd ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: McGraw-Hill
www.wef.org

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