ABSTRACT

In the Multipoint Injection System, we have one injector per cylinder; the injector
injects the fuel into the admission valve which admits the fuel and air into the
cylinder. This gives an individual control on this cylinder, improving the fuel
consumption in relation of the Single point injection. In The first Multipoint injection
system, the injection was done at the same time in all injectors. The improvement in
relation of the single point is the same amount of Fuel is delivering to all cylinders.
This system only solved one problem, because the problem of lag was still existent,
like in the single point injection. So if the injection occur, the fuel and air are in the
admission valve, and if driver make a sudden change it only change the fuel in the
next admission, so it would be a waste of fuel or insufficient fuel. To solve this
problem it was develop one new system of Multipoint Injection. This system is
sequential Multipoint injection system; the layout is the same that the original
Multipoint injection system, the difference is that the injection is done individually, in
each cylinder. In this system because we have injection individually and sequential,
we don’t have the lag problem. Let’s suppose that the injection occurs in cylinder 1,
then cylinder 3, and suddenly the driver makes a change, in the injection in the
cylinder 4 will be done whit the new value. This was the improvement in relation of
the first Multipoint injection system.

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 CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Petrol vehicles uses device called carburetor for supplying the air fuel mixture erence
between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel injection
atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure,
while a carburetor relies on suction created by intake air accelerated through a Venturi
tube to draw the fuel into the airstream. MPFI system injects fuel into individual
cylinders, based on commands from the ‘on board engine management system
computer’ – popularly known as the Engine Control Unit/ECU. These techniques
result not only in better ‘power balance’ amongst the cylinders but also in higher
output from each one of them, along with faster throttle response. Optimized ratio of
air-fuel mixture is supplied to the combustion chamber in varying driving conditions
with the help of electronic fuel injection system. The Multipoint Fuel Injection
System consists of sensors which detect the engine conditions, the ENGINE- ECU
which controls the system based on signals from these sensors, and actuators which
operate under the control of the ENGINE-ECU. The ENGINE-ECU carries out
activities such as fuel injection control, idle air control, and ignition timing control. In
addition, the ENGINE-ECU is equipped with a number of diagnostic test modes
which simplify troubleshooting when a problem develops. The functional objectives
for fuel injection systems can vary. All share the central task of supplying fuel to the
combustion process, but it is a design decision how a particular system is optimized.
There are several competing objectives such as:

 Power output

 Fuel efficiency

 Emissions performance

 Ability to accommodate alternative fuels

 Reliability

 Drivability and smooth operation

 Initial cost

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 Maintenance cost

 Diagnostic capability

 Range of environmental operation

 Engine tuning

1.2 Elimination of carburetors

In the 1970s and 1980s in the U.S. and Japan, the respective federal governments
imposed increasingly strict exhaust emission regulations. During that time period, the
vast majority of gasoline-fueled automobile and light truck engines did not use fuel
injection. To comply with the new regulations, automobile manufacturers often made
extensive and complex modifications to the engine carburetor. While a simple
carburetor system is cheaper to manufacture than a fuel injection system, the more
complex carburetor systems installed on many engines in the 1970s were much more
costly than the earlier simple carburetors. To more easily comply with emissions
regulations, automobile manufacturers began installing fuel injection systems in more
gasoline engines during the late 1970s.

Open-loop fuel injection systems had already improved cylinder-to-cylinder fuel

distribution and engine operation over a wide temperature range, but did not offer
further scope to sufficiently control fuel/air mixtures, in order to further reduce
exhaust emissions. Later closed-loop fuel injection systems improved the air–fuel
mixture control with an exhaust gas oxygen sensor. Although not part of the injection
control, a catalytic converter further reduces exhaust emissions.

Fuel injection was phased in through the latter 1970s and 80s at an accelerating rate,
with the German, French, and U.S. markets leading and the UK and Commonwealth
markets lagging somewhat. Since the early 1990s, almost all gasoline passenger cars
sold in first world markets are equipped with electronic fuel injection (EFI). In Brazil,
carburetors were entirely replaced by fuel injection during the 1990s, with the first
EFI equipped model built in 1987 (the Volkswagen Fox). The carburetor remains in
use in developing countries where vehicle emissions are unregulated and diagnostic
and repair infrastructure is sparse. Fuel injection is gradually replacing carburetors in

3
these nations too as they adopt emission regulations conceptually similar to those in
force in Europe, Japan, Australia, and North America.

Many motorcycles still use carburetored engines, though all current high-performance
designs have switched to EFI.

NASCAR finally replaced carburetors with fuel-injection, starting at the beginning of

the 2012 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season.

1.3 Different Types Of Fuel Injection

Post highlighting the topic what is fuel injection, next is the need to specify the
different types of fuel injection. You should be careful while making the selection as
it will impact the performance of your vehicle as well as its maintenance. Here are
some of the common types of fuel injection system available in the market.

1.3.1 Single-Point Or Throttle Body Injection

This is the simplest and one of the earliest fuel injection systems available in the
market. The functioning of this fuel injector is pretty simple and convenient. It adds
the right amount of fuel into the air right before it gets distributed to the individual
cylinders. Thanks to the high flow rate of this injector, it doesn’t easily clog up.

Single-point or throttle body injection ( fig-1)

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This type of fuel injector is preferred as it is easy to maintain and is inexpensive.
Thus, it can easily be afforded by most of the people and can also be maintained
without any struggles. If you ever face any issues with these types of fuel injection
system, you just have to replace one injector which can easily be done.

1.3.2 Multi-Port Fuel Injection

The other types of fuel injection are that of multi-port fuel injection. As the name
suggests, this injection system has different ports for fuel injection. Each and every
cylinder in your vehicle gets a separate injection nozzle. The design of the multi-port
fuel injection allows the clean air to enter through the main manifold and then is
directed towards each of the cylinders.

Multi-port fuel injection. Fig-2

These types of fuel injection system help in maintaining the fuel-air ratio in the best
possible forms. Also, its design is so precisely made that it gets completely drawn in
the cylinder. You can expect higher accuracy with this type of fuel injector.

1.3.3 Sequential Fuel Injection

The sequential fuel injection is also known as timed injection and is a multi-port
injector. The different injectors available in this type of fuel injection works in groups
and thus deliver the fuel at the optimized time. This can be viewed very similar to
the multi-port fuel injection however, it is a whole lot different than that. These types

5
of fuel injection ensure the minimal wastage of fuel and thus increase the efficiency of
the vehicle.

One major advantage of the sequential fuel injection is that it is cleaner than the
other types of fuel injectors. As the fuel remains for a very short time inside the
injector, it remains clean. As a result of the same, they tend to last for a longer time.

1.3.4 Direct Injection

Coming to the last option of the different types of fuel injection, let us discuss the
direct injection process. This type of fuel injection is based on the simple phenomena
of inserting the fuel directly into the cylinders. These are the latest and the trending
way of injection which is being used by most of the famous and well-known
automobile brand names.

Direct injection fig-3

The fuel insertion is really accurate and thus it also helps in reducing the wastage of
fuel. Other than this, it requires very minimal maintenance and thus offers the

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maximum convenience to the users. You can get the desired performance from your
vehicle with the use of this fuel injector.

These are the different types of fuel injection that are popular in different vehicles.
You need to just choose the right one for you. Get a closer look at your vehicle and its
needs and thus you can select the right kind of fuel injection. Fuel injectors play a
crucial role in enhancing the performance of your vehicle, thus you should pay
attention while making the choice.

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 CHAPTER-2

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Herbert Akroyd Stuart developed the first device with a design similar to modern fuel
injection, using a 'jerk pump' to meter out fuel oil at high pressure to an injector. This
system was used on the hot-bulb engine and was adapted and improved
by Bosch and Clessie Cummins for use on diesel engines (Rudolf Diesel's original
system employed a cumbersome 'air-blast' system using highly compressed air. Fuel
injection was in widespread commercial use in diesel engines by the mid-1920s.

An early use of indirect gasoline injection dates back to 1902, when French aviation
engineer Leon Levavasseur installed it on his pioneering Antoinette 8V aircraft
powerplant, the first V8 engine of any type ever produced in any quantity.

Another early use of gasoline direct injection was on the Hesselman engine invented
by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925. Hesselman engines use the ultra lean-
burn principle; fuel is injected toward the end of the compression stroke, then ignited
with a spark plug. They are often started on gasoline and then switched to diesel or
kerosene.

Direct fuel injection was used in notable World War II aero-engines such as
the Junkers Jumo 210, the Daimler-Benz DB 601, the BMW 801, the Shvetsov ASh-
82FN (M-82FN). German direct injection petrol engines used injection systems
developed by Bosch from their diesel injection systems. Later versions of the Rolls-
Royce Merlin and Wright R-3350 used single point fuel injection, at the time called
"Pressure Carburettor". Due to the wartime relationship between Germany and Japan,
Mitsubishi also had two radial aircraft engines using fuel injection, the Mitsubishi
Kinsei and the Mitsubishi Kasei.

Alfa Romeo tested one of the first electronic injection systems (Caproni-Fuscaldo)
in Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 with "Ala spessa" body in 1940 Mille Miglia. The engine had
six electrically operated injectors and were fed by a semi-high-pressure circulating
fuel pump system.

2.1.1 Development in diesel engines

All diesel engines (with the exception of some tractors and scale model engines) have
fuel injected into the combustion chamber. See Diesel engine.

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2.1.2 Development in gasoline/petrol engines
Mechanical injection

An Antoinette mechanically fuel-injected V8 aviation engine of 1909, mounted in a preserved

Antoinette VII monoplane aircraft.
Fig-4

The invention of mechanical injection for gasoline-fueled aviation engines was by the
French inventor of the V8 engine configuration, Leon Levavasseur in
1902. Levavasseur designed the original Antoinette firm's series of V-form aircraft
engines, starting with the Antoinette 8V to be used by the aircraft the Antoinette firm
built that Levavasseur also designed, flown from 1906 to the firm's demise in 1910,
with the world's first V16 engine, using Levavasseur's port injection and producing
around 100 hp (75 kW; 101 PS) flying an Antoinette VII monoplane in 1907.

The first post-World War I example of direct gasoline injection was on the Hesselman
engineinvented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925. Hesselman engines
used the ultra-lean-burn principle and injected the fuel in the end of the compression
stroke and then ignited it with a spark plug, it was often started on gasoline and then
switched over to run on diesel or kerosene. The Hesselman engine was a low
compression design constructed to run on heavy fuel oils.

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 CHAPTER-3

3.1 MY PROJECT
Petrol vehicles uses device called carburetor for supplying the air fuel mixture erence
between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel by
forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor
relies on suction created by intake air accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw the
fuel into the airstream.

Fig-5

MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders, based on commands from the ‘on
board engine management system computer’ – popularly known as the Engine
Control Unit. These techniques result not only in better ‘power balance’ amongst the
cylinders but also in higher output from each one of them, along with faster throttle
response. Optimized ratio of air-fuel mixture is supplied to the combustion chamber
in varying driving conditions with the help of electronic fuel injection system. The

10
Multipoint Fuel Injection System consists of sensors which detect the engine
conditions, the engine control unit which controls the system based on signals from
these sensors, and actuators which operate under the control of the engine control
unit. The engine control unit carries out activities such as fuel injection control, idle
air control, and ignition timing control. In addition engine control unit, the is
equipped with a number of diagnostic test modes which simplify troubleshooting
when a problem develops. The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can
vary. All share the central task of supplying fuel to the combustion process, but it is a
design decision how a particular system is optimized.

3.2 System components

The process of determining the necessary amount of fuel, and its delivery into the
engine, are known as fuel metering. Early injection systems used mechanical methods
to meter fuel, while nearly all modern systems use electronic metering.

The primary factor used in determining the amount of fuel required by the engine is
the amount (by weight) of air that is being taken in by the engine for use in
combustion. Modern systems use a mass airflow sensor to send this information to
the engine control unit.

Data representing the amount of power output desired by the driver (sometimes
known as "engine load") is also used by the engine control unit in calculating the
amount of fuel required. A throttle position sensor (TPS) provides this information.
Other engine sensors used in EFI systems include a coolant temperature sensor, a
camshaft or crankshaft position sensor (some systems get the position information
from the distributor), and an oxygen sensor which is installed in the exhaust system so
that it can be used to determine how well the fuel has been combusted, therefore
allowing closed loop operation.

Fuel is transported from the fuel tank (via fuel lines) and pressurised using fuel pump.
Maintaining the correct fuel pressure is done by a fuel pressure regulator. Often a fuel
rail is used to divide the fuel supply into the required number of cylinders. The fuel
injector injects liquid fuel into the intake air (the location of the fuel injector varies
between systems).

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Unlike carburetor-based systems, where the float chamber provides a reservoir, fuel
injected systems depend on an uninterrupted flow of fuel. To avoid fuel
starvation when subject to lateral G-forces, vehicles are often provided with an anti-
surge vessel, usually integrated in the fuel tank, but sometimes as a separate, small
anti-surge tank.

Components of MPFI System:-

 Fuel Injectors

 Fuel tank

 Fuel Pump

 Wiring Harness

 Various Sensors ( LIMIT SWITCH )

 Crank/Cam
 Plywood

 Battery

3.2.1 Fuel injector

When signaled by the engine control unit the fuel injector opens and sprays the
pressurised fuel into the engine. The duration that the injector is open (called the pulse
width) is proportional to the amount of fuel delivered. Depending on the system
design, the timing of when injector opens is either relative each individual cylinder
(for a sequential fuel injection (SFI) system), or injectors for multiple cylinders may
be signalled to open at the same time (in a batch fire system).

Fig-6

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3.2.2 Fuel tank
A fuel tank (or petrol tank) is a safe container for flammable fluids. Though any
storage tank for fuel may be so called, the term is typically applied to part of an
engine system in which the fuel is stored and propelled (fuel pump) or released
(pressurized gas) into an engine.

Fig -7

Fuel tanks range in size and complexity from the small plastic tank of a butane lighter
to the multi-chambered cryogenic Space Shuttle external tank.

3.2.3 Fuel pump

A fuel pump is a frequently (but not always) essential component on a car or
other internal combustion engined device. Many engines (older motorcycle engines in
particular) do not require any fuel pump at all, requiring only gravity to feed fuel from
the fuel tank or under high pressure to the fuel injection system. Often, carbureted
engines use low pressure mechanical pumps that are mounted outside the fuel tank,
whereas fuel injected engines often use electric fuel pumps that are mounted inside
the fuel tank (and some fuel injected engines have two fuel pumps: one low

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pressure/high volume supply pump in the tank and one high pressure/low volume
pump on or near the engine).

Fig-8

Fuel pressure needs to be within certain specifications for the engine to run correctly.
If the fuel pressure is too high, the engine will run rough and rich, not combusting all
of the fuel being pumped making the engine inefficient and a pollutant. If the pressure
is too low, the engine may run lean, misfire, or stall.

3.2.4 Limit switch

In electrical engineering a limit switch is a switch operated by the motion of a
machine part or presence of an object.
They are used for controlling machinery as part of a control system, as a safety
interlocks, or to count objects passing a point. A limit switch is an electromechanical
device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked to a set of contacts. When an
object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the contacts to make
or break an electrical connection.

Limit switches are used in a variety of applications and environments because of their
ruggedness, ease of installation, and reliability of operation. They can determine the

14
presence or absence, passing, positioning, and end of travel of an object. They were
first used to define the limit of travel of an object; hence the name "Limit Switch".

Limit switch. fig-9

3.2.5 Crank/cam
A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in
transforming rotary motion into linear motion.[1][2] It is often a part of a rotating
wheel (e.g. an eccentric wheel) or shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular shape) that
strikes a lever at one or more points on its circular path. The cam can be a simple
tooth, as is used to deliver pulses of power to a steam hammer, for example, or an
eccentric disc or other shape that produces a smooth reciprocating (back and forth)
motion in the follower, which is a lever making contact with the cam.

Fig-10

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3.2.6 Plywood
Plywood is a sheet material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood
veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up
to 90 degrees to one another. It is an engineered wood from the family of
manufactured boards which includes medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and particle
board (chipboard).
All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets (cellulose cells are long, strong and
thin) to form a composite material. This alternation of the grain is called cross-
graining and has several important benefits: it reduces the tendency of wood to split
when nailed at the edges; it reduces expansion and shrinkage, providing improved
dimensional stability; and it makes the strength of the panel consistent across all
directions. There are usually an odd number of plies, so that the sheet is balanced—
this reduces warping. Because plywood is bonded with grains running against one
another and with an odd number of composite parts, it is very hard to bend it
perpendicular to the grain direction of the surface ply.

3.2.7 Battery
Battery is an essential part of robotics, because it is the part that define the working,
power, efficiency of robot.

Using Light weight , more power batteries make robot perform better, but also
increases the cost of battery

An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored

chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or
"voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, batteries have become a common power
source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate,
the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6%
annual growth.

16
 Fig-11

There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are
designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable
batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries come
in many sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to
battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone
exchanges and computer data centers.

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 CHAPTER-4

4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages

4.1.1 Advantages of multi point fuel injection (MPFI) system
 It increases fuel efficiency of the engine
 With MPFI system vehicle have less emissions
 Better atomization of fuel
 It encourages better utilization and distribution of fuel with in an engine
 Smooth operation of engine
 It reduces the difference in power, produced by each cylinder
 Better acceleration and deacceleration of engine
 In improves durability and functionality of engine
 It is reliable
 It improves cold start characteristics of the engine
 It reduces vibrations in the engine

4.1.2 Disadvantages of multi point fuel injection (MPFI) system

 There could be a case of misfiring sometimes
 Regular inspection of fuel injectors is required
 It is costly as compared to conventional systems
 Repairing of fuel injectors is not easy as compared to carburetor technology.
 This system usually have shorter life.
 If there will ECU failure the engine will seize.
 Possible vapor lock in the steel fuel lines above the engine, making it difficult to
start a hot engine.

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 CHAPTER-5

5.1 FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION

5.1.1 FUTURE SCOPE
There are many problems demanding further research and development works are
as follows:
1) Changing the engine operating parameters such as increase compression ratio,
high energy spark plugs, and changed carburetor system by larger cross-section
area of fuel nozzle.
2) Injection timing and atomization ratio, has been carried out in many studies on
IC engines, aiming to reduce emissions and performance better.
3) For proper working of methanol in vehicles, it is required to build corrosion
resistant tank both for vehicles and for distribution.
4) The concept of using methanol should not be taken as a thing of future as
Chinese economy is soon going to be a methanol economy.

5.1.2 CONCLUSION
The carburetor and fuel injection performance is mainly due to the amount of air
and gasoline that can enter into the engine cylinders. The cylinders contain the
pistons and combustion chambers where energy is released from the combustion
of gasoline. The carburetor and fuel injection system will both feed fuel and air
into the engine. It is fairly obvious that most automobiles will be changing to fuel
injection systems due to the lower emissions. Almost all vehicles in India are
changing to the mpfi because of law emissions, improved mileage and drivability
since the engine is controlled by micro computer more accurate amount of a/f
mixture will be supplied and as a result complete combustion will take place. This
leads to effective utilization of fuel supplied and hence low emission level. It
reduces wastage of fuel by the use of sensors and other control systems. The fuel
injection systems are the best as they will decrease vibration and help to overcome
steep grades that are traditional terrain for off-roading. One of the main issues is
that these systems are sophisticated and will cost much more than a carburetor.
The use of electrical component and custom cylinder head configuration makes

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the installation of multi-point injection system very complicated. Modern fuel
injectors can instantly detect things like temperature changes and how the car is
traveling in order to get the correct mixture of oxygen and fuel. These systems can
also deliver the fuel directly to each cylinder, increasing power and performance.
Overall, this system ensures that fuel is not wasted, which helped automakers
increase the fuel economy of their vehicles. It also cuts down on the amount of
emissions that a car generates, which became especially important as the
government began cracking down.

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 CHAPTER-6

6.1 COST OF PROJECT

S.NO NAME OF COMPONENET NO. COST

1 FUEL INJECTORS 4 2400
2 BATTERY 1 550
3 FUEL PUMP 1 1200
4 FUEL TANK 1 210
5 LIMIT SWITCH 4 600
6 CRANK/CAM 4 600
7 PLYWOOD(18*18) 1 250
8 T- FRAME 2 400
9 WELDING ------- 400
10 PAINT ------- 300
11 NUT & BOLT 12 80
GRAND TOTAL 6990

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