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Plastic Analysis in Frame Structures

The document discusses plastic analysis of frame structures. It assumes stress-strain curves are elastic-perfectly plastic, allowing sections to reach their full plastic moment capacity. Plastic analysis requires satisfying three conditions: 1) developing sufficient plastic hinges to form a mechanism, 2) satisfying static equilibrium, and 3) not exceeding section plastic moments. It defines different failure mechanisms like beam mechanisms, panel mechanisms, and joint mechanisms. Plastic load factors represent minimum load multiples causing structural mechanisms. Theorems state lower bound static analyses yield factors below the plastic collapse factor, while upper bound kinematic analyses produce factors above it.

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Piyush Singh
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404 views3 pages

Plastic Analysis in Frame Structures

The document discusses plastic analysis of frame structures. It assumes stress-strain curves are elastic-perfectly plastic, allowing sections to reach their full plastic moment capacity. Plastic analysis requires satisfying three conditions: 1) developing sufficient plastic hinges to form a mechanism, 2) satisfying static equilibrium, and 3) not exceeding section plastic moments. It defines different failure mechanisms like beam mechanisms, panel mechanisms, and joint mechanisms. Plastic load factors represent minimum load multiples causing structural mechanisms. Theorems state lower bound static analyses yield factors below the plastic collapse factor, while upper bound kinematic analyses produce factors above it.

Uploaded by

Piyush Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF FRAME STRUCTURES

Plastic analysis is based on the idealization of the stress-strain curve as elastic-perfectly-


plastic. It is further assumed that the width-thickness ratio of elements is small so that local
buckling does not occur, in other words the sections will classify as plastic. With these
assumptions, it can be said that the section will reach its plastic moment capacity and then
undergo considerable rotation at this moment.

Fundamental conditions for plastic analysis


1) Mechanism condition: The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a mechanism
is formed. The number of plastic hinges developed should be just sufficient to form a
mechanism.
2) Equilibrium condition: ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0, ΣM = 0
3) Plastic moment condition: The bending moment at any section of the structure
should not be more than the fully plastic moment of the section.

Collapse mechanisms
When a system of loads is applied to an elastic body, it will deform and will show a resistance
against deformation. Such a body is known as a structure. On the other hand if no resistance
is set up against deformation in the body, then it is known as a mechanism. Various types of
independent mechanisms are identified to enable prediction of possible failure modes of a
structure.

Beam mechanism: Below figure shows a simply supported and a fixed beam and the
corresponding mechanisms.

Panel or Sway mechanism: Figure (A) below shows a panel or sway mechanism for a portal
frame fixed at both ends.

Gable mechanism: Figure (B) shows the gable mechanism for a gable structure fixed at both
the supports.

Joint mechanism: Figure (C) shows a joint mechanism. It occurs at a joint where more than
two structural members meet.
Combined mechanism: Various combinations of independent mechanisms can be made
depending upon whether the frame is made of strong beam and weak column combination or
strong column and weak beam combination. The one shown in below figure is a combination
of a beam and sway mechanism. Failure is triggered by formation of hinges at the bases of the
columns and the weak beam developing two hinges. This is illustrated by the right hinge
being shown on the beam, in a position slightly away from the joint.

The number of hinges needed to form a mechanism equals the statical redundancy of the
structure plus one.

Plastic Load Factor and Theorems of Plastic Collapse:


The plastic load factor at rigid plastic collapse p is defined as the lowest multiple of the
design loads which will cause the whole structure, or any part of it to become a mechanism.
As the plastic deformations at collapse are considerably larger than elastic ones, it is assumed
that the frame remains rigid between supports and hinge positions i.e. all plastic rotation
occurs at the plastic hinges. That is, when mechanism forms, the structure displaces like a
rigid structure.
In a limit state approach, the designer is seeking to ensure that at the appropriate factored
loads the structure will not fail. Thus the rigid plastic load factor p must not be less than
unity.
The number of independent mechanisms (n) is related to the number of possible plastic hinge
locations (h) and the number of degree of redundancy (r) of the frame by the equation.
n=h–r

Lower bound or Static theorem:


A load factor s computed on the basis of an arbitrarily assumed bending moment diagram
which is in equilibrium with the applied loads and where the fully plastic moment of
resistance is nowhere exceeded will always be less than or at best equal to the load factor at
rigid plastic collapse p. In other words, p is the highest value of s which can be found.

Upper bound or Kinematic theorem:


A load factor k computed on the basis of an arbitrarily assumed mechanism will always be
greater than, or at best equal to the load factor at rigid plastic collapse p. In other words, p is
the lowest value of k which can be found.

Uniqueness theorem
If both the above criteria are satisfied, then the resulting load factor corresponds to its value at
rigid plastic collapse p.

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