LACHOO MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY (AUTONOMOUS) JODHPUR

PROJECT REPORT ON:-

4- BIT BINARY COUNTER USING IC 7476

Submitted to :- Submitted by:-

Dr. DHIRAJ SAXENA RITESH JOSHI

ASISTANT PROFESSSOR ROLL NO:- 151505042

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS BSC ELECTRONICS

 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “4-BIT BINARY COUNTER
USING IC 7476” is the bonafide work of “RITESH JOSHI”
ROLL NO “151505042” who carried out the project work under
my supervision in partial fulfillment for the award of Bechelor
of Science in Electronics affiliated from Jai Narain Vyas
University, Jodhpur

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
DR. DESH RAJ SHARMA DR. DHIRAJ SAXENA
HOD:-PHYSICS & ELECTRONICS ASISTANT PROFESSOR
LMCST, JODHPUR LMCST, JODHPR

Internal Examiner _________________

External Examiner _________________

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Every Project report is a synthesis of student’s hard work and the guidance
received by the virtue of their senoior’s experience. Thus the acknowledgement
helps the students to express their deep-hearted gratitude towards those who
have contributed to their success by the able guidance and [Link] have
no words to express our deep sense of gratitude to PROF . DR. DESH RAJ
SHARMA(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) whose unreserved help,
encouragement and deep insight have enabled me to complete this project.
We are thankfulto Asst. Prof. DR. DHIRAJ SAXENA and Asst. Prof.
JASWANT SINGH GOUR for their guidance, proper feedback and
encouragement to perform this analytical activity.
I would sincerely like to thanks Mr. GAJENDRA SINGH and
[Link] for his guidance and support provided to us in successful
completion of our project.
It would be very unfair of me if we do not express our thanks to our friends,
relatives and well –wishers who have made invaluable contribution to our work.
Our family needs special mention, as it was a regular source of guidance and
inspiration.

RITESH JOSHI
151505042
[Link] ELECTRONICS
4-BIT BINARY COUNTER:-
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. LIST OF ITEMS USED
3. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
3.1. IC 7476
3.2. LED
3.3. SWITCH
3.4. RESISTANCE
3.5. PCB
4. 4-BIT BINARY COUNTER
4.1. CONSTRUCTION
4.2. WORKING
5. CONCLUSION
6. REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION:-
A clocked sequential circuit consists of a group of flip‐flops and combinational
gates. The flip‐flops are essential because, in their absence, the circuit reduces to
a purely combinational circuit (provided that there is no feedback among the
gates). A circuit with flip‐flops is
considered a sequential circuit even in the absence of combinational gates.
Circuits that include flip‐flops are usually classified by the function they
perform rather than by the name of the sequential circuit. Two such circuits are
registers and counters.
A register is a group of flip‐flops, each one of which shares a common clock
and is capable of storing one bit of information. An n ‐bit register consists of a
group of n flip‐flops capable of storing n bits of binary information. In addition
to the flip‐flops, a register may have combinational gates that perform certain
data‐processing tasks. In its broadest definition, a register consists of a group of
flip‐flops together with gates that affect their operation. The flip‐flops hold the
binary information, and the gates determine how the information is transferred
into the register.
A counter is essentially a register that goes through a predetermined sequence of
binary states. The gates in the counter are connected in such a way as to produce
the prescribed sequence of states. Although counters are a special type of
register, it is common to differentiate them by giving them a different name.
Various types of registers are available commercially. The simplest register is
one that consists of only flip‐flops, without any gates. Figure 6.1 shows such a
register constructed with four D ‐type flip‐flops to form a four‐bit data storage
register. The common clock input triggers all flip‐flops on the positive edge of
each pulse, and the binary data available at the four inputs are transferred into
the register. The value of ( I 3 , I 2 , I 1 , I 0 ) immediately before the clock edge
determines the value of ( Q 3 , Q 2 , Q 1 , Q 0 ) after the clock edge. The
fouroutputs can be sampled at any time to obtain the binary information stored
in the register. The input Clear_b goes to the active‐low R (reset) input of all
four flip‐flops. When this input goes to 0, all flip‐flops are reset asynchronously.
The Clear_b input is useful for clearing the register to all 0’s prior to its clocked
operation. The R inputs must be maintained at logic 1 (i.e., de-asserted) during
normal clocked operation. Note that, depending on the flip‐flop, either Clear,
Clear_b, reset, or reset_b can be used to indicate the transfer of the
register to an all 0’s state
2. LIST OF COMPONENTS AND ITEMS:-

S.N NAME QUANTITY

1. WOODEN BOARD 1
2. 7476 IC 2
3. IC HOLDER 2
4. PUSH TO ON SWITCH 1
5. LEDs 4
6. 220KΩ RESISTANCE 4
7. PCB 1
8. STRIP WIRES -

3. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED IN THIS

PROJECTS:-
3.1 IC 7476
3.2 LED
3.3 SWITCH
3.4 RESISTANCE
3.5 PCB
3.1 IC 7476:-
The SN74LS76A offers individual J, K, Clock Pulse, Direct Set and Direct Clear
inputs. These dual flip-flops are designed so that when the clock goes HIGH, the
inputs are enabled and data will be accepted. The Logic Level of the J and K
inputs will perform according to the Truth Table as long as minimum set-up
times are observed. Input data is transferred to the outputs on the HIGH-to-LOW
clock transitions

Both outputs will be HIGH while both SD and CD are LOW, but the output
states are unpredictable if SD and CD go HIGH simultaneously.
H, h = HIGH Voltage Level
L, I = LOW Voltage Level
X = Immaterial
l, h (q) = Lower case letters indicate the state of the referenced input
i, h (q) = (or output) one setup time prior to the HIGH–to–LOW clock transition
INTERNAL DIAGRAM OF IC 7476
3.2 LED:-
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light
when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright,
but in most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The
output from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700
nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared
(IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a device is known as an infrared-
emitting diode (IRED).

3.3 SWITCH:-
PUSH TO ON
3.4 RESISTANCE:-
Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of
electric current. It is represented by the uppercase letter R. The standard unit of
resistance is the ohm, sometimes written out as a word, and sometimes
symbolized by the uppercase Greek letter omega:

When an electric current of one ampere passes through a component across

which a potential difference (voltage) of one volt exists, then the resistance of
that component is one ohm. (For more discussion of the relationship among
current, resistance and voltage, see Ohm's law.)
3.5 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD(PCB):-
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components or electrical components
using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet
layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-
conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both
electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They
are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both
once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay
out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Specialized
CAD software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing
circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as
components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs
can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout only has to be done once.
PCBs can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits.
4. 4-BIT BINARY COUNTER:-
4.1 CONSTRUCTION:-
JK-FIip-FIop:
The JK flip-flop augments the behavior of the SR flip-flop (J = Set, K = Reset)
by interpreting the S = R = 1 condition as a “flip“ or toggle command.
Specifically, the combination J = 1, K = 0 is a command to set the flip-flop; the
combination J = 0, K = 1 is a command to reset the flip-flop; and the
combination J = K = 1 is a command to toggle the flip-flop, i.e., change
its output to the logical complement of its current value.

Fig. JK Flip Flop using IC 7476(Power connection, ground

connection, the above are two JK Flip-Flops in a single IC)

Truth table:
Inputs Outputs
Preset Clear Clock J K Q
0 0 x x x 1 1
0 1 x x x 1 0
1 0 x x x 0 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 Toogle state
1 1 0 x x Q
Symbol:
4.2 WORKING:-

A register that goes through a prescribed sequence of states upon the application
of input pulses is called a counter. The input pulses may be clock pulses, or they
may originate from some external source and may occur at a fixed interval of
time or at random. The sequence of states may follow the binary number
sequence or any other sequence of states. A counter that follows the binary
number sequence is called binary counter. An n‐bit binary counter consists of n
flip‐flops and can count in binary from 0 through 2n - 1.
Counters are available in two categories: ripple counters and synchronous
counters.
Counters are available in two categories: ripple counters and synchronous
counters. In a ripple counter, a flip‐flop output transition serves as a source for
triggering other flip‐flops. In other words, the C input of some or all flip‐flops
are triggered, not by the common clock pulses, but rather by the transition that
occurs in other flip‐flop outputs. In a synchronous counter, the C inputs of all
flip‐flops receive the common clock. Synchronous counters are presented in the
next two sections. Here, we present the binary and BCD ripple counters and
explain their operation

To understand the operation of the four‐bit binary ripple counter, refer to the
first
nine binary numbers listed in Table . The count starts with binary 0 and
increments by 1 with each count pulse input. After the count of 15, the counter
goes back to 0 to repeat the count. The least significant bit, Q0, is complemented
with each count pulse input. Every time that Q0 goes from 1 to 0, it
complements Q1. Every time that Q1 goes from 1 to 0, it complements Q2.
Every time that A2 goes from 1 to 0, it complements Q3, and so on for any other
higher order bits of a ripple counter. For example, consider the transition from
count 0011 to 0100. Q0 is complemented with the count pulse. Since Q0 goes
from 1 to 0, it triggers Q1 and complements it. As a result, Q1 goes from 1 to 0,
which in turn complements Q2, changing it from 0 to 1. Q2 does not trigger Q3,
because Q2
produces a positive transition and the flip‐flop responds only to negative
[Link], the count from 0011 to 0100 is achieved by changing the bits
one at a time, so the count goes from 0011 to 0010, then to 0000, and finally to
0100. The flip‐flops change one at a time in succession, and the signal
propagates through the counter in a ripple fashion from one stage to the next.
4 BIT BINARY COUNTER USING J-K FLIP FLOP:-

TRUTH TABLE OF COUNTER:-

S.N Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
10 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1
12 1 1 0 0
13 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 0
15 1 1 1 1
 5. CONCLUSION:-
Counter found their applications in many digital electronic devices. Some of
their applications are listed below.

 Frequency counters
 Digital clocks
 Analog to digital convertors.
 With some changes in their design, counters can be used as frequency divider
circuits. The frequency divider circuit is that which divides the input frequency
exactly by ‘2’.
 In time measurement. That means calculating time in timers such as electronic
devices like ovens and washing machines.
 We can design digital triangular wave generator by using counters.

There are many other type of counters rather than synchronous and
asynchronous counters, such as Decade counter, Binary counter, Ring counter,
Johnson counter, Up / Down counter etc.
[Link]:-

1. M. Morris Mano: Digital Design, 4 th Ed., Pearson, 1993.

2. A.P. Malvino and D.P. Leach: Digital Principle and Applications 4 th Ed.
TMH, 1991
3. Website:- [Link]
4. Website:- [Link]
5. Webiste:- [Link]