HYDRAULICS
JEJOMAR DUQUE, CE
HYDRAULICS
I. VENTURI METER
II. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
III. HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES
II. HYDRAULICS
VENTURI METER (Giovanni Battista Venturi)
Are used to measure the rate of flow of pipes.
Bernoulli’s energy equation is utilized in the
analysis of venture meters.
II. HYDRAULICS
VENTURI METER (Giovanni Battista Venturi)
TYPES
Piezometer
Manometer
1. Piezometer Type 2. Manometer Type
II. HYDRAULICS
VENTURI METER
VENTURI EFFECT
Is the reduction in fluid pressure that results
when a fluid flows through a constricted section
of pipe.
∆𝒉
𝑸
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
II. HYDRAULICS
VENTURI METER
METER COEFFICIENT
𝑸𝒂
𝑪=
𝑸𝒕
Where: 𝑸𝒂 = actual discharge
𝑸𝒕 = theoretical discharge
Note:
• Theoretical values are obtained by neglecting
losses in the venture meter.
• Actual values are obtained by considering
losses in the venture meter.
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
CLASSIFICATION IF FLUID FLOW BASED ON SPACE
COORDINATE AND TIME
1. Three dimensional flow
Ex. Flow in a washing machine
2. Two dimensional flow
Ex. Flow over a weir
3. One dimensional flow
Ex. Flow on pipes
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
CLASSIFICATION IF FLUID FLOW BASED ON THE
EFFECT OF VISCOSITY
1. VISCOUS FLOW
2. INVISCID FLOW - Viscosity is negligible
TYPES OF VISCOUS FLOW
1. LAMINAR FLOW – negligible mixing of fluid
particles (the motion is smooth & noiseless)
2. TURBULENT FLOW – there is mixing of fluid
particles (the motion is random & irregular)
3. TRANSITION REGION
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
REYNOLD’S NUMBER
𝑽𝑫
𝑹𝒆 =
𝝊
Where: 𝑽 = average velocity of flow
𝑫 = hydraulic diameter of the conduit
𝝂 = kinematic viscosity
TYPE LAMINAR TRANSITION TURBULENT
𝑹𝒆 𝑹𝒆 < 𝑹𝒆 (𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕) 𝑹𝒆 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕 − 𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒆 > 𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍, 𝑹𝒆 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕 = 𝟐, 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍, 𝑹𝒆 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
FRICTIONAL HEAD LOSSES
(Darcy-Weishback)
𝒇𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝑫 𝟐𝒈
Where: 𝒇 = Darcy’s friction factor
𝑫 = hydraulic diameter of the conduit
𝑳 = length of conduit
𝑽 = average velocity of flow
𝒈 = constant gravitational acceleration
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
HYDRAULIC DIAMETER
𝑫 = 𝟒𝑹
𝑨
𝑨
𝑹=
𝑷
Where: 𝑹 = hydraulic radius
𝑨 = area of flow
𝑷 = wetted perimeter
Note: 𝑫 = diameter of a circular pipe
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
LAMINAR FLOW IN PIPES
1. VELOCITY OF FLOW
𝑽𝒓𝒐 PARABOLIC CURVE
𝒓
𝒓𝒐
𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟐𝑽
𝒓𝟐𝒐 𝑽 = average velocity of flow
𝑽𝒓𝒐 = 𝑽𝒄 𝟏− 𝟐
𝒓
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
LAMINAR FLOW IN PIPES
2. FRICTION FACTOR
𝟔𝟒
𝒇=
𝑹𝒆
3. HEAD LOSS
𝟑𝟐𝝁𝑳𝑽
𝒉𝒇 = (Hagen-Poiseuille equation)
𝜸𝑫𝟐
Where: 𝝁 = absolute viscosity
𝜸 = unit weight of fluid
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES
1. VELOCITY OF FLOW
𝑽𝒓𝒐 LOGARITHMIC
𝒓
𝒓𝒐 CURVE
𝑽𝑪
𝒓
𝑽𝒓𝒐 = 𝑽𝒄 − 𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝑽∗ log 𝑽𝒄 = 𝑽 𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝒇
𝒓 − 𝒓𝒐
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
TURBULENT FLOW IN PIPES
2. FRICTION FACTOR
Blasius Formula (smooth tubes)
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟗
𝒇= 𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 < 𝑹𝒆 < 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑹𝒆
Colebrook Equation
𝟏 𝝐 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔
= −𝟒𝒍𝒐𝒈 + 𝑹𝒆 > 𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒇 𝟑. 𝟕𝑫 𝑹𝒆 𝒇
𝝐 = 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 (𝑴𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕)
II. HYDRAULICS
FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
SHEAR STRESS AT THE WALL
𝝉𝒘
𝑽𝑬𝑳𝑶𝑪𝑰𝑻𝒀 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑭𝑰𝑳𝑬 𝑺𝑯𝑬𝑨𝑹 𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑭𝑰𝑳𝑬
SHEAR VELOCITY
𝒇𝝆𝑽𝟐
𝝉𝒘 = 𝝉𝒘 𝒇
𝟖 𝑽∗ = 𝑽∗ =
𝝆 𝟖
II. HYDRAULICS
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES
𝒉𝑳 = 𝒉𝒇 + 𝒉𝒆
Where: 𝒉𝒇 = major (friction) head loss
𝒉𝒆 = minor (local) head loss
𝒉𝑳 = total head loss
II. HYDRAULICS
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES
MAJOR HEAD LOSS
1. Darcy-Weishback
𝒇𝑳 𝑽𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔𝒇𝑳𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 =
𝑫 𝟐𝒈 𝑫𝟓
2. Manning’s formula
𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑽𝟐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝒏𝟐 𝑳𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒉𝒇 =
𝑫𝟒/𝟑 𝑫𝟏𝟔/𝟑
3. Hazen-Williams formula
𝟔. 𝟖𝑳𝑽𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝟏.𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒉𝒇 = 𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝟒.𝟖𝟕
𝑪 𝑫 𝑪 𝑫
II. HYDRAULICS
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES
MAJOR HEAD LOSS
Note: 𝑨𝒍𝒍 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝒎𝒖𝒔𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎.
Where: 𝒇 = Darcy’s friction factor
𝒏 = Manning’s roughness coefficient
𝑪 = Hazen-Williams Coefficient
𝑳 = pipe length (in meters)
𝑫 = pipe diameter (in meters)
𝑽 = velocity of flow (in m/s)
𝑸 = flow (in 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔)
II. HYDRAULICS
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES
MINOR HEAD LOSS
𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒆 = 𝑲𝒆
𝟐𝒈
Where: 𝑲𝒆 = minor loss coefficient
𝑽 = velocity of flow (in m/s)
II. HYDRAULICS
HEAD LOSSES IN PIPES
MINOR HEAD LOSS
ABRUPT EXPANSION OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑨𝟏
𝒉𝒆 = 𝑲𝒆 𝑲𝒆 = 𝟏 −
𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝟐
𝟐
𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒆 =
𝟐𝒈
