2.

1 Understanding Rational Functions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
a. recall the concepts of functions.
b. represent real life situations using rational functions.
c. appreciate the importance of rational functions in real life situation.

ACTIVITY
“Transform Me”
Directions: Read, understand, analyze and express the given problem into a mathematical statement.
Shiela can sew 30 shirts in 4 hours while Hazel can do the same job in 5 hours. How long will it take them to
finish the same job if they work together?

ANALYSIS
1. How did you find the activity?
2. What is the probable job of both Shiela and Hazel?
3. How many hours Shiela will take to sew 30 shirts?
4. How about Hazel?
5. Give the Mathematical sentence to determine how long it will take them to finish the same job if they work
together. Explain.

ABSTRACTION
1. Is the equation formed a rational function? Why?
2. What is a rational function?
Rational functions are functions which are expressed in ratio of two polynomials function
A rational function f(x) is a function of form
g(x) ,
f(x)= h(x)
APPLICATION
A. Determine whether the given expression is a rational
expression or not. (pairing)
1. 5x 4. 2-x-x²
3 2x-9
2. 4x-1 5. 1
2 x-½
3. X²-2x-15
3-x
B. Express the following statement in rational functions.
1. Oasis Tanza charges P3500 in a two day stay, then P1500
for each day stay there. Express this situation in rational
expression if you total stay there 5 days in a week?
Let x is be the amount of charge in pesos

2. Suppose one painter can paint the entire house in twelve

ASSESSMENT
Express the following statement in rational functions.
1. Ethan takes 15 minutes and Jake takes 60 minutes for the
newspaper distribution in their assigned area. Express the
rate of work done by two men.

2. Annie can do a job in 4 days and her assistant, Andrew can

ASSIGNMENT
Study rational function, rational equation and rational inequality.
2.2 Rational function, rational equation and rational inequality

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
a. recall the concepts involving equation , inequalities and rational functions;
b. distinguish rational function, rational equation and rational inequality; and
c. actively participate in group and individual activities.

ACTIVITY
Direction: Describe, illustrate on the board, or tell something about the following terms flashed on the screen.
1. Function
2. Equation
3. Inequalities
4. Linear equation
5. Quadratic equation
6. Rational expression
7. Rational function
“ PAIR- COMPARE”
The students will be paired with their seatmate. They will identify if their comparison is =, < or > according to
the following conditions. They must be able to recite, for example, “ Patrick’s age is less than Ana’s age”
Direction: Compare according to your :
1. age 4. number of siblings
2. height 5. grade level
3. weight

ANALYSIS
1. How will you know if an expression is rational?
2. From the activity that we conduct, distinguish equation from inequality.
3. What is the distinction of rational function from rational equation?
4. What about the distinction of rational equation and rational inequality?
5. Give examples of rational function? rational equation ? and rational inequality?

ABSTRACTION
Recall that rational function f(x) is a function of the form
f(x) = g(x) , h(x) ≠0
h(x)
where g(x) and h(x) are polynomials. It is assumed that g(x) and h(x) have no factor in common.

Previously, we have encountered different kinds of equation. In the succeeding lesson, we shall learn another
type of equation called rational equation. Rational equations are equations containing rational terms, either in
the numerator or denominator or denominator, or both.

Whereas rational inequalities are inequalities containing rational terms, either in the numerator or
denominator, or both.

APPLICATION
Direction: Identify whether the following expressions are rational equations, rational functions, or rational
inequality.
2( x  3)
1. y 
x3
1 7x  9
2. 
x 2x  4
4 x3  x 2  2 x  6
3. 0
x2
4x  2
4. f ( x) 
3x  1
5x  7
5. x 2   x 1
9 x

ASSESSMENT
Direction: Distinguish the rational function, rational equation and rational inequality on the following given
expression below.
x
1. y 
1  3x
7 x  12 2
2. 
4x  3 5
18 2x 6
3.  
x  3x x  3 x
2

4 x  9  ( x  2)
4. 0
2x  4

Rational Function Rational Equation Rational Inequality

ASSIGNMENT
Solve each of the following equations.

1. 3(x -2) = 15
2. 3x+7 = 2x -2
3. 1 – 12x = 7(1-2x)

2.3 SOLVING RATIONAL EQUATIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Find the LCD/LCM of a given set of expressions.
2. solve rational equations.

ACTIVITY
GEAR UP:
Find the LCD/LCM of each of the following.
1. { 24, 8, 12, 6}
2. {4p, 12p2, 6pq, 3pq3}
3. {x2 + x -2, x - 1, x +2}
4. { n - 3, n + 3, (n - 3)2}
5. {2, x2 , 4xy2, 9x3y2}

ANALYSIS
Question:
1. What is the LCM?
2. How do you find the LCM?
ABSTRACTION
Solve for x in each of the following rational equations.
1. 7x + 12 = 12
4x + 3 5
2. 2x + 6 = x + 3
x–5 x-1
3. 2x + 6 = x + 3
x -5 x-1
4. 4x + 2 + 3 = __21___
x+4 x x2 + 4x
5. 1 = 8____ - 2___
2x + 10 x2 – 25 x–5

APPLICATION
Solve for x in each of the following rational equations.
1. 7x + 12 = 12
 4x + 3 5
2. 2x + 6 = x + 3
x–5 x-1
3. 2x + 6 = x + 3
x -5 x-1
4. 4x + 2 + 3 = __21___
x+4 x x2 + 4x
5. 1 = 8____ - 2___
2x + 10 x2 – 25 x-5

ASSESSMENT
Find the solution to the following rational equations.
1. 1 = __2_
x 3x – 1
2. x – 2 = 1
2x + 4 5
3. _3__ - 2_ = 1__
X + 1 x -1 x2 – 1

ASSIGNMENT
Find the solution to the following rational equations.
1. _3__ = ___9_____
x+1 x2 - 3x - 4
2. 2x – 5 - 3___ = 0
x+1 x2 + x
3. 3 - ___x + 2 __ = 2x___
2x2 – 3x – 2 2x + 1 10 - 5x

2.4 Equations and Graphs of Rational Functions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. construct table of values as aid in drawing the graph of a given rational function.
2. represent a rational function through its: (a) table of values, (b) graph and (c) equation.
3. actively participate in the discussion and activities.

ACTIVITY
Directions: This is a group activity. Sketch the graph of each given function f(x)using table of values obtained
from the equation of the function. Determine also the vertical and/or horizontal asymptotes.

9𝑥 + 2
1. f(x)= (for group 1)
3𝑥 + 12
3𝑥 + 5
2. f(x) = (for group 1)
3𝑥−10
𝑥− 2
3. f(x) = (for group 1)
3𝑥−1
5𝑥− 2
4. f(x) = 2𝑥 + 2(for group 1)

ANALYSIS
1. How did you find the activity?
2. What have you noticed about the behavior of the graphs of the rational functions?
3. How about the asymptotes?

ABSTRACTION
Then, What can we conclude?
We need to follow certain steps in sketching the graph of rational functions and as follows:
1. Find the equation of the vertical asymptote by letting the denominator equal to zero.
2. Sketch the vertical asymptote. Dash lines may be used to draw asymptotes.
 3. Find the horizontal asymptote, if there is any, by equating the numerator to zero. Always consider the
three cases in finding the horizontal asymptotes.
4. Find the x – intercept and the y – intercept.
Make a table of values to determine the behavior of the graph near the vertical asymptotes and horizontal
asymptotes, as well as the intercepts. Plot some additional points. Complete the sketch by connecting points
with a smooth continuous curve over each interval in the domain of rational functions.

APPLICATION
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
Following the steps, sketch the graph of f(x) = 𝑥−3

ASSESSMENT
Sketch the graph of the following:
𝑥−1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
2𝑥+1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3

ASSIGNMENT
Sketch the graph of the given function and determine its domain and range:
𝑥 2 −1
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2

2.5 Domain and Range of a Rational Function

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

ACTIVITY
I. Find the value of x that will make the denominator equal to zero or which make the functions
undefined.
1. f(x) = 1/x
2. f(x) = 1/(4 – x2)
3. f(x) = x/(x2 – 2)
4. f(x) = (x + 2)/(x – 1)
5. f(x) = (x2 + x – 3)/(x2 + x - 12)
II. Complete the table using the f(x) = 1/x, and discuss the behavior of f near any excluded x-values.

X -1 - 0.5 - 0.1 - 0.01 - 0.001 →0

X 0← 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.5 1

Note that as x approaches 0 from the left, f(x) decreases without bound. In contrast, as x approaches 0 from
the right, f(x) increases without bound.
ANALYSIS
1. How did you find the activity?
2. What did you do in order to find the value of x that will make the denominator equal to zero? Did you
find it easy to do?
3. What other methods you use in order to find the values of x that will make the equation zero?
4. What are your observation upon filling up the table?
5. Does the value of f(x) increases or decreases when the value of x decreases or increases?

ABSTRACTION

Domain of Rational Functions

The domain of a rational function are all real numbers x, except those which the denominator is zero.

APPLICATION

By pair:
1. Find the domain and range of f(x) = 1/(x - 1) and discuss the behavior of f near excluded x-values.
2. Find the domain and range of f(x) = (2x + 1)/(x + 1) and discuss the behavior of f near excluded x-values.
3. Find the domain and range of f(x) = 2/(x - 1)2 and discuss the behavior of f near excluded x-values.
ASSESSMENT
Determine the domain and range of the following rational functions.
1. f(x) = (x – 1)/x
2. f(x) = (2x + 1)/(x + 1)
3. f(x) = x/(x2 – 3x – 18) , discuss the behavior of f near excluded x-values.

ASSIGNMENT
Find the domain of f(x) and discuss the behavior of f near excluded x-values.
1. 1/(2x -9)(x + 1)
2. x/(x – 2)(3x – 1)(4x + 2)