FLUID PROJECT
ORIFICE AND JET APPARATUS
GROUP MEMBERS:
SAMEER KHAN | 71-B
SARFARAZ M | 73-B
HASHIR KHATTAK | 66-B
INAMULLAH | 67-B
FARMANULLAH | 60-B
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment was to compare
two different shapes of orifices with the same
area and for a specific head find the Cc, Cv, Cd.
PAGE 1
DEFINITIONS:
1. ORIFICE:
An orifice is any opening, mouth, hole or vent, as in a pipe or a plate.
2. COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE (CD):
In a nozzle or other constriction, the coefficient of discharge is the ratio of the actual
discharge to the theoretical discharge.
3. COEFFICENT OF CONTRACTION (CC):
Coefficient of contraction is defined as the proportion between the areas of the stream at
the vena-contracta to the area of the orifice
4. COEFFICENT OF VELOCITY (CV):
The ratio of actual velocity of the jet, at vena-contracta, to the theoretical velocity.
PAGE 2
APPARATUS:
1. CONSTANT HEAD INLET TANK
2. CIRCULAR AND SQUARE ORIFICE
3. HYDRAULIC BENCH
4. CLIPBOARD WITH A3 SIZE PAPER AND NEEDLES
5. STOPWATCH
PROCEDURE:
Firstly, adjust the adjustable overflow accordingly.
Note the reading of adjustable overflow as 'ho
Then start the flow, the head tank will fill up till adjustable overflow (Static Head
Water will come out from orifice.
Screw up the needles according to the projection of the flow of water.
Mark the points of top of needle accurately by pencil on A3 size paper sheet
Collect water and measure its time taken to fill up till certain volume in volumetric tank of
hydraulic bench and stopwatch
Remove the paper and measure x and y distances horizontally and vertically as reference
to first point
Plot y on x axis and x^2 on y axis in Microsoft Excel and calculate the slope for Cv
Similarity the Volume/Time taken will be used for Cd.
Note that for this experiment two (circular and square) orifices are used
First do the experiment with circular orifice and then repeat the same steps for square
orifice
The readings are recorded in a table.
PAGE 3
CONSTRUCTION OF SQUARE ORIFICE:
PAGE 4
ORIFICES :
DIMENSIONS OF ORIFICE:
1. CIRCULAR ORIFICE:
Diameter= 10 mm
Area= (pi*D^2)/4
Area= 78.540 mm^2
2. SQUARE ORIFICE
Length of one side=8.86mm which was rounded to 9 mm
Area= 9^2 = 81 mm^2
Difference is 3mm^2 approx. (very less)
PAGE 5
CALCULATIONS:
Circular and then square
S.no N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 H0(cm) Vol(ml) Time(s)
X 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 25.0 2000 19.68
Y 0 1.2 3.0 5.0 7.4 10.2 14.3 25.0 2000 19.68
X^2 0 25 100 225 400 625 900 25.0 2000 19.68
S.no N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 H0(cm) Vol(ml) time
X 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 25.0 2000 15.90
Y 0 1.4 3.2 5.1 7.6 10.6 14.5 25.0 2000 15.90
X^2 0 25 100 225 400 625 900 25.0 2000 15.90
PAGE 6
GRAPH FOR CIRCULAR ORIFICE:
x^2/y
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 1.4 3.2 5.2 7.6 10.6 14.5
-200
Cv=(x^2/(4*y*h)) ^0.5
X^2/Y=m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
(625-25)/(10.6-1.4)=65.21
(65.21/4*25) ^0.5= 0.8076
Cv=0.8076
Cd=Qact/Qthe
Qact=vol/time
Qact=0.002/19.68=1.0163*10^ -4
Qthe=Area*(2*g*h) ^0.5
Qthe=(7.854*10^-5)*(2*9.81*0.25) ^0.5
Qthe=0.0001734
PAGE 7
Cd=101.626/1739.444
Cd=0.58
Cc:
Cc=Cd/Cv
Cc=0.718
GRAPH FOR SQUARE ORIFICE
x^2/y
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 1.4 3.2 5.2 7.6 10.6 14.5
-200
Cv=(x^2/(4*y*h)) ^0.5
X^2/Y=m=(y2-y1)/(x2-x1)
(625-25)/(10.6-1.4)=65.21
(65.21/4*25) ^0.5= 0.8076
Cv=0.8076
PAGE 8
Cd=Qact/Qthe
Qact=vol/time
Qact=0.002/15.90=1.258*10^ -4
Qthe=Area*(2*g*h) ^0.5
Qthe=(8.1*10^-5)*(2*9.81*0.25) ^0.5
Qthe=0.0001794
Cd=1.258*10^ -4/0.0001794
Cd=0.701
Cc:
Cc=Cd/Cv
Cc=0.868
CONCLUSION:
GRAPHS OF BOTH ORIFICES ARE ALMOST THE SAME SO BOTH BEHAVE SIMILARLY
ERRORS IN EXPERIMENT:
SMALL LEAKAGE FROM ORIFICE
Small difference in areas might also be responsible for errors
PAGE 9
