• Offshore Technology Overview
• Design Elements for Offshore Structures
Waves, Wind, Currents, Ice, Seabed, Behavior of Structures, Concept
Selection,
• Fixed Platforms
Main Functions; Types (Fixed Steel; Gravity Based; Caisson; Jack up); Design
Considerations and Safety
• Floating Systems
Dry Tree (TLP, SPAR...) and Wet Tree (FPSO, SemiSub) Mooring Systems;
Risers;
• Subsea Systems
Installation & Completions; Offshore Pipelines; Logistics & Supply
• Offshore Drilling
spare, review, prepare
Offshore Platform Design
Design Loads and Forces
• Wind forces
• Wave forces
• Current forces
• Dead load
• Live load
• Impact
• Other forces
• Deck floor loads
Metocean (meteorologic/oceanografic) parameters
Metocean (meteorologic/oceanografic) parameters
Metocean (meteorologic/oceanografic) parameters
Wave forces - Morison Equation
• Cm = mass coefficient
• Cd = drag coefficient
• w = weight density of seawater, N/m3
• D = diameter of the cylinder, m
• F = wave force per unit length acting perpendicular to the
member axis, N/m
• FI = inertia force per unit length along the member, N/m
• FD = drag force per unit length along the member, N/m
• u = horizontal water particle velocity, m/sec
• |u| absolute value of u, m/sec
• dt/du = horizontal water particle acceleration m/sec2
• g = gravitational acceleration, m/sec2
• The morison equation is use to estimate the wave load in the design of oil
and gas platform
• Fi:inertia force is the resistance of any physical object to change in its
velocity, this the change of direction of motion
• Cm and Cd are empirical coefficient which are determined from
experimental data (depending on the reynolds number, surface roughness
and Keulegan number)
• Drag force is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object
Wave forces - computing of bending moment
where:
• w = average load per unit length
• L = member length
Wind Forces
• where:
• CD = drag coefficient
• CL = lift coefficient
• p = density of the air
• vz = wind velocity at height z
• A = area perpendicular to wind
velocity
Wind speed
Monthly variation of large scale weather types
Latitude band
• tropical / temperate
Temperate latitude depressions
• D: frequent/intense
• d: occasional, mod. Intensity
Monsoons
• M: strong
• m: moderate
Tropical cyclones
• T: frequent/intense
• t: occasional/mod.intensity
Current Forces
• 1. The current velocity
should be added vectorially to
the horizontal water particle
velocity (for drag forces)
• 2. Self generating waves of
the structure.
Current
Major ocean currents are shown qualitatively.
Dead Load
1. Drilling equipment
2. Production or treatment
weight
3. Weight of drilling supplies
4. Drilling load
live loads
• Rated load of cranes
• Drilling hook load
• Supports of light machinery
• Supp. of reciprocating mach.
• Boat landings
Rigid-body motion modes
Motions of floating structures
• Wave frequency motion
• High frequency motion
• Slow drift motion
• Mean drift motion
• Oscillatory rigid-body translatory
• motions:
– Surge
– Sway
– Heave
• Oscillatory angular motions:
– Roll
– Pitch
– Yaw
Types of Ships for offshore usage
Ships serve a large
variety of purposes in
offshore industry
• Transport of equipment
• Transport of petroleum
• Drilling
Seakeeping and wave load problems for ships
• Slamming – impact between ship and
water
• Breaking waves – can cause smaller
ships to capsize; in case frequency of
encouter between ship and wave is low the
ship may lose stability in following
waves – ‚broaching‘
• Liquid sloshing – can cause high local
pressures and large total forces
• Wave-induced bending moments,
shear forces and torsional
important for lager ships
Whipping
Springing
Forces acting on structures
Loads acting on offshore structures
Problems of Offshore structures
• Drilling operations limiting factor: heave motion
– Vertical motion of riser has to be compensated
– Heave amplitude should be less than 4m
– Design structures with low heave motion in order to drill a higher
percentage of time
– Semi-submersibles have a very low heave motion
• Operation of process equipment on board limited by
– rolling, pitching and accelerations
•Mooring lines – two important design parameters
– Breaking strength of mooring lines
– Flexibility of the riser system (horizontal offsets of platform relative to
connection point should be less that 1% of the water depth
Hydrostatic stability
• Completely submerged Structure
• Buoyancy acts at a fixed point, centre
of Volume
• Moments Mx, My = 0 for any
orientation
• Body will try to rotate when
Centre of Gravity ≠ Centre of buoyancy
• Body will not change position
• when Weight = Buoyancy Centre of
Gravity = Centre of buoyancy
Gravitational force and buoyancy force
→ in LINE
→ Body will not ROTATE
→ Behaviour is Stable
Hydrostatic stability of a Floating Unit (FU)
• Causes of unstability
- Shifting weights: deck load, water ballast
- Flooding of compartments due to internal or external damage
- Wave induced dynamics
- Wind
- Mooring line pull
- Current forces
- Thrusters action
- STABILITY is defined as the resistance of the FU to capsizing (overturn)
• Position of the COB depends on the
shape of the FU below the water line.
• The FU will balance itself so that the
COG and the COB lie on the same line.
• COB moves → righting Moment
applied to FU
• Vertical Line B1M
• Line GM height is a measure of the
resistance of the FU to heel
• Stable when: GM > 0
COG = Center of Gravity
COB = Center of Buoyancy
GM = INITIAL STABILITY
GZ = direct measure of the stability of the FU at any angle of heel Θ
Stability definitions
• 1. Intact Stability: Adequate Righting arm to prevent overturning
• 2. Damage Stability: FU must have sufficient stability to survive damage or
flooding of any major compartment and also wind loading
• 3. Dynamic Stability: Curve produced from static stability. Righting
moment must withstand the overturning moment caused by wind.
Importance: Curve shows if FU can be transported during forecasted
weather.
To determine Stability: righting arm GZ is plotted vs. angle of heel Θ → stability curves
Hydrostatic stability
Design Selection Criteria
• Tasks
– Drilling (wildcat, appraisal, injection, etc….)
– Workover
– Drilling and Production
• Amount of holes to be drilled and predicted depth
• Type of completion and field development
• Storage capacities
• Needed processing and auxiliary units
• Safety units
• Environmental safety
• Lifetime of the field
Concept Selection Process
Deep water field development concept
selection guide
• Deep water field development concept
selection guide
(Inglis, 1996)
Technical Material Selection
