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Risk Management
MODULE 1
Session 1: Common
Terminology
Session 2: Risk Assessment
Process
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Learning Objectives
• By the end of this module, the participant
should be able to:
Describe the basic terms and concepts used in risk
management
Discuss the risk assessment process
Do a simple community risk assessment
Prepare a map of risk management
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Training/Learning Activity
This module will utilize:
• lectures
• small group activities
• demonstration
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Key References
• Australia and New Zealand Risk Standard
• www.ema.gov.au
• www.fema.gov
• www.colorado.edu/hazards/
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SESSION I
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Sustainable Human Development
health, education, governance, employment, environment (security)
public safety individuals
populations
risk emergency
management + management
vulnerability hazard prevention
reduction + and mitigation
+
emergency emergency
preparedness
(readiness) + response and recovery
reconstruction and
non disaster
rehabilitation disaster emergencies
emergencies
earthquakes (example) epidemics (example)
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Questions and Answers
ACTIVITY
Use the cards provided to answer the 6 questions the
facilitator will ask you.
Answer individually first, then work as a group to prepare
a group answer.
Write your group answer on a flip chart.
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Disaster
is:
any actual threat to public safety/and or
public health where local government
services are unable to meet the immediate
needs of the community
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Coping with the Needs
Examples of what must be done in an emergency:
find and rescue victims
evacuate victims to safe place
provide first aid and medical transport
treat the injured
provide emergency shelter, sanitation, food and water
provide care for the dead and manage the missing
re-establish security
re-establish essential services (water, energy, communications)
repair essential infrastructure
plan for recovery and reconstruction
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Disasters
Date Place Hazard Deaths
1996 Kobe Earthquake 20,000
1999 Venezuela Flood 30,000
1985 Colombia Volcano 20,000
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Hazard
is:
any potential threat to public health and
safety
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Hazards
There are 4 classes of hazard:
1. Natural hazards
2. Technological hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Societal hazards
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Hazards
• Some examples:
Earthquakes
Floods
Volcanoes
Civil unrest
Sporting events
Chemical factories
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An Emergency
is:
any actual threat to public health and safety
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Emergencies
Some examples:
My son hasn’t come home from school
A man is having a heart attack
A plane is about to crash
Gas is leaking from a factory
An earthquake has happened in China
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Vulnerabilities
are:
Factors which determine the risks arising
from a specific hazard in a specific
community (determinants of risk)
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“Vulnerable Groups”
• Those who because of constraints of an
economic, social, ethnic, biological, physical or
geographical nature, are less able to cope with
the impact of hazards than other members of
their community or society
• Vulnerabilities are:
Intrinsic - specific to the individual - age, sex, health status,
mobility, literacy, habits, behaviour etc
Extrinsic - shared by groups within a community - location,
environment, poverty, availability of services, culture etc.
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Risks
are:
The probability and the consequences of
exposure to a hazard
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Risks = Consequences
Some examples:
dead and missing
injury (mental and physical)
disease (mental and physical)
secondary hazards (fire, disease etc.)
contamination of the environment
displacement
breakdown in security
damage to infrastructure
breakdown in essential services
loss of property
loss of income …
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A Community Consists of 5
Elements:
1. the people
2. their property (infrastructure, possessions and assets;
public, private and cultural)
3. their services (government and non-government,
commercial and voluntary)
4. their livelihoods (urban and rural, formal and informal)
5. their environment (air, water and soil; urban and rural,
built and natural)
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Seven Fundamental Terms in Risk Management
A Logical Framework of Terminology (the relationships between the key words)
Hazard Risks
Any potential threat to public safety Anticipated consequences of a specific
and/or public health hazard interacting with a specific community
(at a specific time)
Emergency Vulnerabilities
An actual threat to public safety Factors which increase the risks arising from
and/or public health a specific hazard in a specific community
(risk modifiers)
Disaster Capacities
Any actual threat to public safety An assessment of ability to manage to an
and/or public health where local emergency (a risk modifier) – total capacity
government and the emergency is measured as readiness
services are unable meet the
immediate needs of the community
Community is people, property, services, livelihoods and environment i.e. the elements
exposed to hazards
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Logical Framework of Terminology
• COMMUNITY RISKS are proportional to
VULNERABILITIES
HAZARD X ÷
READINESS
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SESSION II
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Demonstration
1. The facilitator will use a simple
demonstration to illustrate the key terms
in risk management
2. One of the participants will be asked to
repeat the the demonstration and the
others should comment on his/her
presentation.
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Anatomy of Risks Management
hazard X community = consequences
indicators indicators
natural hazards probability of
biological hazards death; injury (mental and physical);
technological hazards disease (mental and physical)
societal hazards
loss of lifelines (i.e. shelter, water,
1. probability of occurrence
food, energy); population
2. scale: magnitude, intensity
displacement;; loss of property; loss
3. area, spread, duration
of income
biological hazards:
season, infectivity, latency secondary hazards; breakdown in
transmission, resistance, etc. security; damage to infrastructure;
breakdown in services; environmental
earthquakes; floods/storms; famine; contamination; etc.
diseases of epidemic potential;
events/crowds; intoxication; Monitor and evaluate by following
infestations; transport accidents; hazard specific rates and trends:
structural failures; industrial •events/year
accidents; pollution; refugees; war; •cases and deaths/100,000/year
terrorism •cases and deaths/1000 affected/year
•cases and deaths/event/year
EXCESS injuries, disease, disability
MODULE 1 community
hazard x vulnerability / readiness = Community Risks
risk initiator risk modifier risk modifier
indicators: indicators: indicators: indicators:
natural hazards people: laws, policy, guidelines, procedures probability of:
biological hazards: access to health care authority, resources, plans death
technological hazards measles vaccination knowledge, skills, attitudes injury (mental and physical)
societal hazards under 5 nutrition multisectoral, all hazards disease (mental and physical)
1. probability of occurrence under 5 mortality legislation
2. scale: magnitude, intensity access to clean water national and sectoral policy loss of lifelines ie
3. area, spread, duration access to sanitation administrative procedures (shelter, water, food, energy)
biological hazards: adequate housing response and recovery plans population displacements
season, infectivity, latency employment/income preparedness plans loss of property
transmission, resistance, etc female literacy technical guidelines loss of income
earthquakes property: management structure
floods/storms health infrastructure institutional arrangements secondary hazards
famine vehicles information systems breakdown in security
diseases of epidemic potential medical equipment/supplies warning systems damage to infrastructure
events/crowds services: human resources breakdown in services
intoxification curative care services material resources environmental contamination
infestations ambulance services financial resources etc
transport accidents public health services simulations and training
structural failures health information system education
industrial accidents livelihoods: public information
pollution formal community participation Monitor and evaluate by following
refugees informal research hazard specific rates and trends:
war environment: publications events/year
terrorism natural/built/urban/rural private sector role cases and deaths/100000/year
water/soil/air quality cases and deaths/1000 affected/year
vector habitats cases and deaths/event/year
forestry, agriculture EXCESS injuries; disease; disability
Prevention and Emergency
Vulnerability Community Risk
Mitigation + + Preparedness =
Reduction Programme Management
Programme Programme
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Click to edit Master
CYCLEtitle style
Disaster Impact
•Click to edit Master text styles
Preparedness
Second level Response
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
Mitigation
Relief &
Recovery
Prevention Development
28
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Hazard mitigation
and prevention +
Recovery
Vulnerability
reduction
Emergency Risk Management
management
+
+
disaster Emergency preparedness Positive
activities & Readiness contribution
Negative
impact
Safer communities & Sustainable development
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Vulnerabilities
are
determinants of risk
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Exercise
• Develop 3 indicators of vulnerability for
people as one element of community.
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Indicators of Vulnerabilities (for people)
• Access to health care • Access to safe water
• Measles vaccination • Access to sanitation
coverage rate
• Access to adequate
• Under 5 nutrition rate housing
• Under 5 mortality rate • Access to regular
source of income
• Female literacy rates
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Exercise
• Develop 3 indicators of capacity for a
community.
MODULE 1 community
hazard x vulnerability / readiness = Community Risks
risk initiator risk modifier risk modifier
indicators: indicators: indicators: indicators:
natural hazards people: laws, policy, guidelines, procedures probability of:
biological hazards: access to health care authority, resources, plans death
technological hazards measles vaccination knowledge, skills, attitudes injury (mental and physical)
societal hazards under 5 nutrition multisectoral, all hazards disease (mental and physical)
1. probability of occurrence under 5 mortality legislation
2. scale: magnitude, intensity access to clean water national and sectoral policy loss of lifelines ie
3. area, spread, duration access to sanitation administrative procedures (shelter, water, food, energy)
biological hazards: adequate housing response and recovery plans population displacements
season, infectivity, latency employment/income preparedness plans loss of property
transmission, resistance, etc female literacy technical guidelines loss of income
earthquakes property: management structure
floods/storms health infrastructure institutional arrangements secondary hazards
famine vehicles information systems breakdown in security
diseases of epidemic potential medical equipment/supplies warning systems damage to infrastructure
events/crowds services: human resources breakdown in services
intoxification curative care services material resources environmental contamination
infestations ambulance services financial resources etc
transport accidents public health services simulations and training
structural failures health information system education
industrial accidents livelihoods: public information
pollution formal community participation Monitor and evaluate by following
refugees informal research hazard specific rates and trends:
war environment: publications events/year
terrorism natural/built/urban/rural private sector role cases and deaths/100000/year
water/soil/air quality cases and deaths/1000 affected/year
vector habitats cases and deaths/event/year
forestry, agriculture EXCESS injuries; disease; disability
Prevention and Emergency
Vulnerability Community Risk
Mitigation + + Preparedness =
Reduction Programme Management
Programme Programme
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Capacities
are:
determinants of risk
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Preparedness
is:
measures to build capacities
to respond to, and recover from,
emergencies
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Ten key elements of preparedness
• Legal Framework
Policies Plans Knowledge
Procedures Resources Skills
Guidelines Authority Awareness
National, provincial, local, agency and Personal and
institutional level community level
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Emergency Management
• To protect public safety and public health,
a community and its emergency services
need:
Capacity to respond
Capacity to recover
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Questions and Answers
What is risk management?
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Risks Management
1. Brings all these concepts and terms together
into a common framework
and
2. Provides a practical tool to collect evidence to
guide policy makers and planners
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Risks Management Process
Risk assessment and analysis
Risk communication
Risk reduction
Risk monitoring
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Risks Assessment Process
1. Prepares hazard profiles
2. Maps the distribution of those hazards
3. Identifies the elements of the community exposed
to those hazards
4. Predicts the consequences of a hazard interacting
with that community at a certain time (e.g. in a
certain season)
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Risks Assessment Process
5. Analyses each of the 5 elements of community in terms of
that hazard to identify the factors which will lead to each
consequence i.e. determines the vulnerabilities of each
element
6. Assesses risk reduction capacities within communities
The information from a Risk Assessment is used to
undertake interventions to reduce risks by reducing
exposure to hazards, reducing vulnerabilities and
building capacities
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Risks Analysis
• COMMUNITY RISKS are proportional to
VULNERABILITIES
HAZARDS X ÷
READINESS
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Risks Reduction
• The purpose of a risks analysis is to guide communities
in planning for community risks reduction activities
(protecting health and safety) by developing and
maintaining 3 sets of plans:
Hazard Reduction Plans (reduce exposure)
Vulnerability Reduction Plans (reduce consequences)
Emergency Preparedness Plans (increase capacity for response and
recovery)
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Outcome of a Risks Approach to Planning
Responsible Resources
Risks Interventions Time needed Indicators
Agencies needed
Injuries in
a volcanic x, h, f A, C 1,2,3 P 5, i, %
eruption
Burns in
y, a, n B 4,5,6 Q 7, m, *
factory fires
Drowning
during z, d, e A, B, C, E 7,8,9 R 9, g, @
floods
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Outcome of a Risks Management
Approach
Safer and healthier communities
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Group exercise
Prepare a “map” of risk management.
1. Make a 4 column table linking indicators of
hazard, vulnerabilities, capacities and risks
2. In the first column, list the indicators of hazard
3. In columns 2 and 3, list the indicators of
community – vulnerabilities and capacities
4. In column 4 list the risks that result from
exposure to hazards
5. Hazard + Community → RISKS
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Key Learning Points
• At community level, the Risks Management Framework uses:
• 4 classes of hazard
• 5 elements of community
• 10 components of preparedness
to produce:
1 community risks reduction plan with 3 components
to protect public health and safety in communities
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Ten key elements of preparedness
• Legal Framework
Policies Plans Knowledge
Procedures Resources Skills
Guidelines Authority Awareness
National, provincial, local, agency and Personal and
institutional level community level
MODULE 1
Learning Objectives
• By the end of this module, the participant
should be able to:
Describe the basic terms and concepts used in risk
management
Discuss the risk assessment process
Do a simple community risk assessment
Prepare a map of risk management
MODULE 1
WE PREVENT DISASTERS
IF
WE MANAGE
EMERGENCIES
MODULE 1 community
hazard x vulnerability / readiness = Community Risks
risk initiator risk modifier risk modifier
indicators: indicators: indicators: indicators:
natural hazards people: laws, policy, guidelines, procedures probability of:
biological hazards: access to health care authority, resources, plans death
technological hazards measles vaccination knowledge, skills, attitudes injury (mental and physical)
societal hazards under 5 nutrition multisectoral, all hazards disease (mental and physical)
1. probability of occurrence under 5 mortality legislation
2. scale: magnitude, intensity access to clean water national and sectoral policy loss of lifelines ie
3. area, spread, duration access to sanitation administrative procedures (shelter, water, food, energy)
biological hazards: adequate housing response and recovery plans population displacements
season, infectivity, latency employment/income preparedness plans loss of property
transmission, resistance, etc female literacy technical guidelines loss of income
earthquakes property: management structure
floods/storms health infrastructure institutional arrangements secondary hazards
famine vehicles information systems breakdown in security
diseases of epidemic potential medical equipment/supplies warning systems damage to infrastructure
events/crowds services: human resources breakdown in services
intoxification curative care services material resources environmental contamination
infestations ambulance services financial resources etc
transport accidents public health services simulations and training
structural failures health information system education
industrial accidents livelihoods: public information
pollution formal community participation Monitor and evaluate by following
refugees informal research hazard specific rates and trends:
war environment: publications events/year
terrorism natural/built/urban/rural private sector role cases and deaths/100000/year
water/soil/air quality cases and deaths/1000 affected/year
vector habitats cases and deaths/event/year
forestry, agriculture EXCESS injuries; disease; disability
Prevention and Emergency
Vulnerability Community Risk
Mitigation + + Preparedness =
Reduction Programme Management
Programme Programme
MODULE 1
RISK MANAGEMENT
Thank you
