Studies in Rashi
Studies in Rashi
RASHI
SHELACH • PINCHAS
Korach ’s So n s :
T he P ower of T eshuvah
(Numbers 26:11)
two essays by
The Lubavitcher Rebbe
Rabbi Menachem M . Schneerson
זצוקללה״ה נבג״מ זי״ע
translated by
R abbi Y. Eliezer D anzinger
חועוגק ו חו מ ס ל א ע ט רג ט
w w w .hebrew books.org
ע "י חיי ם ת ש ס "ו
M ir ia m a n d t h e S pies
K o r a c h ’s S o n s
Orders:
291 Kingston Avenue / Brooklyn, New York 11213
(718) 778-0226 / Fax (718) 778-4148
www.kehotonline.com
ISBN 0-8266-0702-0
preface
7
introduction
13
Korach ’s Sons
48
hebrew notes
73
ב״ה
PREFACE
I
n response to the success of the first volume of Studies in
Rashi, we hereby present a second volume, featuring two
essays by the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M.
Schneerson, of righteous memory, on Rashi’s commentary on
the Book of Numbers {Bamidbat).
In his many scholarly works on the Torah, the Rebbe
developed a unique approach to the study of Rashi, the
primary Torah commentator. The publication of this second
voliune of Studies in Rashi aims to further open this
dimension of the Rebbe’s scholarship to the ever-growing
numbers of English speaking students aspiring to serious
textual study.
The first essay featured in this volume, entided Miriam
and the Spies: A Lesson in Speech, examines Rashi’s
commentary at the beginning of the Torah portion of Shelach
(Numbers 13:2). There, Rashi draws a parallel between the
story of Miriam speaking about her brother Moshe and the
story of the spies speaking about the land of Israel. The essay
highlights the similarities— and differences— between the two
stories, and emphasizes the powerful role speech plays in our
lives.
This essay was originally delivered by the Rebbe in 1965,
and was formally published in Yiddish in Likkutei Sichot, vol.
18, pp. 141149 ־. In the present volume, the English
translation appears opposite a fully vocalized, Hebrew
translation of the original Yiddish version. The Hebrew
translation was prepared by Rabbi Dovid Olidort.
The second essay, entitled Korach's Sons: The Power o f
Teshuvah, analyzes Rashi’s comment on a verse in the Torah
portion of Pinchas (Numbers 26:11). Rashi there discusses the
unusual punishment meted out to Korach’s sons for their
involvement in the uprising against Moshe, which was led by
their father. The essay points out just how dramatic the
STUDIES IN RASHI
IN TRO D U CTIO N
TH E VERSE
Sendforth fo r yourself men, and let them spy out the land
o f Canaan that I am giving to the Children o f Israel; one man
each from his father’s tribe shall you send, every one a leader
among them. (Numbers 13:2)
RASHES COMMENTARY
Send forth fo r yourself men: Why is the passage dealing
with the spies placed next to the passage dealing with Miriam?
Because she was punished for gossiping {dibbah), for speaking
against her brother, and these evildoers saw but did not take
the lesson {Tanchuma 8).
SHELACH / MIRIAM AND THE SPIES 17
הפסוק:
שלח ל ך אנשים ויתרו את ארץ ?נען אשר ^ני
נתן לבני ישראל איש אחד איש אחד ל מ ט ה אבתיו
ת שלחו כ ל נשיא בהם) .במדבר יג ,ב(
רש״י:
שלח ל ך אנשים :למה נקקזכה פ ^ ת סהליס לפףצת
מרים לפי שלקתה על עסקי דבה שדברה באחיה ו^עים
T : T . : ; T • V T • ; ••I • - T I: T V • : • T :
הללו ראו ולא לקחו מוסר )חנחומא ה(. T ;I T : T T ־
18 STUDIES IN RASHI
A QU ESTIO N OF PLACEMENT
Quoting the words from the beginning of this week’s Torah
portion, Send forth fo r yourself men,'^ Rashi comments: “Why
is the passage dealing with the spies placed next to the passage
dealing with Miriam?^ Because she was punished for gossiping
{dibbah),^ for speaking against her brother, and these evildoers
saw but did not take the lesson/”
Rashi’s interpretation needs clarification. Rashi does not
ordinarily explain why Torah passages are juxtaposed, because
from the point of view of understanding the plain sense of
Scripture— the approach adopted by Rashi in his commentary
on Torah— the juxtaposition of passages poses no difficulty.‘*
This is certainly true when passages follow in chronological
order.
If so, why does Rashi question the placement of our
passage? *׳After all, the episode about the spies occurred
immediately after the episode about Miriam (the morning
after she completed her seven days of banishment)'■
.א
concerned, juxtapositions raise no dif that the spies were dispatched on the
ficulty. seventh day o f Miriam’s banishment
(i.e., Miriam’s banishment ended on
6. Many commentators ask this ques 29 Sivan). But according to the simple
tion— see Mizrachi, Gur Aryeh, etc. understanding o f the chronology
Their answers, however, are not at all shi’s perspective), it is unreasonable to
evident (or even alluded to) in the think that the Jewish people dis
words o f Rashi. Rashi’s wording assembled the Mishkan, traveled from
proves that his question arises solely Chatzerot to the Desert o f Paran, re
from the passage. Send forth for your assembled the Mishkan, selected the
self men. Likewise, the answers sug spies, and were then commanded to
gested by other commentators on send them— and they were dis-
Rashi do not dovetail with the plain patched— all on the same day (the
meaning o f what Rashi writes. seventh day o f Miriam’s banishment).
It is more logical, then, according
7. The spies were dispatched on 29 to the simple understanding o f the
Sivan (Rashi on Deuteronomy 1:2), text, that Miriam’s banishment ended
and Miriam’s banishment ended a on 28 Sivan and the spies were dis
day earlier, on 28 Sivan. patched on the following day (29 Si-
The Talmud {Taanit 29a) says van).
20 STUDIES IN RASHI
ב.
כמו כן יש ?יהבין כמה דיוקים בלשוז רש״י ,ומהם:
א( ״לפי שלקתה על עסקי ךבה״ -הןה ל 1לרש״י
לכתוב ״על לשון הרע״ ,כפי שכתב הוא עעמו
בפרשת שמות^ ״שלקתה מרים על ל׳שון הרע״?
T • : :י T T V - .ן .ך .
ד( הליוק ״ראו ללא לקחו מוסר״ ללא ״ראו מוסר ללא
שמרו״? ,כקקום אחר בחמשי?
ה( מדוע הוא מעתיק כ״לבור המתחיל״ גם את המלים
״)שלח( לך אנשים״ -הלה מספיק להעתיק את המלה
״שלח״; על לרך שכראש פרשת כהעלוהך ,שם
רש״י מפלש גם כן את סמיכות הפרשיות )״למה
נסמכה פרשת המנורה לפרשת הנשיאים״( ,והוא
• י ' ■י ־ : ־ T T T ■ ; :
11. Deuteronomy 11 ;2. There, Scrip- passage dealing with the menorah iux-
m te speaks ot seeing the lesson {mussar). taposed to the passage dealing with
12. Numbers 8:1. [contributions o f the] tribal princ-
^ ?cs
13. There, Rashi asks: “Why is the
22 STUDIES IN RASHI
14. I.e., Rashi cites in his header just the passage, if he is also merely ad
the word beha’alotecha (“when you dressing an issue o f juxtaposition?
light”), and not beha’alotecha et bane-
rot (“when you light the lamps”). It 15. This question, which concerns
would seem that this should set a the plain meaning o f the text, is
precedence for Rashi’s commentary: posed by Ramban at the beginning o f
whenever he addresses issues o f jux this Torah portion. (Although Ram-
taposition, he cites just the first word ban’s commentary is not necessarily
o f the Torah passage in question, bound to explain the plain meaning
which indicates that the entire passage o f the verse.—as is Rashi’s— this ques
will be addressed. W hy, then, does tion does concern the verse’s simple
Rashi here cite the first three words o f meaning).
SHELACH / MIRIAM AND THE SPIES 23
ג.
ויובן זה ?הקדים הקוקזיא >של הרקב״ף( :מדוע גדול
כל כר חטא המרגלים -הרי שליחוחם היתה לברר ״את“
... T״ : T : T ▼ • J ; ־ •• • : ־ : ־ : -י T
הארץ מה היא ואת העם היועזב עליה החזק הוא הרפה גר
V :־ T י T T V T V T •־ - T T ; V ׳ “ י V T T
וכר?
ואין לתרץ שדו?זאם הןה ?א?ךם ״אךץ אוכלת
יועזביהיג״ )או הוספתם אל מה שראו ,גם את המסקנה יי
ש״לא נוכל לעלות ..כי חזק הוא ממנו°י״( -שהרי)כד?רי
הרקןב״ן™( עוד לפני שאקרו ךברים אלה ,התערב ?בר
כלב ,״ויהסיי כלב את העם גר״; ומזה מובן ,שדבריהם
הקוךמים ״אפס ?י עז העם גר והערים גר״ ?בר היו
שלא ?ךבעיי".
ועוד -אפילו ד?ריהם הסאחרים והמסקנה ״לא נוכל
לעלות״ אפשר למצוא בהם למוד זכות )ולא -חסא( :הם
25. Indeed, this determination was can mean both “than us” and “than
their mission; for if they were ex- him.” Commentators thus interpret
peering to conquer the land mi this verse to be referring to G-d; i.e.,
raculously, the military strength o f the spies were saying that the in
the nations would be irrelevant. habitants o f the land are stronger
than Him, G-d forbid (see Rashi, ad
26. The Hebrew word mimenu ()ממנו loc.).
SHELACH / MIRIAM AND THE SPIES 25
27. For the Chasidic perspective, see theless, he felt that the Jewish people
Tanya, end o f chapter 29. should follow G-d without any “cal
”culations.
28. Numbers 13:30, and Rashi ad
loc. 30. It would seem that the spies did
nothing wrong; they were asked to go
29. Calev agreed that not only was on a fact-finding mission to de
conquering the land not a natural termine the natural strength o f the
possibility, but even something un land and o f the people— and this they
imaginable through a miracle. N one did.
26 STUDIES IN RASHI
4.
MORAL EQUIVALENCE
The explanation is as follows:
Although the story of the spies occurred immediately after
the story concerning Miriam, Rashi asks about the
side-by-side placement of the passages because according to
the plain understanding of the verse, sometimes stories that
follow chronologically— and should seemingly be placed
together— are nonetheless separated. Rashi already introduced
us to this principle in his commentary on the passage
describing the movement of the Ark.^' He explains that the
passages were interposed “to make a break between one
punishment and the next.”
The same is true here. Learning the two passages— the
first about Miriam, the second about the spies— one after the
other, both speaking on the theme of slander, a person might
make a horrible mistake and think that Miriam and the spies
were all on the same spiritual rung, G-d forbid, or at least
similar and close to each other in character.
True, the radical difference in the consequences of their
respective sins is blatant: Miriam was temporarily banished,
and the nation did not continue traveling until she returned.^^
In contrast: (a) the spies were killed by a plague;” (b) the
whole generation was doomed to die in the desert;” (c)
moreover, the children of that generation would have to
wander in the desert for forty years.”
Nonetheless, we might think that the horrendous
outcome does not prove that the spies were inherently
wicked; just that since they spoke carelessly, all the Jews
ד.
הביאור בזה:
מה שרש״י מקשה ״למה נסמכה כר״ -אף ששלוח
המרגלים ארע מןד א 0ךי פךשת מךןם -הוא משום שלפי
פשוטו של מקרא ןש צידד לפעמים להפסיק בין פרשיות,
אף שלפי סדר הזמנים היו בריכות להכתב בסמיכות זו לזו.
על ורך שכבר פרש ר׳ש״י לעיל בפרשת״ ״ויחי בגסוע
הארון״ -״ולמה נ?תב כאן? ,די להפסיק בין פךעניות
לפךעניות״כח.
ועל דךך זה ?ענןננו? :שלומדים את שתי הפרעזיות -
אחתאחרי השניה,
T .
פרשת מרים ופרשת המרגלים - ־ : • -־ • : - T T • T : - T T
33. Numbers 14:36. 34. Ibid. V. 23, 29-30, 32. 35. Ibid. V. 33.
28 STUDIES IN RASHI
5.
TH E JUXTAPOSITION EXPLAINS THE SIN
Rashi answers that the Torah juxtaposed the two passages to
tell us (another reason) why the sin of the spies was so ter-
rible— “[Miriam] was punished for gossiping... and these
evildoers saw, but did not take the lesson. ” This explains in
simple terms why their punishment was so severe: They had a
recent opportunity to learn a lesson, yet they failed to do so.
36. In other words, it may seem that ponentially larger scale). Thus, their
Miriam and the spies did essentially respective punishments were meted
the same thing (G-d forbid); the only out according to the effect o f the sins,
difference being that Miriam spoke which differed greatly.
privately (to Aharon), while the spies
spoke to the entire nation (and thus 37. Question #5 posed above, chapter
the repercussions were o f an ex- 2.
SHELACH / MIRIAM AND THE SPIES 29
ה.
על זה מתרץ ךש״י ״לפי קזלקתה על עסקי ובה . .
ורשעים הללו ראו ולא לקחו מוסר״ :הכתוב מסמיך את שתי
הפרשיות ללמדנו )עוד( ענין בגדל חטא המרגלים ,שזה
V V • : : - : V •. • :ד י • ־־ T T
38. As explained in Rashi’s comments shi addresses the question at the out
on Numbers 13:1. set o f the passage— the place where
the juxtaposition is first noticed. This
39. Rashi on Numbers 13:3.
is Rashi’s usual practice.
40. Although this question arises only The question posed in the be
after learning the whole passage in ginning o f this essay (chapter 1) has
which the spies’ sin is recounted, Ra- thus been answered.
30 STUDIES IN RASHI
6.
MIRIAM’S M ISDEED
Yet we still need to understand—^what exactly was Miriam’s
sin? The gist of what she had said “about the Cushite wife
Moshe had married, and now divorced,”^ *׳was true. Moshe
had divorced her, and had caused her pain.
Moreover, Miriam did not intend to besmirch Moshe.'*'׳
Miriam simply erred in her evaluation of Moshe’s virtues
(which surpassed this that G-d spoke to him'*®), and thought
that Moshe had no grounds^*’ to separate from his wife.''" Did
she deserve such a punishment for not jully fathoming
Moshe’s greatness?
ו.
לכאורה אינו מובן :מה אכן הןה חסאה של מרןם? זה
שהיא דברה ?משה ״אדות האשה הכושית אשר לקח״ -
״ועתה גרשה״ ,הרי היתה זו האמת ,הרי הוא אכן גרש
. . .. • •• T :־ ״ T : T V v; T :־ •־ T ־• : T ־ :
ענש כזה?
H arm , Orach Chaim, 156:10; Chosh- simple meaning o f the verse in Ex-
en Mishpat, Hilchot Onaah, sec. 29. odus 21:10, which sets forth a wife’s
conjugal rights.
48. Numbers 12:22.
50. See Numbers 14:2, and Rashi’s
49. Especially, when considering the comments there.
32 STUDIES IN RASHI
PROTRACTED TALK
So Rashi explains that her sin was not that she had engaged in
malicious gossip, hut that she had engaged in gossip altogether,
in talking at length about Moshe, etc.’'
When Miriam noticed Moshe’s puzzling behavior, she
should not have spoken about it, and certainly not spoken
about it at length (even though she spoke the truth and
intended no harm). Protracted talk about Moshe would never
lead to favorable talk; it could only lead to disparaging
remarks.’^ (And if Miriam felt she needed to understand
Moshe’s behavior, she should have inquired from Moshe
directly, and in private.)
A similar offense was committed by the spies. The spies
had told no lies about the land of Israel. But they became
preoccupied with their talk.” They spoke excessively about the
strength of the land’s inhabitants, dwelling on it to the extent
that they scared the Jewish people out of wanting to enter the
land of Israel.
If the spies wondered how G-d could instruct them to
conquer the land given the military might of the inhabitants,
they should have spoken only briefly to the people— or
simply have asked Moshe. Their obsessive, relentless talk
about the power of the indigenous people, to the extent of
expressing their unabashed opinion that we cannot go, could
have but one result— to incite the Jewish people to rebel, to
declare that they want to appoint a leader with whom they
would return to Egypt.”
7.
WORLDS APART
How did Miriam come to gossip about Moshe?
We can understand this by examining her complaint:
Was it only to Moshe that G-d spoke? D id He not speak to
51. This answers question #1 posed 52. Cf. Alter Rehbe’s Shulchan Aruch,
above, chapter 2. Orach Chaim, sec. 12.
rO
m 6ס
cס
p■ n X• 5Crr n n- 5c 1• ■־f - X --
5c o ״n P E 1־ x-r
n־ jc ־n: יה 5 : ־C
o p' n r-it- a 3V
P ־״i n n- ;ש p1. X--
o 1: Pi - 5 ^ ♦לr- E יין r a n &
n!- n; n•־ Q
;שP" ש & ?- : a f“' P
n 13 ^ ;שPi ־T P- ^ 15 I ׳ ־r ='■ ־0 r C I-'
f='
1־ X K PI• r ;שfi n - ^ ‘^ ־J-i & n: n!- n•- ” o 1r> r-
r ׳2 ' יש a 1־ ~r n r ^־n n pi! ^ M ־•“יוn ־
n n - p .- ! :er
*י־! י- x ״n• ־I“־
^
& r & f~- ״ Pi ׳n1 ־n : ^ n Jv n!
IV r> •• IT ־״a
■ י י ן ״ שX n- ■^■ יn P i &• ׳ c:
k I יז r Cl ׳n p n 13 ׳c n
;ש- [ ; 5 c X r: 5£: »־- -I - f X• F •r o ק PIK מ
״וה n X n ׳5c ss Pi - " ^ rv f ־a O n!■
&" PI״
5c n ׳
X P ?S' ^ & S ר- 5£*׳
c IV f■־“ r'n »־ 1 ־0
n ׳a •-•
PI ״r n E
P -:£
o 2 ׳ ^י׳Pi׳ F n S ׳גג PI׳ f * la sיה. י-
F
ישX 5c 9 " t i - n
1־ l : 1□ 1r ־־K »->י- —. VT\ ^־י
& n E 5c X* !:;h
1E-
-- *יי & •r ■&■ ^ iz ^ a
o- n s ; 1־ r ic n n מ ״ n =זf1. C
n ^ n £1 S 3 n
| —I #ד- j ; ^י » ״. r
^
0
U
n ׳ f ״
S ' וה X
« ל- p ■׳- זJ■׳-- ^ P" ־״ n n- & 1 ־j'• " n!■ r:.■• u.
X rt.. rSh ־יn *- P n
Xr 13 P ׳ri-
״ *^׳
־״ & .?? £ jv., » ׳ '~זP ’ש ‘03
5c P n n ישn a X • ^ n- S״li' ^ לת- -C
w
tu 1־ ־ P ' J^־
X n n- x^ n
n - r " n - n ׳ rw 5£ .c •z J^' Pi׳ b£)
H & n n ׳- rr~ J - ,
X- r ־ .s
Q nX P i ! ב5c- S n n ;שjr• C %, *ul §י
Z n- G t ׳p : ^ o S3 n ;ת־ _rt
< 5c X• n 5n■ X a £,: & מ מ.:. כר10
S X
־־לי
־״
E n*־- n' ? יC, 5c Cl״ SC ^ % X- 1--
Ir £ ' . r- h ־0 -1.^
< ■י ־וn 5c ייn n ״- • 5c- »- ^ o n- די דוn V
U1 «
ai Pi - F 13 .. r X o ^ n. ki..
n * TZ X>
r & ׳n ׳p PI׳ ^£
»•ד n: ^ <u S
n 17 ־P" p n׳ n י• ■״
n׳ n-
X r- n p• n P5-
X 5Cr H" & ;ש & . E: ;ש • J—
»— ך-
X--
| —
r: r c
u
< - 5c- • s : 5 X- I o•• n- V
> c
-J jNi-
«־r1
£ r~. יש I- מ
IV- P i ^יn n %- *- r UJ .2
ua S ! ■י־ E & r o- n>
»T nf-"- ^ nr■
X ^ f“ 5c n 5c n *' l^= 6 x 5 -
a 5-“ X X- O *; r ״kr ^^ ׳ ■T'
ג2 ג:
ר<ז
iTn u
34 STUDIES IN RASHI
tis, as well?‘‘‘’ Knowing that G-d also spoke with her and
Aharon, Miriam did not realize that the difference be
tween their stature and that of Moshe was so vast as to
justify Moshe distressing his Cushite^'’ wife, or to free him
from the Divine command not to diminish her conjugal
rights— to the point that he separated himself from his
wife altogether.״
The spies committed a similar mistake in logic:
They reasoned that since Moshe chose them by the word
o f G-d^^ for this mission, it was impossible that anyone else
could be superior to them in this respect, or that anyone else
could grasp the situation better. And since they, the emissaries
of G־d, saw themselves as ^asshopper/’’’ compared to the giant
inhabitants of the land, they were convinced that their opinion
was truly by the word o f G-d. As such, they felt that their
appraisal was valid for all the Jewish people. Consequendy,
they reached the conclusion (for themselves and for the entire
nation). We cannot go up.
Since in their minds conquering the land o f Israel was not
possible, they got involved in explicating their position,
“gossiping” about the land o f Israel.
In light of the above we can understand why Rashi adds
the clause, “for speaking against her brother.”“ It further
clarifies how the spies failed to learn a lesson from Miriam
about judging another person superior to oneself:
An aspect of Miriam’s sin was that she spoke against “her
brother.” Since a brother is a person’s own flesh and b l o o d , i t
is naturally difficult to perceive him as both one’s flesh and
blood and at the same time of incomparably higher stature
than oneself. Nevertheless, Miriam was duly punished for
this.“ Certainly, then, the spies should not have presumed
56. So called on account o f her “obvi- 58. Numbers 13:3; cf. Rashi on Deu-
ous, all-encompassing beauty”— Rashi teronomy 1:23.
on Numbers 12:1.
SHELACH / MIRIAM AND THE SPIES 35
60. Question #2 posed above, chapter 62. I.e., she was punished for her fail-
2. ure to recognize Moshe’s in
comparably higher stature despite
61. In the language o f Scripture, H a lf him being part o f the same family.
36 STUDIES IN RASHI
more than this— that all the Jewish people, Moshe and Aha-
ton included, must follow them, acquiescing to their decision.
8.
SEEING IS BELIEVING
We can explain another precisely chosen word in Rashi’s
commentary. Rashi says: “These evildoers saw, but did not
take the lesson.” At first glance, the word seems super
fluous. Could Rashi not have just written, “These evildoers
did not take the lesson”?
The answer to this question will be understood by first
resolving a perplexing problem in the general narrative of the
s p i e s . W h a t novel insight did the spies gain through their
reconnaissance of the land of Israel*^— an insight that
frightened them so much that they protested we cannot go upi
After all, everything they saw—e.g.. The people who in
habit the land are mighty—they had already known about
beforehand.‘^’
[Because: (a) while in Egypt, the situation in Canaan was
already known; (b) during the singing after the miraculous
crossing of the Red Sea, the Jewish people sang. A ll the in
habitants o f Canaan melted.^‘‘ Obviously, then, they knew
about all the inhabitants o f Canaan and their might (oth
erwise, it would be no wonder that they melted.) And there
are other reasons.]
And nonetheless, the Jewish people were ready for their
advance into the land of Israel.‘^^
The explanation can be understood in light of the dictum
of our Sages that hearing about something is not the same as
63. For further discussion o f this referring to their journey after they
question, see Likutei Sichot, vol. 8, p. had already arrived in Israel and be
290ff. gun to travel throughout the land.
This fits together nicely with what
64. W hen Rashi comments on N um Rashi writes here (13:3)— that at the
bers 13:26 that even the journey o f beginning, the spies were upright.
the spies was with ill intent, Rashi is Thus there is no need to propose a
SHELACH / MIRIAM AND THE SPIES 37
ח.
עוד דיוק .יקזנו בפירוש רש״י זה ,״וךשעים הללו ראו
ולא לקחו מוסר״ .לכאורה ,המלה ״ראו״ מיתרת .היה לו
T T V V ••• : T T • - T : • T •: T :
strained solution that they became and to determine the best military
wicked immediately after departing. strategy. See Deuteronomy 1:22, and
Rashi ad loc.
65. Although Moshe sent them to de
termine whether the inhabitants were 66. Exodus 15:15.
“strong or weak,” his objective was
(not to ascertain whether or not they 67. I.e., despite their awareness o f the
were strong, but) where they were strength o f the land and its in
strong, etc. Moshe wanted to know habitants, they were prepared to ad
this in order to decide which way the vance into (and conquer) the land o f
Jewish people should enter the land. Israel.
38 STUDIES IN RASHI
9.
RASHI’S W O N D R O U S MATTERS
To understand the “wondrous matters” in the Halachic realm
of Torah that Rashi alludes to here^( ״at least to keep us
sharp^’), we must first present a question.
After everything is said and done, how can the Torah
place (the narrative of) Miriam next to (the narrative of) the
spies? Might this not create a suspicion that Miriam was
68. SteM echilta Yitro 19:9. 70. Aside from clarifying the simple
meaning o f Scripture, Rashi’s com
69. Numbers 13:26. I.e., so that the mentary also contains allusions to
people would see as well. “wondrous matters,” to matters per-
SHELACH / MIRIAM AND THE SPIES 39
ט.
מה״ענינים מפלאים״°י בחלק ההלכה שבתורה בפירוש
: T V־ ־ ־ :־ T T י V : • T ; ••. ■T : ■ T ■־
taining to the other dimensions o f 71. Lechidtidei, in the Hebrew. This
Torah. See Shelah, in his commentary common Talmudic expression de-
on Shevuot, p. 181a. notes an interpretation that is not lit
eral.
40 STUDIES IN RASHI
O N E SCROLL AT A TIME
10.
PREVENTING A SIN
O n the abovementioned dictum, “We do not tell a person,
‘Sin for your friend’s welfare,’” Rashi comments: “So that
your friend does not become culpable and receive a severe
punishment.”^* Seemingly, Rashi should have said that “for
your friend’s welfare” means “that your friend not commit a
severe nw”? Why does Rashi say, “so that your friend does not
become culpable and receive a severe punishment"
To answer, we posit that Rashi agrees with the position of
Tosfotr which states that we only do not tell a person to sin
for his fellow’s benefit when the forbidden deed was already
committed.* ״But in a situation where a person can at the out
set prevent his fellow from committing a serious transgression,
we do tell the person to commit a (minor) sin in order to pre
vent his friend from committing a serious one.
Therefore, Rashi chooses the wording, “[so that your
friend does] not become culpable and receive a severe pun-
יו״ד.
בעדן ״אין כו׳ שיזכה חברך״ ק; 3ךש רש״יעג ״שלא
יתחיב חברך ענש חמור״ .הדבר לא מובן :לכאורה היה לו
T T T : ׳ Tי T “ T T V י : .
81. According to the opinion o f R. placed next to each other to clarify for
Shimon ben Lakish (Gittin 60a), who the Torah student the sin o f the spies,
maintains that the Torah was given so that he should not come to com-
complete, we can say that the passages mit a similar sin.
about Miriam and the spies were
SHELACH / MIRIAM AND THE SPIES 45
שמלכתחלה לא יחטאו. : V V T • J - : • V
) מ שי ח ת ש ״ פ ש ל ח ת ש כ ״ ה (
82. And based on Rashi’s inter- 83. See above, footnote 4.
pretation o f the aforementioned law,
it is permitted to cast this suspicion 84. Deuteronomy 11:2, 8.
on Miriam in order to prevent the
spies from sinning.
KORACH’S SONS:
T he Power o f T eshuvah
(Numbers 26 :11)
48 STUDIES IN RASHl
THE VERSE
Kovach’s sons, however, d id not die. (Numbers 26:11)
RASHES COMMENTARY
Kovach’s sons, however, did not die: They were involved in
the conspiracy at its inception, but during the dispute they
had thoughts of repentance in their hearts. Therefore, an
elevated area was secured for them in Gehinnom (Purgatory),
and they stayed there {Megillah 14a).
PINCHAS / KORACH’S SONS 49
הפסוק:
ובני ק 1ח ל’א מתו) .במדבר כו ,יא(
רעז״י:
ובני מ׳רח ל’א מתו :הם היו בעצה תחלה ,ובשעת
- - ; ׳ T • : T : T •• •• -I ;
1.
O n the verse, Kovach’s sons, however, did not die,' Rashi com
ments: “They were involved in the conspiracy at its inception,
but during the dispute they had thoughts of repentance in
their hearts. Therefore, an elevated area was secured for them
in Gehinnom (Purgatory),^ and they stayed there.”
W H A T’S BOTHERING RASHI?
The commentaries^ explain that Rashi’s intent is to reconcile
a contradiction between two verses. O n the one hand, the
verse says here that Korach’s sons did not die. On the other
hand, an explicit verse in the Torah portion of Kovach states,'*
[The earth beneath them opened its mouth] and swallowed
them ... and all the men who were with Korach (including
Korach’s sons, presumably’)! Therefore, to reconcile these two
verses, Rashi interprets that although Korach’s sons were swal
lowed by the earth, they nonetheless did not die, because “an
elevated area was secured for them in Gehinnom, and they
stayed there.” And why were they spared? Because “during the
dispute they had thoughts of repentance in their hearts.”
N O T H IN G EXTRANEOUS
Yet the apparent wordiness of Rashi’s commentary needs
clarification. Instead of writing, “They were involved in the
conspiracy at its inception, but during the dispute they had
thoughts of repentance in their hearts,” Rashi could have be
gun more succinctly, “Since they repented, an elevated
area....” This would be similar to what Rashi writes earlier, in
the Torah portion of Korach (in explaining why Korach felt
safe to enter into an argument with Moshe: He saw pro
phetically that among his offspring would be the prophet
Shmuel, who was in his time as great as Moshe and Aharon,
א.
נתבצרב להם מקום גבוה בגיהנם ויעזבו שם״. T : T : . _ T י T V T .
lived, which is shorter. into his dispute.” But from Rashi’s si
lence on the verse, it is understood
4. Numbers 16:32. that in his opinion, the phrase all the
men who were with Korach is to be un
5. Ramban on this verse maintains derstood in its simple sense; namely,
that the words all the men include it includes everyone who was in any
Korach’s servants, hut not his sons. —way connected with Korach
Sfomo explains that this phrase refers including, o f course, his sons.
to “all his followers that were drawn
52 STUDIES IN RASHI
בניו כר״ /שרש״י מסיים( ״ולא ראה יפה לפי שעניו עשו
T T T V * I V T T T : ־ : • - V T T
diets what Rashi says explicitly in the with him. Thus, if they were also
, namely,׳Torah portion o f Korach punished, it stands to reason that it
that Shmuel descended from Korach was for the sin o f having at least par
because Korach’s sons had repented. ticipated in his revolt.
8. The Torah says that all who were 9. Rashi, on the verse in Korach (cited
with Korach were swallowed along above), says that Korach felt vindicat-
54 STUDIES IN RASHI
2.
PARADOXICAL PUN ISH M EN T
The abovementioned nuances in Rashi’s commentary can be
explained as follows; Rashi’s intent is to explain the reason for
this unusual turn of events. First, the sons of Korach are pun
ished, but then they are miraculously saved, and saved in such
a manner that has no parallel in the entire Torah. First they
are swallowed, along with (Korach‘^ and) Datan and Aviram,
and their families, but immediately afterwards, “an elevated
ed in starting a dispute with Moshe 10. Maskil Le'david opines that ac
because Korach foresaw eminent cording to Rashi, Korach’s sons
progeny descending from him. It repented while they were being swal
stands to reason, then— according to lowed up (which is consistent with the
Rashi— that Korach’s sons would par view expressed in Midrash Tehillim,
ticipate in the conspiracy at its in 45:2). However, Rashi clearly says
ception for this same rationale. that they repented during the dispute.
PINCHAS / KORACH’S SONS 55
ולכן נבלעו.
ב.
12. Repentance, per se, can be com 13. If Rashi is o f the opinion that Kor-
plete even if it not articulated. As in ach himself was indeed swallowed.
dicated by the Talmud {Kiddushin (See the talk delivered on ShabbatPar-
49b), “If he had thoughts o f re shat Korach 5733 (1973). It is beyond
pentance, then he is deemed to be )the scope o f this essay to elaborate.
56 STUDIES IN RASHI
14. Quite possibly, too, by saying Jacob dwelled (“ —)וישב יעקבJacob
“they stayed there” ()וישבו שם, Rashi is sought to dwell comfortably” (Genesis
connoting that they enjoyed a meas 37:2, ad loc.). This would also explain
ure o f comfort there. Along the lines why Rashi chose to include these
o f his explanation on the words, A nd words; for otherwise, they are extrane-
PINCHAS / KORACH’S SONS 57
ous to his self-declared objective o f ex ben Pelet was spared from pun
plaining the simple meaning o f a verse. ishment, because although he was in
volved at the inception o f the con
15.42:1. spiracy, he left it soon thereafter, at
the urging o f his wife {Sanhedrin
16. Indeed, our Sages say that On 109b).
58 STUDIES IN RASHI
3.
A PROBLEM OF SEQUENCE
W ith his explanation, one may posit, Rashi also answers in
cidentally (as he is wont to do) a general contextual difficulty
presented by this verse. Namely, this entire verse— Kovach’s
sons, however, did not die—seems out of place. This detail,
that Korach’s sons, having repented, did not die, should have
been told earlier, in the Torah portion of Korach, when the
Torah relates the principal narrative.
One might answer that only here, in our Torah portion,
does the Torah need to inform us that they did not die, be
cause otherwise we would wonder how the fam ily o f Kovach'"^
is counted among the descendents of Levi. Accordingly, the
verse first tells us that Korach’s children were not killed. And
since they were not killed when they were swallowed, but “an
elevated area was secured for them ... and they stayed there,”
it stands to reason that eventually they left this abode,'* and
that the prophet Shmuel and the twenty-four groups, etc., de
scended from them (as Rashi explains earlier, in the Torah
portion of Korach, as mentioned above).
[Some commentaries” on Rashi maintain that when
Rashi says Korach son’s stayed there, Rashi means that they
remained there forever.
But this interpretation of Rashi is very problematic, for
Rashi states clearly that Shmuel and the twenty-four groups,
etc., descended from Korach’s sons who had repented. We are
therefore forced to conclude that according to Rashi, Korach’s
sons did ultimately leave their subterranean abode.^" More
over, since thefam ily o f Korach is counted in our Torah por-
ג.
כר.
opening o f the earth, into which they20. See Nachalat Yaacov, Imrei Shefer,
”fell, is just called “Gehinnom. and others. Also, Rashi on Psalms
42:1 says explicitly, “and they as
”19. See Mizrachi, Sefer Zikaron, Kit- cended from there.
zur Mizrachi, and others.
60 STUDIES IN RASHI
4.
LOST A N D F O U N D
Before presenting a proposed solution, it is necessary to preface
with an examination of the precise language used by Scripture
in the Torah portion of Korach, when describing how the
rebels were punished. The verse says. They ...descended alive
into the pit; the earth covered them over, and they were lostfrom
among the congregation.”^^ W hat is the point of the verse men
tioning that they were lostfrom among the congregation} Why
PINCHAS / KORACH’S SONS 61
ה׳ וגר דךדו גר״ ,היות שלפועל נתמלאה תפילתו וגם הם
ןךדו חיים קזאולה ,אלא שאחר ?ך ״נן1בצר להם מקום
גבוה ?גיהנם״ ,ואם כן אין ?אן 1ונאי למשה ]ואךרבה? ,יון
שמשה רצה והקזתדל ^!עשו תשובהל“= ,הרי זה מעז?חו
של משה ,שפעל על כל פנים על ?ני קרח שיעשו
תשובה[.
ד.
not just say that they were lost, or lost from the land, or some
thing similar?^^׳
In light of what was explained earlier about the sin and
the repentance of Korach’s sons, we can say that their pun
ishment was limited to being lost from among that particular
congregation.^^ Meaning, lost from the congregation that had
witnessed their participation in the dispute, but had not wit
nessed their repentance. Consequently, the sons had to be lost
from that specific congregation; however, there was no reason
for them to be lost from a different congregation (a congrega
tion that had not witnessed their sin).
It is for this reason that the verse, Korach’s sons, however,
did not die, is not written earlier, in the Torah portion of
Korach. For only after the people in the congregation that had
lived through Korach’s revolt were no longer alive,^* could
Korach’s children leave their underground accommodations.
And only then was it revealed to the Jewish people that
Korach’s sons had not died.
MORE O N LOCATION
But the matter of the verse’s location is still not entirely
settled. Why does the verse appear (after the Torah concludes
its numeration of the families of Reuven) in continuation to
the narrative concerning Datan and Aviram, the children of
Eliav (the son of Palu, the son of Reuven)— the same Datan
and Aviram who were summoned by the assembly, who incited
[the people] against Moshe... when they incited [the people]
against G-d. Then the earth opened its mouth and swallowed
them__
Seemingly, the verse would have been better suited in the
26. In general, the whole clause seems were killed, and therefore lost com-
superfluous. See Ibn Ezra and Ram- pletely— from that particular con
ban, ad loc. gregation and from later ones as well.
But on account o f Korach’s sons
27. The others who were swallowed whose punishment was temporary,
PINCHAS / KORACH’S SONS 63
ה.
the verse qualifies the extent of the says that by that time, all those who
verb “were lost,” with the phrase “to had been decreed to die in the desert
”the congregation. had already died.
MORAL EQUIVALENCE
To answer this last problem, Rashi prefaces with the words,
“They were involved in the conspiracy at its inception.'' The
reason why the Torah connects Korach’s son, however, did not
die to the narrative about Datan and Aviram is to imply an
equivalence and similarity to their involvement in the revolt.
Datan and Aviram incited [the people] against Moshe—as Rashi
explains, “they incited the Jewish people to fight against
Moshe.” In other words, they not only joined the rebels, but
through intrigue and guile, they incited others to rebel against
Moshe and the Almighty.
[This is why their sin was so grave, why it cost them their
lives and the loss of all their property; for nowhere else do we
find (stated explicitly in the Torah) such a punishment,
throughout the entire forty years that the Jewish people were
in the desert (even the 250 cohorts of Korach did not suffer
such severe punishment.’")]
In this respect, the involvement of Korach’s sons in the
rebellion was comparable to Datan’s and Aviram’s. Korach’s
sons, too, were involved in the conspiracy at its inception.”
PINCHAS / KORACH’S SONS 65
CONTRASTING ENDS
By highlighting the severity of their sin, the Torah emphasizes
a wondrous virtue of Korach’s sons: Although they had been
involved in the conspiracy at its inception, just like Datan and
Aviram, nevertheless, since “they had thoughts of repentance
in their hearts,” they were saved from falling into the depths
of Sheol, and merited to be the forebears of the prophet
Shmuel and the twenty-four groups, etc.
Furthermore, this contrast between Korach’s sons and Da-
tan and Aviram is consistent with the underlying theme of the
enumeration of the Jewish people after the p la g u e .As Rashi
explains, the purpose of the enumeration was to determine the
number of people who survived the plague. So continuing on
this same theme, the Torah tells us that among Korach’s band
of rebels, upon whom death was decreed (who were destroyed
along with all of their possessions, without leaving a trace),
there were also survivors— Korach’s sons, however, did not die.
6.
THE POWER OF TESHUVAH
From all the above there is a lesson about the phenomenal
power of teshuvalf^— that it is able to change a person and to
bring him from one extreme to another.
At first, Korach’s sons were at the lowest extreme, as
explained earlier, participating in hatching the conspiracy.
That is, not only did they stumble and sin by joining the
rebellion, but they caused others to sin, to revolt against
Moshe and G-d.
And even when they did repent, their repentance was
never openly expressed. O n the contrary, they only had
thoughts of repentance in their hearts. As far as others could
discern, Korach’s sons were still involved in the dispute; their
thoughts of repentance were too weak to impel them to
publicly distance themselves from the rebellion.
Nonetheless, not only did their thoughts of repentance
give them sufficient merit to be spared from the punishment
visited upon Korach’s band, but even while they endured their
PINCHAS / KORACH'S SONS 67
ו.
(C(A<.UU G
<.C
U QUA1:,4)
I.U xldCf
EU i^t אfccUcu /t4<.U״QL;וא^וש ׳41 גuSK<.UfcU i.uii!,fc6u a^^
c!«^ !ע^אלא^וM « ־t4s*U *‘ ה א- ^■“אי^ ^‘ א
kKdEt.(:! 4^41. ^<אuuuku i^^tEU ti^ 41<שו. אir^cU ka«L
CU1.L. tiQiUU CG^ LCi./ c:a4ili Si-tCtu ic׳L u ^tu ׳u
lir^tcu ' • tci^L ul tt:S4<.l44 - ״xij<-‘■ u uut.uu iCiUu
uitUau 44 ש.^׳אsQd uud(E״nau i,iS^t.Lr
tai-u atcl liC(:! M i Id(:, tu1.c!u 1.0 ״lcl eeU^ ^ ^ 4 ;^וא
(i,u^<.LQ1. 4i«״QttLr1. euU6 d u a ״/
1 עא- ilti-(. d1<.u1J□ tUu^iJn ti(i,(:,t ioGU 1irLj(i,ta«t ׳U l
CdL mu1:(.fft ijdsu ticw «(i,<.1.L - d1(.uu«ac' U ll
HEBREW NOTES
MIRIAM AND THE SPIES
•*( בב שלח )יז ,ט( פרש״י :בחר לנו אנשים גבורים ויראי חטא שתהא זכותן
מסייעתן ד״א כ ר שיודעים לבטל כשפים ,ופשיטא שזה יותר מאנשים לשון חשיבות
— כשרים )וראה ג ד א שם ,ובפ' דברים שם( .אבל משם אין לל מוד לכל מקום ,כי
שם נ א מ ר)ו כ פי שמדגיש רש״י בהד״ה( :ב ח ר לנו אנשים .וראה משכיל ל דו ד שם.
לז( ל ה עי ר מ צי ד ה ל ד ר ך כאן ,ד״ כ ש ה פ ר שיו ת ה ס מו כו ת אין ל ה ם שום ע ר ך
ו ד מיון זל״ז ג ם זה קרוב ל פ שו טו של מ ק ר א . .ה״נ י״ל וכו׳״ ,ע״ ש.
לח( ואף ש ה קו שי א הי א ״ ל מ ה נ ס מ כ ה פר שת מרגלי ם״ ,שקו שי א זו מ ת עו ר ר ת
)לא מ ע צ ם שי לו ח ה מ רג לי ם ,כ״א( דו ק א ל א ח רי לי מו ד כ ל ה פ ר ש ה בו מ דו ב ר ע״ ד
חט אם ,כו ת בו ר ש״י ב ת חי ל ת ה פ ר ש ה ב מ קו ם ש״נ ס מכ ה״ ,כ ד ר כו ב כ״ מ.
לט( ב ה ע לו ת ך יב ,א ובר ש״י.
מ( ר ש״י שם )וראה ג ם רמב״ ם סוף ה ל׳ טו מ א ת צרעת( .ו ר א ה שו״ע אד ה״ז
או״ח ס קנ״ו ס״י .חו״ מ ה ל׳ אונ א ה כו׳ סכ״ט.
מא( ו ב פ ר ט ע״ ד ה פ ש ט ,וכ מ ש״נ ו ענ ת ה ל א יג ר ע *) מ ש פ טי ם כא ,י( .ו מ פ ר ש״י
)ב העלו ת ך שם( מ ש מ ע ש צ פו ר ה ה צ ט ע ר ה ) ה דיני ם בז ה -שו״ע א ה״ע סע״ו וש״נ(.
ורק ב פ׳ ו א ת חנן) ה ,כח( נ א מ ר ו א ת ה פ ה ע מו ד ע מ די ) כ פי׳ ה ת״י שם .שב ת פז ,א.
הו ע ת ק בפרש״י ב ה ע לו ת ך שם ,ח(.
*( ואף שלשיטת ר ש״י עה״ת משה ג ר ש ה ) כנ ״ ל בפנים( — הרי מזה שנקט רש״י
כ מ״ פ הלשון ״פירש מן האשה״ וכיו״ב)יב ,א ד״ה ותדבר מרים; שם ,ב; שם ,ד; שם,
ח( ,שהכוונה בזה בפ שטות שפירש מד״א ולא שגרשה — מוכח ,ש(לשיטת רש״י(
היו בזה ב' זמנים :בתחילה רק פירש מן האשה ,ואח״כ — בלשון רש״י — ״ו ע ת ה
)בזמן ד״ותדבר מרים גו״׳( גרשה״.
)וההכרח לזה )שועתה גרשה( הוא מלשון הכתוב ״על אודות האשה . .אשר
לקח״ — ולא ״על אודות אשתו גו״׳ — שמזה מוכח ,שעתה כבר לא הייתה אשתו(.
מב( ר אה ב ה ע לו ת ך שם ,ב ובר ש״י שם.
מג( ל ה עי ר מ שו״ ע אד ה״ז או״ח שם סי״ב :מ תו ך ש מ ס פ ר כו׳.
מד( ר א ה ל עי ל ה ע ר ה יא.
מה( ג ם קוד ם ש א מ רו מסקנ ת ם ״לא נו כ ל ל ע לו ת״.
מו( ר א ה ר ש״י פ ר ש תנו יג ,כט.
מז( ו כ ל שון מ ש ה ב פ׳ מ טו ת ) הנ ״ ל ה ע ר ה יח( :ויני או א ת לב בנ״י.
מח( פ ר ש תנו יד ,ד .ו ר א ה ד ב רי ם א ,כו־כ ח.
מט( ב ה ע לו ת ך שם ,ב.
נ( ל שון ר ש״י שם ,ח.
נא( פ ר ש תנו יג ,ג .ו היו ״ מן הברורים . .מן ה מ סו ל תי ם ״) פ ר ש״י ד ב רי ם א ,כג(.
נב( פ ר ש תנו שם ,לג.
נג( ב ה ע לו ת ך שם ,יב ובר ש״י שם - ,ו ע פ״ז מו בן ג״ כ מ ה ש מ שנ ה ר ש״י
מל שון הכ תוב )שם ,א( ״ו תד ב ר . .במשה״ ,וכו ת ב ״באחי״׳ .ו ר א ה עו ד בי אור
בל שון ר ש״י ז ה -לקו״ ש חי״ג ע׳ 47ה ע ר ה 24ו שו ה״ג שם.
נד( ב ה ב א ל ק מן -ר א ה לקו״ ש ח״ח ס״ע 290ו אילך.
נה( מ״ ש ר ש ״י) פ ר ש תנו יג ,כו( ״אף ה לי כ תן ב ע צ ה רעה״ ,ה כוונ ה בז ה ל א ח רי
שנג מ ר ה עלייתם לא״י ו ה ת חי ל ה ההליכה בא״י ע צ מ ה )כ ד מו כ ח מ פ ר ש ״י) ש ם ,ג(
״ואו ת ה ש ע ה כ שרי ם היו״ .ו אין צ ריך ל ד חו ק )כמ״ ש ב מ פ ר שי ר ש״י שם( ש מי ד
אח״כ נ ע שו ר שעים( .ו ר א ה לקו״ ש של ח ת ש מ״ח] .לקו״ש חל״ג ע׳ .[78
76 STUDIES IN RASHI
HEBREW NOTES
KORACH’S SONS
לזכות
החייל ב״צבאות ה׳״
מ שה פינחש הכתן שיחי׳
ליום הולדתו יו״ד סיון
וליום הכנסו לבריתו של אאע״ה י״ז סיון ה׳תשס״ה
ולזכות
אחיו ואחיותיו חיילים ב״צבאות ה׳״
מנחם מענדל הכהן ,לו* הכהן,
חי׳ מו שקא ואס תר מרים
שיחיו לאריכות ימים ושנים טובות ובריאות
ולזכות זקניהם
הרה״ת ר׳ יוסף חיים הכהן וזוגתו מרת מלכה רייזל שיחיו ראזענפעלד
הרה״ת ר׳ זאב יחזקאל הכהן וזוגתו מרת רישא שיחיו כ״ץ