Mathematical analysis in
thermodynamics of incompressible fluids
Josef Málek
Mathematical institute of Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
Sokolovská 83, 186 75 Prague 8
June 16, 2008
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 1 / 36
Contents
1 Mathematically self-consistent models of classical mechanics - models
for the system Spring - Weight
2 Thermodynamics of incompressible fluids
3 Constitutive equations
4 References
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 2 / 36
Part #1
Mathematically self-consistent models of classical
mechanics - models for the system Spring - Weight
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 3 / 36
System Spring - Weight/Description and assumptions
Bodies (weights) modeled as
mass-points
Three Newton’s postulates:
F = 0 =⇒ straight-line
motion
d d 2x
F = dt (mv) = m dv
dt = m dt 2
Any F exerts reaction −F
Motion allowed only in the
vertical direction
Mass of the spring is neglected
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 4 / 36
System Spring - Weight/Assumptions characterizing
material properties
Linear Spring:
F2 = (0, −k(y + a), 0) (k > 0)
Resistance due to environment is
neglected
d 2y k
y (0) = y0
dt 2
+ my =0 dy
dt (0) = y1
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 5 / 36
System Spring - Weight/Assumptions characterizing
material properties
Linear Spring:
F2 = (0, −k(y + a), 0) (k > 0)
Resistance proportional to the velocity:
F3 = (0, −b dy
dt , 0) (b > 0)
d 2y b dy k
y (0) = y0
dt 2
+ m dt + my =0 dy
dt (0) = y1
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 6 / 36
System Spring - Weight/Assumptions characterizing
material properties
Linear Spring:
F2 = (0, −k(y + a), 0) (k > 0)
Resistance force due to environment
depends on the velocity non-linearly:
F3 = (0, h dy
dt , 0)
2
y (0) = y0
m ddt y2 + h dy
dt + ky = 0 dy
dt (0) = y1
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 7 / 36
System Spring - Weight/Assumptions characterizing
material properties
Non-linear Spring: F2 = (0, g (y + a), 0)
Environment resistance neglected,
linear, or non-linear
d 2y
dt 2
+ h( dy
dt ) + g (y ) = 0
d 2y
dt 2
= f (y , dy
dt )
Free fall due to gravity: F2 = (0, 0, 0)
d 2y
dt 2
+ h( dy
dt ) = 0 ⇐⇒ dv
dt + h(v ) = 0
dv
dt = f (v ) v (0) = v0
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 8 / 36
System Spring - Weight/Mathematically self-consistent
models
Simplifying assumptions =⇒ very crude approximation of the reality
Independently how accurate are models we are interested in
mathematical self-consistency of the models: notion of solution
existence for arbitrary set of data (T , v0 (or y0 and y1 ), m, ....)
uniqueness
continuous dependence of solution on data
boundedness of the velocity
long time behavior of solutions.
Mathematical self-consistency of models of incompressible fluid
thermodynamics
Derivation of fluid thermodynamics models stems from the principles
of classical mechanics
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 9 / 36
System Spring - Weight/Simple observations
Free fall due to gravity: first order equation for the velocity
Mathematical self-consistency of the equation of a ”slightly”
generalized form dv
dt = f (v ), v (0) = v0 . Counterexamples:
existence/boundedness for any time interval - f (v ) = v 2
uniqueness - f (v ) = v 2/3
m dv
dt + bv = f =⇒
m d
2 dt |v |
2 + b
m |v |
2 = fv =⇒
b f2 b
|v (t)|2 ≤ |v0 |2 e − m t + 2
(1 − e − m t ) pro t > 0
b
Derived models have a limited region where they can be useful
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 10 / 36
Part #2
Thermodynamics of incompressible fluids
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 11 / 36
Fluid
Definition
Fluid is a body that, in time scale of observation of interest, undergoes
discernible deformation due to the application of a sufficiently small shear
stress
∂χ ∂χ
v= Fχ =
∂t ∂X
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 12 / 36
Long-lasting physical experiment
In 1927 at University of Queensland: liquid asphalt put inside the closed
vessel, after three years the vessel was open and the asphalt has started to
drop slowly.
Year Event
1930 Plug trimmed off
1938 (Dec) 1st drop
1947 (Feb) 2nd drop
1954 (Apr) 3rd drop
1962 (May) 4th drop
1970 (Aug) 5th drop
1979 (Apr) 6th drop
1988 (Jul) 7th drop
2000 (28 Nov) 8th drop
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 13 / 36
Balance equations of continuum physics
Balance of mass, linear and angular momentum, balance of energy and the
second law of thermodynamics
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0
TT = T
%(e + |v|2 /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v|2 /2)v) + div q = div (Tv)
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 14 / 36
Balance equations of continuum physics
Balance of mass, linear and angular momentum, balance of energy and the
second law of thermodynamics
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0
TT = T
%(e + |v|2 /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v|2 /2)v) + div q = div (Tv)
% . . . density
v . . . velocity
e . . . internal energy
T . . . the Cauchy stress
q . . . heat flux
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 14 / 36
Balance equations of continuum physics
Balance of mass, linear and angular momentum, balance of energy and the
second law of thermodynamics
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0
TT = T
%(e + |v|2 /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v|2 /2)v) + div q = div (Tv)
% . . . density
v . . . velocity
e . . . internal energy
T . . . the Cauchy stress
q . . . heat flux
Eulerian description - flows of fluid-like bodies
No external sources - for simplicity
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 14 / 36
Balance equations of continuum physics/2
B ⊂ Ω fix for all t ≥ 0:
Z Z
d
% dx = − %v · n dS =⇒ FVM
dt B
Z∂B
=− div(%v) dx =⇒ %t + div %v = 0
B
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 15 / 36
Balance equations of continuum physics/2
B ⊂ Ω fix for all t ≥ 0:
Z Z
d
% dx = − %v · n dS =⇒ FVM
dt B
Z∂B
=− div(%v) dx =⇒ %t + div %v = 0
B
Choice B = {x ∈ Ω; η(x) > r }, where r ∈ (0, ∞) and η ∈ D(Ω)
Z Z
d
%η dx − %v · ∇η dx = 0 =⇒ weak solution, FEM
dt B B
Oseen, Leray, . . . , Chen, Torres, Ziemer, . . . Feireisl:
weak formulation of balance equations - the primary setting
classical formulation of balance equations - the secondary setting
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 15 / 36
”Equivalent” formulation of the balance of energy
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0 (BLM)
T
T =T
%(e + |v|2 /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v|2 /2)v) + div q = div (Tv)
is equivalent, provided that v is admissible test function in (BLM), to
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0
TT = T
(%e),t + div(%ev) + div q = T · ∇v
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 16 / 36
”Equivalent” formulation of the balance of energy
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0 (BLM)
T
T =T
%(e + |v|2 /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v|2 /2)v) + div q = div (Tv)
is equivalent, provided that v is admissible test function in (BLM), to
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0
TT = T
(%e),t + div(%ev) + div q = T · ∇v
Note that T · ∇v = T · D where D := D(v) is the symmetric part of the
velocity gradient
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 16 / 36
Entropy
(%e),t + div(%ev) + div q = T · ∇v (1)
Continuum thermodynamics (Callen 1985): there is η (specific entropy
density) being a function of state variables, here η = η̃(e), fulfilling:
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 17 / 36
Entropy
(%e),t + div(%ev) + div q = T · ∇v (1)
Continuum thermodynamics (Callen 1985): there is η (specific entropy
density) being a function of state variables, here η = η̃(e), fulfilling:
1 ∂ η̃ ∂ẽ
η̃ is increasing function of e =⇒ θ =: ∂e or e = ẽ(η) =⇒ θ = ∂η
η → 0+ as θ → 0+
S(t) := Ω %∗ η(t, ·)dx goes to its maximum as t → ∞ provided that the
R
body is thermally and mechanically isolated
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 17 / 36
Entropy
(%e),t + div(%ev) + div q = T · ∇v (1)
Continuum thermodynamics (Callen 1985): there is η (specific entropy
density) being a function of state variables, here η = η̃(e), fulfilling:
1 ∂ η̃ ∂ẽ
η̃ is increasing function of e =⇒ θ =: ∂e or e = ẽ(η) =⇒ θ = ∂η
η → 0+ as θ → 0+
S(t) := Ω %∗ η(t, ·)dx goes to its maximum as t → ∞ provided that the
R
body is thermally and mechanically isolated
(1) is equivalent to
∂ η̃ div q T · D(v)
% e,t + v · ∇e + =
∂e θ θ
h i q 1h i q · ∇θ
% η,t + η · ∇v + div = T · D(v) −
θ θ θ2
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 17 / 36
Second law of thermodynamics/1
q q · ∇θ
%η ,t
+ div(%ηv) + div =ξ with θξ := T · D(v) − (2)
θ θ
Second law of thermodynamics: ξ ≥ 0
Stronger requirement: T · D(v) ≥ 0 (entropy production due to work being converted into heat) and
− q·∇θ
θ ≥ 0 (entropy production due to heat conduction)
We shall use the constitutive equations that automatically meet these
requirements
Minimum principle for e
if e0 ≥ C ∗ in Ω then e(t, ·) ≥ C ∗ in Ω for all t
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 18 / 36
Second law of thermodynamics/2
q q · ∇θ
%η ,t
+ div(%ηv) + div =ξ with θξ ≥ T · D(v) −
θ θ
In terms of the internal energy η = η̃(e)
e,t + div(ev) + div q ≥ T · D(v)
or, using the balance of energy,
|v|2 ,t − 2 div(Tv) + div v|v|2 ≤ 0
Suitable weak solution (in the sense of Caffarelli, Kohn, Nirenberg): In
addition to equations representing balance of mass, linear momentum and
energy we require that solution satisfies one of the formulations of the
second law of thermodynamics
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 19 / 36
Incompresibility
Definition
Volume of any chosen subset (at initial time t = 0) remains constant
during the motion.
for all t: |Vt | = |V0 | ⇐⇒ det Fχ = 1
Taking the derivative w.r.t. time and using the identity
d
det Fχ = div v det Fχ
dt
we conclude that
div v = 0
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 20 / 36
Balance equations for Inhomogeneous incompressible fluids
Balance equations
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0 (BLM)
2 2
%(e + |v| /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v| /2)v) + div q = div (Tv)
Consequences of incompressibility
div v = 0 and T = −pI + S
div v = 0
%t + v · ∇% = 0
(%v)t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
%(e + |v| /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 21 / 36
Balance equations for Inhomogeneous incompressible fluids
Balance equations
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0 (BLM)
2 2
%(e + |v| /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v| /2)v) + div q = div (Tv)
Consequences of incompressibility
div v = 0 and T = −pI + S
div v = 0
%t + v · ∇% = 0
(%v)t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
%(e + |v| /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
S and q: additional (the so-called) constitutive equations
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 21 / 36
Balance equations for Inhomogeneous incompressible fluids
Balance equations
%,t + div(%v) = 0
(%v),t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div T = 0 (BLM)
2 2
%(e + |v| /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v| /2)v) + div q = div (Tv)
Consequences of incompressibility
div v = 0 and T = −pI + S
div v = 0
%t + v · ∇% = 0
(%v)t + div(%v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
%(e + |v| /2) ,t + div(%(e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
S and q: additional (the so-called) constitutive equations
Homogeneous fluids: the density is constant
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 21 / 36
Balance equations for homogeneous incompressible fluids
div v = 0 (3)
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p (4)
2 2
(e + |v| /2),t + div((e + |v| /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv) (5)
e,t + div(ev) + div q ≥ S · D(v) (6)
Constitutive equations for S and q (next section)
Boundary conditions (internal flows)
Initial data
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 22 / 36
IBVP
div v = 0
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
(e + |v| /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
Data
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 23 / 36
IBVP
div v = 0
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
(e + |v| /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
Data
Ω ⊂ R3 bounded open connected container, T ∈ (0, ∞) length of time
interval
v(0, ·) = v0 , e(0, ·) = e0 in Ω
α that appears in boundary conditions (thermally and mechanically or
energetically isolated body)
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 23 / 36
IBVP
div v = 0
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
(e + |v| /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
Data
Ω ⊂ R3 bounded open connected container, T ∈ (0, ∞) length of time
interval
v(0, ·) = v0 , e(0, ·) = e0 in Ω
α that appears in boundary conditions (thermally and mechanically or
energetically isolated body)
Task Mathematical Consistency of a Model - for any set of data to find uniquely
defined, smooth, solution (notion of solution, its existence, uniqueness, regularity)
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 23 / 36
IBVP
div v = 0
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
(e + |v| /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
Data
Ω ⊂ R3 bounded open connected container, T ∈ (0, ∞) length of time
interval
v(0, ·) = v0 , e(0, ·) = e0 in Ω
α that appears in boundary conditions (thermally and mechanically or
energetically isolated body)
Task Mathematical Consistency of a Model - for any set of data to find uniquely
defined, smooth, solution (notion of solution, its existence, uniqueness, regularity)
Weak solution - solution dealing with averages
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 23 / 36
Boundary conditions
(e + |v|2 /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q − div (Sv) = 0
Z Z
d
E (t, x) dx + [(E + p)v · n + q · n − Sv · n] dS = 0
dt Ω ∂Ω
Mechanically and thermally isolated body, Navier’s slip on [0, T ] × Ω:
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 24 / 36
Boundary conditions
(e + |v|2 /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q − div (Sv) = 0
Z Z
d
E (t, x) dx + [(E + p)v · n + q · n − Sv · n] dS = 0
dt Ω ∂Ω
Mechanically and thermally isolated body, Navier’s slip on [0, T ] × Ω:
v·n=0 q·n=0
λ(Sn)τ + (1 − λ)vτ = 0 for λ ∈ (0, 1) uτ := u − (u · n)n
λ = 0 =⇒ no-slip λ = 1 =⇒ slip
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 24 / 36
Boundary conditions
(e + |v|2 /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q − div (Sv) = 0
Z Z
d
E (t, x) dx + [(E + p)v · n + q · n − Sv · n] dS = 0
dt Ω ∂Ω
Mechanically and thermally isolated body, Navier’s slip on [0, T ] × Ω:
v·n=0 q·n=0
λ(Sn)τ + (1 − λ)vτ = 0 for λ ∈ (0, 1) uτ := u − (u · n)n
λ = 0 =⇒ no-slip λ = 1 =⇒ slip
Energetically isolated body, Navier’s slip on [0, T ] × Ω:
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 24 / 36
Boundary conditions
(e + |v|2 /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q − div (Sv) = 0
Z Z
d
E (t, x) dx + [(E + p)v · n + q · n − Sv · n] dS = 0
dt Ω ∂Ω
Mechanically and thermally isolated body, Navier’s slip on [0, T ] × Ω:
v·n=0 q·n=0
λ(Sn)τ + (1 − λ)vτ = 0 for λ ∈ (0, 1) uτ := u − (u · n)n
λ = 0 =⇒ no-slip λ = 1 =⇒ slip
Energetically isolated body, Navier’s slip on [0, T ] × Ω:
v·n=0 q · n = −α|vτ |2
(Sn)τ + αvτ = 0 α := (1 − λ)/λ
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 24 / 36
”Equivalent” formulation of the balance of energy/1
div v = 0
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
(e + |v| /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
is equivalent (if v is admissible test function in BM) to
div v = 0
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
e,t + div(ev) + div q = S · D(v)
Helmholtz decomposition u = udiv + ∇g v
Leray’s projector P : u 7→ udiv
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 25 / 36
”Equivalent” formulation of the balance of energy/2
div v = 0
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
(e + |v| /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
is equivalent (if v is admissible test function in BM) to
div v = 0
v,t + P div(v ⊗ v) − P div S = 0
e,t + div(ev) + div q = S · D(v)
Advantages/Disadvantages
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 26 / 36
”Equivalent” formulation of the balance of energy/2
div v = 0
v,t + div(v ⊗ v) − div S = −∇p
(e + |v| /2),t + div((e + |v|2 /2 + p)v) + div q = div (Sv)
2
is equivalent (if v is admissible test function in BM) to
div v = 0
v,t + P div(v ⊗ v) − P div S = 0
e,t + div(ev) + div q = S · D(v)
Advantages/Disadvantages
+ pressure is not included into the 2nd formulation
+ minimum principle for e if S · D(v) ≥ 0
− S · D(v) ∈ L1 while Sv ∈ Lq with q > 1
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 26 / 36
Part #3
Constitutive equations
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 27 / 36
Newtonian fluids
Definition
The viscosity: the coefficient of the proportionality between the shear rate
and the shear stress.
Simple shear flow: v(x, y , z) = (v (y ), 0, 0)
Newton: The resistance arising from the want of lubricity in parts of the
fluid, other things being equal, is proportional to the velocity with which
the parts are separated from one another.
Txy = νv 0 (y ) g (Txy , v 0 (y )) = 0
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 28 / 36
Generalized Newtonian fluids
Experimental data show that the viscosity may depend on the pressure,
shear rate, temperature, concentration, ..., density (if fluid is
inhomogeneous)
Txy = νv 0 (y ) ν = ν(p, θ, |v 0 (y )|) S = ν(p, θ, |D(v)|2 )D
Examples:
T = −pI + 2µ0 D, tr D = 0
T = −pI + 2µ0 |D|r −2 D r ∈ [1, ∞)
r −2
1 + |D|2 2 D
T = −pI + 2µ0
T = −pI + 2µ0 exp(αp)D or T=
r −2
−pI + 1 + αµ(p, θ) + |D|2 2
D
√ 2)
T = −pI + 2ν(p, %, θ)D = −pI + A % exp B(p+D%θ D
r −2
T = −pI + 2µ0 exp(1/θ − 1/θ0 ) 1 + αµ(p, θ) + |D|2 2 D
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 29 / 36
Implicitely constituted fluids
More general implicit relations
G (Txy , v 0 (y )) = 0 or G (p, θ, Txy , v 0 (y )) = 0 G(p, θ, S, D) = 0
have the ability to capture complicated responses of materials without any
need to introduce (non-physical) internal variable constitutive theories, etc.
Implicit relations
algebraic
rate type
integral
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 30 / 36
Newtonian versus non-Newtonian fluids
Incompressible Newtonian fluid
T = −pI + 2µD, tr D = 0
Departures from Newtonian behavior (at a simple shear flow)
Dependence of the viscosity on the shear rate
Dependence of the viscosity on the pressure
The presence of the yield stress (or other activation or deactivation
criteria)
The presence of the normal stress differences
Stress relaxation
Nonlinear creep
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 31 / 36
Fourier fluids - heat conducting fluids
Definition
The heat conductivity: the coefficient of the proportionality between the
heat flux q and the temperature gradient ∇θ.
Landau, Lifschitz: The heat flux is related to the variation of temperature
through the fluid. . . . We can then expand q as a series of powers of
temperature gradient, taking only the first terms of the expansion. The
constant term is evidently zero since q must vanish when ∇θ does so.
Thus we have
q = −κ∇θ
The coefficient κ is in general a function of temperature and pressure.
Examples:
q = −κ∇θ
q = −κ(θ, p)∇θ
(2)
q(∇θ) = q(0) + ∂z (0)∇θ + 1/2∂z (0)∇θ ⊗ ∇θ
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 32 / 36
Implicitely constituted heat conducting fluids
More general implicit relations
r(q, ∇θ) = 0 r(q, p, θ, ∇θ, D) = 0
Implicit relations
algebraic
rate type
integral
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 33 / 36
Part #4
References
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References/1
1 E. Feireisl, J. Málek: On the Navier-Stokes Equations with temperature-dependent
transport coefficients, Differ. Equ. Nonlinear Mech., pp. Art. ID 90916, 14p., 2006
2 M. Bulı́ček, E. Feireisl, J. Málek: Navier-Stokes-Fourier system for incompressible fluids
with temperature dependent material coefficients, to appear in Nonlinear Analysis and
Real World Applications, 2008
3 M. Bulı́ček, J. Málek, K. R. Rajagopal: Navier’s slip and Evolutionary Navier-Stokes-Like
systems with Pressure and Shear-Rate Dependent Viscosity, Indiana University Math. J.
56, 51–85, 2007
4 M. Bulı́ček, J. Málek, K. R. Rajagopal: Mathematical analysis of unsteady flows of fluids
with pressure, shear-rate and temperature dependent material moduli, that slip at solid
boundaries, revised version considered in SIAM J. Math. Anal., 2008
5 M. Bulı́ček, L. Consiglieri, J. Málek: Slip boundary effects on unsteady flows of
incompressible viscous heat conducting fluids with a nonlinear internal energy-temperature
relationship, to appear as the preprint at http://ncmm.karlin.mff.cuni.cz, 2008
6 M. Bulı́ček, L. Consiglieri, J. Málek: On Solvability of a non-linear heat equation with a
non-integrable convective term and the right-hand side involving measures, to appear as
the preprint at http://ncmm.karlin.mff.cuni.cz, 2008
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References/2
1 J. Málek and K.R. Rajagopal: Mathematical Issues Concerning the Navier-Stokes
Equations and Some of Its Generalizations, in: Handbook of Differential Equations,
Evolutionary Equations, volume 2, 371-459, 2005
2 J. Frehse, J. Málek and M. Steinhauer: On analysis of steady flows of fluids with
shear-dependent viscosity based on the Lipschitz truncation method, SIAM J. Math.
Anal. 34, 1064-1083, 2003
3 L. Diening, J. Málek and M. Steinhauer: On Lipschitz truncations of Sobolev functions
(with variable exponent) and their selected applications, accepted to ESAIM: Control,
Optimization and Calculus of Variations, published online, 2007
4 J. Hron, J. Málek and K.R. Rajagopal: Simple Flows of Fluids with Pressure Dependent
Viscosities, Proc. London Royal Soc.: Math. Phys. Engnr. Sci. 457, 1603–1622, 2001
5 M. Franta, J. Málek and K.R. Rajagopal: Existence of Weak Solutions for the Dirichlet
Problem for the Steady Flows of Fluids with Shear Dependent Viscosities, Proc. London
Royal Soc. A: Math. Phys. Engnr. Sci. 461, 651–670, 2005
6 J. Málek, M. Růžička and V.V. Shelukhin: Herschel-Bulkley Fluids: Existence and
regularity of steady flows, Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences, 15,
1845–1861, 2005
7 P. Gwiazda, J. Málek and A. Świerczewska: On flows of an incompressible fluid with a
discontinuous power-law-like rheology, Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 53,
531–546, 2007
8 M. Bulı́ček, P. Gwiazda, J. Málek and A. Świerczewska-Gwiazda: On steady flows of an
incompressible fluids with implicit power-law-like rheology, accepted to Adv. Calculus of
Variations 2008
J. Málek (MFF UK) Analysis for incompressible fluid flows June 16, 2008 36 / 36
