Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition, Chapter 15: Sources, 1

Sources

The discussion of dialect and the terms sociolinguistics of language and

sociolinguistics of society are adapted from R. Fasold, The Sociolinguistics of
Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984), and R. Fasold, Sociolinguistics of Language
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1990). The discussion of discourse analysis was informed by
D. Schiffrin, Approaches to Discourse (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), and Discourse
Markers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Examples of register
were taken from R. Grable, J. Jernigan, C. Pogue, and D. Divis, “Metrics for Small
Projects: Experiences at the SED,” Software 16(2) (1999): 21–29, and from Z.
Segal, M. Gemar, and S. Williams, “Differential Cognitive Response to a Mood
Challenge Following Successful Cognitive Therapy or Pharmacotherapy for
Unipolar Depression,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108(1) (1999): 3-10.
The recipe for Dino-gettis on toast comes from Time ... in the Kitchen, a
cookbook compiled for the United Way by the Twenty-fifth Anniversary
Committee of Time Air; recipe contributed by Mike Exner, p. 117. Slang terms
come from various Internet slang dictionaries, most notably The College Slang
Research Page/Copyright 1997-2002 Judi Sanders
http://www.intranet.csupomona.edu/~jasanders/slang/index.html. The study of
slang in a Calgary high school is from J.P. Bowes, “Teenage Labelling: ‘Are You a
Jock or a Freak?’” Calgary Working Papers in Linguistics 9 (1983): 7-16.
The discussion of solidarity and power is partly based on the discussion
in J. Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (New York: Longman, 1992),
and in R. Brown and A. Gilman, “The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity,” in Style
in Language, edited by T. Sebeok (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960), pp. 253-
276.
The theory of politeness presented is that detailed by Penelope Brown
and Stephen Levinson in their book Politeness: Some Universals in Language
Usage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Information on asking
questions within the West African context is from an article by Gérémie
Sawadogo titled “Training for the African Mind,” which appeared in the
International Journal of Intercultural Relations 19(2) (1995): 281-293. The
expression of politeness in Israeli conversation is addressed in Shoshana Blum-
Kulka’s paper “The Metapragmatics of Politeness in Israeli Society,” which
appeared in Politeness in Language: Studies in Its History, Theory, and Practice,
edited by Richard Watts, Sachiko Ide, and Konrad Ehlich (Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter, 1992). Examples from Koasati come from M. Haas, “Men’s and
Women’s Speech in Koasati,” in Language 20 (1944): 142-149. The description
 Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition, Chapter 15: Sources, 2

of the use of clitics in Lakhota is based on Sara Trecher’s article

“Contextualizing the Exotic Few: Gender Dichotomies in Lakhota,” in Reinventing
Identities: The Gendered Self in Discourse, edited by Mary Bucholtz, A.C. Liang,
and Laurel Sutton (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Examples from
Bislama come from M. Meyerhoff, “Accommodating Your Data: The Use and
Misuse of Accommodation Theory in Sociolinguistics,” in Language and
Communication 18 (1998): 205-225. Examples from the Prijajis come from C.
Geertz, “Linguistic Etiquette,” in Sociolinguistics, edited by J.B. Pride and J.
Holmes (New York: Penguin Books, 1972), pp. 167-179. Examples from
Japanese are from S. Ide, “How and Why Do Women Speak More Politely in
Japanese?” in Aspects of Japanese Women’s Language, edited by S. Ide and N.H.
McGloin (Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers, 1991), pp. 63-79. Discussion of gender and
language, including some examples, comes from J. Coates, Women, Men and
Language (New York: Longman, 1993).
The discussion of standard and nonstandard language comes from I.
Pringle, “The Complexity of the Concept of Standard,” in In Search of the
Standard in Canadian English, edited by W.C. Lougheed (Kingston, ON: Queen’s
University, 1985), pp. 20-38, and W. Labov, “The Logic of Non-Standard
English,” in Georgetown Monographs on Languages and Linguistics, edited by J.
Alatis (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1970), pp. 1-43.
The original study of linguistic insecurity in New York City is found in
William Labov, The Social Stratification of English in New York City (Washington,
DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966). Canadian studies discussed in the
section on attitudes are by T.W. Owens and P.M. Baker, “Linguistic Insecurity in
Winnipeg, Canada: Validation of a Canadian Index of Linguistic Insecurity,”
Language in Society 13 (1984): 337–350, and M. McKinnie and J. Dailey-O’Cain,
“A Perceptual Dialectology of Anglophone Canada from the Perspective of Young
Albertans and Ontarians” (paper presented at NWAVE 27, University of Georgia,
1998). Excerpts of the Court of Appeal’s decision on English-only in the
workplace can be accessed through James Crawford’s Web site at
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/rights.htm. The
New York City indexing analysis is from William Labov, The Social Stratification
of English in New York City (Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics,
1966). The computation of the indexing analysis is summarized in Gregory Guy,
“The Quantitative Analysis of Linguistic Variation,” in American Dialect Research,
edited by Dennis R. Preston (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins,
1993), pp. 223–249. Results on /aw/ fronting in Toronto and Vancouver come
 Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition, Chapter 15: Sources, 3

from J.K. Chambers and M. Hardwick, “Comparative Sociolinguistics of a Sound

Change in Canadian English,” in English World-Wide 7 (1986): 123-146.
The discussion of principal components analysis and reported figures are
from S. Clarke, “Problems in the Analysis of Sociolinguistic Variability: From
Social to Linguistic Groupings” (paper presented at NWAVE 19, University of
Pennsylvania, 1990).
The map in Figure 15 comes from L. Péronnet and P.-A. Arsenault,
“Linguistic Atlas of French Maritime Terminology,” Journal of English Linguistics
22 (1990): 25–29. The study of water isoglosses in Louisiana is reported in C.
Bodin, “Water-Based Isoglosses in Louisiana Acadian French” (paper presented
at Methods IX, University of Wales, Bangor, 1996). The discussion of regional
dialects makes use of a number of sources: Wolfram and Schilling-Estes (listed
in the Recommended Reading); Carver (listed in the Recommended Reading);
and the Web site of the Phonological Atlas of North America, which can be
accessed at http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/home. html.
The New York department store survey is found in William Labov,
Sociolinguistic Patterns (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972).
The social network discussion comes from L. Milroy, Language and Social
Networks (Baltimore: University Park Press, 1980), with figures and examples
from J. Boissevain, Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators and Coalitions
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1974). Information on the Ocracoke dialect is found in W.
Wolfram and N. Schilling-Estes, “Moribund Dialects and the Endangerment
Canon: The Case of the Ocracoke Brogue,” Language 71 (1995): 696–721. The
section on African American Vernacular English is based on W. Wolfram and N.
Schilling-Estes (cited in Recommended Reading); papers on John Rickford’s Web
site devoted to ebonics at http://www.stanford.edu/~rickford/ebonics/; and an
untitled column by Jack Sidnell in Anthropology Newsletter 38(3) (1997): 8.
The section on lingua franca, pidgins, and creoles has drawn heavily on
information and examples presented in Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction,
edited by Jacques Arends, Pieter Muysken, and Norval Smith (Amsterdam: John
Benjamins, 1995). Other sources include René Appel and Pieter Muysken,
Language Contact and Bilingualism (London: Edward Arnold, 1987); Janet
Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, which was cited earlier; R.A. Hall,
Jr., Pidgin and Creole Languages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1966); D.
Bickerton, “The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis” in The Behavioral and Brain
Sciences 7(2) (1984): 173-221; and G. Sankoff and S. Laberge, “On the
Acquisition of Native Speakers by a Language,” in Pidgins and Creoles: Current
Trends and Prospects, edited by D. DeCamp and I.F. Hancock (Washington:
 Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 5th edition, Chapter 15: Sources, 4

Georgetown University Press, 1974), pp. 73-84. The section on language

mixture is informed by S. Poplack, “Sometimes I’ll Start a Sentence in Spanish Y
~
TERMINO EN ESPAN OL: Toward a Typology of Code-Switching,” Linguistics
18(7/8) (1980): 581-618, as well as by J. Holmes, An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics (New York: Longman, 1992). Additional examples come from D.
Turpin, mentioned above; M. Meechan and S. Poplack, “Orphan Categories in
Bilingual Discourse: Adjectivization Strategies in Wolof-French and Fongbe-
French,” Language Variation and Change 7 (1995): 169–194; S. Poplack, S.
Wheeler, and A. Westwood, “Distinguishing Language Contact Phenomena:
Evidence from Finnish-English Bilingualism,” in The Nordic Languages and
Modern Linguistics, edited by P. Lilius and M. Saari (Helsinki: University of
Helsinki Press, 1987), pp. 33-56; and M. Naït M’Barek and D. Sankoff, “Le
discours mixte arabe/français: des emprunts ou des alternances de langue?”
Revue Canadienne de Linguistique 33(2) (1988):143–154.