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FIR Filter Design Techniques Overview

The document discusses the design of FIR (finite impulse response) filters. It begins with an introduction to digital filters and FIR filters. It then covers the frequency response of FIR filters and various design methods, including windowing techniques, optimum filter design using Parks-McClellan algorithms, and other topics. The document provides information on FIR filters and compares different design approaches.

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251 views22 pages

FIR Filter Design Techniques Overview

The document discusses the design of FIR (finite impulse response) filters. It begins with an introduction to digital filters and FIR filters. It then covers the frequency response of FIR filters and various design methods, including windowing techniques, optimum filter design using Parks-McClellan algorithms, and other topics. The document provides information on FIR filters and compares different design approaches.

Uploaded by

saran52_ece
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OVGU Präsentation 20.07.

2015 1

Design of FIR Filters

Aranya Sarkar
M.Sc- Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
20.07.2015
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 2

Contents

 Introduction- digital filters


 FIR filters, advantages and disadvantages

 Frequency response of FIR filters


 Design methods
 Windowing techniques
 Optimum filter designing and various techniques
 Alternation Theorem
 Parks- Mcclellan Algorithm
 Conclusion
 References
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 3

Digital Filter-Introduction

 performs mathematical operation on


a sampled discrete time signal
to reduce or enhance certain aspects

Advantages

 Software programmable
 Requires only arithmetic functions
 Do not drift with temperature or humidity
 Superior performance-to-cost ratio
 Do not suffer from manufacturing defects or aging
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 4

FIR Filters

 A filter whose response has finite duration


 Non recursive since unlike IIR filters, the feedback is not there

Fig. FIR Filter of order n


OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 5

Advantages and Disadvantages of FIR Filters

Advantages:

 Unconditionally stable
 Simple to implement
 Linear
 Non Causal

Disadvantages:

 Expensive due to large order


 Requires more memory
 Time consuming process
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 6

Frequency response of FIR filter

 Let’s consider the desired impulse response of the FIR is hd[n].


 DTFT of hd[n] is 𝐻𝑑 𝜔 = ∞
ℎ=−∞ ℎ𝑑 (𝑛)𝑒
−𝑗𝜔𝑛

hd[n] should be finite. So we need to truncate it from 0 to M to have an


order of M+1.

Considering an ideal low pass filter:


OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 7

Basic Design Methods

 Windowing Technique

 Frequency Sampling

 Equiripple Design
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 8

Filter Design by Windowing

 Simplest way of designing FIR filters

Method is all discrete-time no continuous-time involved

Start with ideal frequency response


    h ne
 
Hd e j

n  
d
 j n
 
hd n 
1
2 
Hd  
e j
e jn
d

 The easiest way to obtain a causal FIR filter from ideal is


h n 0  n  M
hn   d
 0 else
 More generally
1 0  n  M
hn  hd nwn where wn  
0 else
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 9

Rectangular Window

 Narrowest main lob


-4/(M+1)
-Sharpest transitions
at discontinuites in frequency

 Large side lobs


-13 dB
-Large oscillation
around discontinuities

• Simplest window possible


OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 10

Bartlett (Triangular) Window


 Medium main lob
-8/M

 Side lobs
-25 dB

 Hamming window performs better

 Simple equation

 2n / M 0  n  M/2

wn  2  2n / M M / 2  n  M
 0 else

OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 11

Hamming Window

 Medium main lob


- 8/M

 Side lobs
- 41 dB

 Simpler than Blackman

  2n 
0.54  0.46 cos  0nM
wn    M 

 0 else
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 12

Comparison of Frequency Response of The Windows


OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 13

Optimum Filter Design

 Though ´windowing method is simple, it is not the most effective

 Rectangular windowing is optimum In one sense since they


minimise the mean squared approximation error to desired
response, but causes errors around discontinuities

Most popular alternative method: Parks-McClellan Algorithm

 Uses minimax error method for function approximation


OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 14

Different Methods of Optimum Filter Designing by


Approximation

 Weighted-least-squares method

Chebyshev method

WLS-Chebyshev method

 Parks-Mcclellan algorithm
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 15

Parks- McClellan

 Often called the Remez exchange method

 This method designs an optimal linear phase filter

 This is the standard method for FIR filter design

 This methodology for designing symmetric filters that minimize


filter length for a particular set of design constraints {ωp, ωs, δ p, δ
s}

 The computational effort is linearly proportional to the length of


the filter

 In Matlab, this method is available as remez().


OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 16

Parks- McClellan Method

 The resulting filters minimize the maximum error between the


desired frequency response and the actual frequency response by
spreading the approximation error uniformly over each band

 Such filters that exhibit equiripple behavior in both the passband


and the stopband, and are sometimes called equiripple filters
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 17

Alternation Theorem

 The polynomial of degree L that minimizes the maximum error will


have at least L+2 extrema.

 The optimal frequency response will just touch


the maximum ripple bounds.

 Extrema must occur at the pass and stop band edges and
at either ω=0 or π or both.

 The derivative of a polynomial of degree L is a polynomial of


degree L-1, which can be zero in at most L-1 places. So the
maximum number of local extrema is the L-1 local extrema plus
the 4 band edges. That is L+3.

 The alternation theorem doesn’t directly suggest a method for


computing the optimal filter
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 18

Parks-McClellan Algorithm
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 19

Conclusion

 FIR filters allow the design of linear phase filters, which eliminate
the possibility of signal phase distortion

 Two methods of linear phase FIR design were discussed:


-The ideal window method
-The optimal Parks-McClellan method

 FIR is advantageous due to linearity and stability

 The disadvantages of FIR include expensiveness and that the


process is time consuming
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 20

References

 Digital Signal Processing, Alan V.Oppenheim/Ronald W. Schafer,


ISBN-10 0132146355, Prentice Hall, June 1974

 Digital Signal Processing: A computer based approach, Sanjit


K.Mehta, ISBN 9780072513783, Mcgraw Hill, 1997

 Digital Signal Processing, P.Ramesh Babu, ISBN 8187328525,


Scitech Publications, 2003

 Parks-McClellan FIR Filter Design, Eman R.El-


Taweel/MaysoonA.Abu Shamla, Islamic University-Gaza, 2nd May,
2007
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 21

QUESTIONS ?
OVGU Präsentation 20.07.2015 22

Thank You For Your Attention

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