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THE
Al
ANNALS
UF

INDIAN ADMINISTRATION.
EDITED BT

MEEEDITH TOWNSEN1X

CONTENTS OF PART I.
IMPFEUL. i Punjar Records.
Page. Page.
Mr. Plowden's Salt Report, . . . ... 32 Public Works,.. r ... ... 116
Indian Treaties since 1884, ... .. 84
Madras Records.
Indian Records.
District Roads, ... 52
Jubbulpore School of Industry, .. 22 Public Works, ... 63
Pegu Survey, Central District, .. 24 Budget of 1855-56, ... 69
, Northern District 26 Police Returns, ... 102
Flax in the Punjab, .. 29 Purla Kimedy, ... 107
Uindostan and Thibet Roads, .. 99 Black Town Drains, ... 118
Bengal Records. Bomrav Records.

Mr. Smith's Report on Coal and Enam Commission, ... 1

Iron, .. 20 Poona Duftur,., ... 11
Education, .. 122 Concealment of Records, ... 15
Bombay Education, ... 46
N. W. P. Records. , (Poona,)... ... 50
Forced Labour in Scinde, ... 61
Survey of Rohilcund, .. "7 ; Hilly Region of Kurrachee, ... ... 57
Public Works of Meerut, ... .. m Adoptions in the Deecan, ... 69
Hulkabundee Schools .. 112 Canals in Hydrabad, ... 63
Boa4a in Nimar, .. 113 Police Returns, +. ... 105
Settlement of Barrah, .. 114 I Mortuary Report, ... 107
Tenure* in Pergimnah Budohee, . .. 115 Index, i

SEBAMPOHE :
PRINTED BY J. C. MURRAY.
1850.

rV JU.6/
 ADVERTISEMENT.

The Governments of India publish on an average a volume

every four days. From Reports affecting the entire Empire to
accounts of local drainage, from the opinions of the ablest officers
to the cost of a cutcha bye-road in a frontier province, every thing
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may not obtain from them, in reference to his special task, all
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books analyzed comprize just two thousand five hundred.
O1" ■i I bo
 THE

ANNALS

INDIAN ADMINISTRATION

THE ENAM COMMISSION.

Bombay Records, No. XXX.—New Series, page 55.

On 1st July, 1848, Mr. Hart, Enam Commissioner, reports

on the history and operations of his department. It has
long been known that estates have been alienated from Govern
ment in a fraudulent manner. The Peshwa's Government
endeavoured to check the abuse, but from the remoteness of the
districts, the unsettled state of the country, and the power and
character of the officers who held them, the attempt failed.
The alienations became more frequent under Bajee Rao. Sir
Thomas Munro on taking possession of the Southern Marhatta
Country noticed the abuse in letters to Mr. Elphinstoue of 8th
March, and 28th August, 1818. In those letters he stated that
" a large portion of the alienations would be found to have arisen
from unauthorized grants and other frauds. Every one
from the Kurnum of a village to the Sursoobah of the Car-
natic granted both land and pensions." In 1819, Mr. Elphin-
stone as Commissioner prescribed some rules, temporary and
imperfect, for Enam claims. He added that when our system was
more matured, it would be expedient to add, as a further reward
to officers discovering recent fraudulent alienations, a grant
of the revenue of the year in which the resumption took place.
The first general scrutiny was instituted by Mr. Thackeray,
Principal Collector of Dharwar, who died with his work un
finished. Since then all proceedings have been desultory. The
decisions also have been vitiated by the dependence placed on in
terested evidence, the Peshwa's Duftur being almost unknown.
Mr. Goldsmid, Superintendent of Survey, found that besides the
Muhals alienated as Jagheer and Surinjam, 700 villages out of
the Khalsat Mehals of Dharwar and Belganm had disappeared.
 [ 2 ]
Out of 2,452 villages left to Government and nominally Khalsat,
60,000 were gone, the share of Government even in its own
villages not averaging one- half.
Mr. Goldsmid found that many of these alienations were
fictitious, and in 1811, suggested the expediency of additional
precautions for the examination of the Poona records. In 1841 ,
he was despatched to make arrangements for the papers relating
to the Southern Marhatta Country. On his report, a Committee
composed of himself and Moro Punt, Principal Sudder Ameen,
was formed to investigate the titles of persons holding Enams
in the Southern Marhatta Country. On the 17th January, 1844,
Mr. Hart was added to the Committee and subsequently he and
Capt. M. F. Gordon formed the Committee.
Between 1843 and 1846, the area of investigation was extend
ed so to include the whole of the Southern Marhatta Country.
The work, says Mr. Hart, has consisted principally in hearing
statements made by Enamdars, and reporting on them, and in
miscellaneous business ; also reporting on the condition and pro
posed settlement of hereditary village offices. Between 26th May
and 20th November, 1847, Mr. Hart began to pass decisions
himself. That system however, though comparatively rapid, was
abandoned, in consequence of doubts as to its legality.
Classified lists have been made of cases referred by the Col
lectors of Dharwar and Belgaum, amounting to 2,868. Large
quantities of records have been collected. Information has been
received as to the village establishments, and lists shewing the
extent, value, &c. of each Enam in Dharwar.
The cost of the Commission in 1847 was Rs. 25,425-13-10.
It is impossible to state the effect of the Commission on the
revenue, but Mr. Hart calculates the permanent gain at Rs.
18,000 a year. He can form no estimate of the time to be con
sumed, but it will be great if he is compelled to report each case
to Government. In a postscript, Mr. Hart gives some details of
the financial result of the Commission up to 1818 :—
Total actual expense of Commission, Rs. 66,395
Annual revenue recoverable in consequence of
Commission, 40,748
Government approves on 25th October, 1848, of Mr. Hart's
report.
On 13th May, 1846, Mr. D. A. Blanc, Revenue Commissioner,
Northern Division, submits a correspondence from Broach relative
to the investigation of Enam titles. The Collector of Broach wants
an establishment. This is disallowed, and on 13th February, 1817,
Mr. Blane submits another correspondence, saying the new Collec-
tor of Broach will dispense with the establishment, but has taken
a view of Reg. VI. of 1833, the accuracy of which he (Mr. Blane,)
 C .3 ]
questions. In reply, on the 30th April, Government determines the
interpretation of the Act, and orders Mr. Blane to ascertain exactly
the position in which the proceedings for investigating the vali
dity of rent free titles stand, in the several Collectorates under his
control. On the same day the same order is sent to the Revenue
Commissioner of the Sonthern Marhatta Country. Mr. Town-
send, Commissioner of the Southern Marhatta District replies on
the 26th Nov. 1847, that no investigation into Enams generally
has ever heen made in the Poona Collectorate. No regular
enquiry has ever been instituted in Abmednuggur, while in a
sub-division under Mr. Tytler only doubtful Enam claims have
bee investigated. The acknowledged and registered Enams have
not been touched. In Sholapore an investigation into the va
lue and extent of the Enams in the four Southern districts has
been made. That of the Warshashuns in the Sholapore dis
trict is nearly completed. In the northern districts a preliminary
investigation has been made by the Mamlutdars. The quantity
of Enam land held free of service is 83,115 acres, worth Us. 87,959
a year. In Rutnagherry no general enquiry has been insti
tuted. Little therefore has been done, except in Sholapore,
and under the Sub-Collectorate of Mr. Tytler. Enclosed in Mr.
Townsend's report is a letter from the Collector of Rutnagherry
stating the general facts given above, but adding that :—
" By Regulation VI. of 1833 the period of enjoyment
necessary to confer a prescriptive right is reduced from sixty to
thirty years, whereas in the Rules of 1842 sixty years' enjoyment
is requisite, as also two successions in lineal descent, when the
claimant possesses no Sunuds or other documentary evidence in
support of his hereditary title." The Collector therefore would
adhere to the Rules of 1842, and adds that the 30th year
from the fall of the Peshwa is now current. He estimates the
alienations in Rutnagherry at Rs. 77,653. In reply the Go
vernment on 24th January, 1848, remarks that it by no means
follows that because an Enam is registered it is acknow
ledged, and declares that even under Reg. VI. of 1833, Govern
ment has power to enquire into titles. For, Clause 2 excludes
from the thirty years' privilege all land alienated since the
British Government obtained possession of the country, and
without its permission, and the 3rd Clause excludes grants made
without the authority of the Peshwa since 1803. The following
eleven letters only carry on the official routine.
On 5th December,1848,Mr.W.A.Blane,Revenue Commissioner,
Northern Division, reports on the progress of the Enam Enquiry
in his division, enclosing correspondence from all his Collec
torates. In Ahmedabad there were originally 1,35,393 beegas
of land in Khalsa villages wholly or partially rent free. Notices
a2
 [ 4 ]
affecting 18,190 beegas have been issued. Of these 8,980 have
been declared exempt, or only to be resumed after a period,
and 9,46 A have been resumed, 3,923 beegas "are under
notice, and the rest remain as they were." He believes the
work requires a special officer. From Kaira the Collector sub
mits a table which shews that 15,031 beegas of land have been
under notice, while on 3,99,837 no notices have been served.
He reports that in cases were the titles have been found defec
tive, thelandshave been continued tothe parties, as matter of favour,
for a few years. On the passing of Act X. of 1831, and Act VI.
of 1833, many parties maintained that they had enjoyed lands
for sixty or thirty years, and recovered them. From Broach,
Mr. Davies reports that in the four talooks of Broach, Wagra,
Unklesur and Hansote the operations of the Survey leave no
thing to be desired. In Ahmode and Jumboosur Talooks
and the Mehal of Dehej no investigations have been made,
though the proportion of alienated lands is very great. The
titles still open to investigation are the service tenures, and pre
scriptive tenures, and Sircar lands alienated since the British
Government obtained possession of the country. The prescriptive
tenures amount to
Grassia lands per annum, ... ... .. Rs. 2,82,012
Vechanea and Guranea, ... ... ... ... 41,317
Blood money assigned to Pat els to secure im
munity from retaliation, ... ... ... ... 2,867
Hindoo Temple lands, 28,528
Mosque lands, ... .. ... 32,854

Total, ... 3,90,578

Seevice Lands.
Lands assigned in charity to individual Hindoos, . . 1,37,541
Hindoo Mendicant's lands, ... ... ... .. 2,115

Total, .. 1,30,656
Of the total amount there have been
Investigated by Survey Committee, . . . . Rs. 2,06,379
Not investigated, 3,23,879
Mr. Davies explains that the " old Wanta" or Grassia lands
are held by immemorial tenure, and cannot be upset. The new
AYanta are very generally surrendered by the holders. He pro
ceeds to describe the tenures, and believes it impossible for the
regular establishment to make any investigation. It must be
effected by a Committee of which the Collector may be a Mem
ber. From Surat, Mr. Stewart reports that no regular enqui
ry has ever been instituted in the Zillah. 'Ihe Survey officers
 ['5 ]
concerned themselves only with occupancy not title. If any
Enamdar held more land than he was entitled to, it was marked as
Wadara or excess, and in some instances assessment on these
lands has been enforced. Mr. Stewart submits a table shewing that
1,07,917 beegas of land have been alienated in Surat, of which
497 beegas have been resumed under Reg. XVII. of 1S27, and
the holders of 912 beegas more have been served with notices.
1591 beegas have been confirmed to the holders, but of this
quantity decisions affecting 1206 beegas have not been submitted
to Government as required by Reg. XVII. of 1827. FromTanna
the Collector reports that 1900 notices have been served, but no
final decision has been received. He suggests that an Assistant
Collector should be appointed to the work, and questions the
necessity for examining all such claims. He also deprecates the
practice existing in the Collectorate of attaching all Enams on
the death of their holders till the decision of the Government is
known. He adds that 2386 beegas have been investigated,aud2553
remain to be enquired into. From Khandeish the Collector reports
that the extent of Enam land is 3,23,523 beegas or Rs. 4,10,396
a year. Of this there has been
Beegas. Revenue.
Confirmed by Govt., 1,87,539 Rs. 2,50,773.
To be investigated, 1,35,985 „ 1,59,623
The Agent at Colaba reports that alienations amount to Rs.
1 1,722 a year, of this amount the holders of Rs. 12,570 have
registered their sunuds. Promises to enquire further.
On 9th April, Mr. Shaw sums up the results of these inves
tigations in the northern and southern Divisions thus : —
" The amount thus alienated would appear to be estimated
for both divisions at an annual valuation of Rs. 82,11,787-15-8
for the year 1816-47, of which large amount Rs. 36,71,034-8T2
appertained to this division (vide figured statement following),
distinguishing Rs. 8,09,413 as service lands to Patels, Koolknr-
nees, and others, and leaving Rs. 28,61,621-8-2 as the amount
wholly alienated from Government.
 [ 0]

Amount entered in Amount entered in

Col. 6 of Statement Col. 8 of Statement
Division!. A, accompanying Col A,accompanying Col
lector's Annual Re lector's Annual Re
ports for 1846-47. ports for 1846-47.

Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P.

Ahmedabad, 80,394 8,18,166 9 3

Kaira, 74,989 8,48,053 8 10
Surat, 1,01,951 4,88,086 5
Broach, 1,71,731 7,50,518 S
Tanna, 37,768 1,95,981 10
Khandeish, 3,42,578 5,56,864 0
Agent at Colaba, 13,914 2
Total Northern Division, 8,09,413 0 36,71,034 8 2
Total Southern Division, 22,39,155 5 45,43,758 7 S
Total Northern and Southern Divisii 80,48,568 6 5 82,14,787 15 8
The Collectors universally, with the exception of the Agent
at Colaba, are of opinion that they have not the means to
commence a satisfactory enquiry. Mr. Shaw quotes their sugges
tions, and requests that one officer should be appointed as
Assistant to the Collectors of the Division, and be guided by the
rules drawn up by the Enam Commissioner of the Southern
Marhatta Country. He does not propose to relieve the Col
lectors of any responsibility, but simply to extend aid to them.
On 9th October, 1849, he submits a letter from the Collector of
Surat. Mr. Fawcett reports that the term of 30 years fixed
by Reg. XVII. of 1827, Cap. 10 having nearly expired, his
predecessor issued 15,017 notices. 996 had been issued before.
There are therefore 16,010 cases to be disposed of. The present
establishment will not be able to dispose of them for years,
during which time the holders' titles must remain uncertain.
Suggests therefore the adoption of extraordinary measures for
the disposal of this business.
On 27th June, 1848, Mr. Hart, Enam Commissioner, submits
observations on the expediency of placing the Enam Com
mission on a more definite and satisfactory basis. He observes
that while the rules for determining titles appear sufficient,
the means for enforcing them are deficient, and an enactment
remedying such deficiency would be of great public advantage.
When the Regs, of 1827 were introduced, the rules contained
in them for the conduct of Enam investigations were declared
inapplicable to these provinces. The adjudication of titles re
mained therefore in the hands of Government. Since the Enam
Commission was founded, the cases have been too numerous for
 [ 7 ]
Government to decide. For this reason and others Govern
ment prescribed a system, by which an appeal from the Enam
Commissioner was made to the Revenue Commissioner, and
in a certain class of cases to Government. Not long afterwards
it was ruled that Government alone could decide finally on
this class of cases, and Government was compelled to revert
to the old system, just as objectionable now as before. Mr.
Hart proceeds to illustrate the inconvenience by a reference
to results. Under the ©Id and present system in the 4 years
preceding 1848, 872 claims were reported, and 862 decided.
In the six months between June and November, 1847, the
claims disposed of amount to 638, shewing that the propor
tion of work done is 6 times as great. The reason is that
the Revenue Commissioner was content with a record in
the vernacular, and no time was lost in translation. There
are still 58,000 holdings to be investigated. Of these 30,545
being service holdings may, it is true, be speedily disposed
of, but still the remaining 28;0OO must be carefully and
separately examined. Another reason for such an Act is that
the power even of Government for absolute resumption in any
case, however groundless the title may be, is doubtful. Mr.
Hart has reason to- believe that the Sudder Adawlut is of that
opinion. Lastly the Remembrancer of Legal Affairs holds that
the Enam Commissioner should be kept out of sight, and that
this officer has no power to- cause the production of evidence.
The Enam Commissionership has passed its ordeal with appro
bation. The remedy for the evils of its constitution is simple,
and Mr. Hart annexes a sketch for the Act required.*
On 20th June, 1849, the Hon'ble Court praise and recapi
tulate Mr. Hart's Report, but are of opinion that further mea
sures are expedient. The Court considers the report to Go
vernment in every case unnecessary. In ordinary cases an
appeal to the Revenue Commissioner is sufficient. Those cases
in which the rules strictly interpreted would operate harshly,
should alone be reported to Government.
On 7th January, 1850, the local Government recapitulates
the facts to the Government of India, and recommends that the
duty of investigation should be entrusted to one Chief Commissi
oner with Assistants. It requests also that a Draft Act (given)
may be passed, applicable only to the Southern Marhatta Country,
Deccan and Khandeish ; the law can subsequently be extend
ed or modified for Guzerat and the Konkan. The Govern
ment considers that the Commission should be its own Appellate
Court, the Assistants deciding with appeal to the Commissioner,
the Court of Directors having expressed an opinion unfavourable
* Sketch not given.
 [ 8 ]

to Adawluts in such matters. On 27th September the same

Government asks for a reply.
On 11th October, 1850, the Government of India apologizes
for delay, sanctions expenditure, but feels a difficulty as to the
Act from the absence of any definition of a good title. It
approves the scheme for appeal, and points to Reg. XVII. as
supplying a definition of titles, and rules of procedure. On 28th
November the Government of Bombay appoints Mr. Hart, Enam
Commissioner on Rs. 2,000 a month, and directs him to furnish
the Rules required by the Government of India, and a system
of procedure. It also directs him to add to the Draft Act
Clauses conferring on the Commission, original aud appellate
power. Also requests his opinion on some other matters of
detail. On 30th December, Mr. Hart replies submitting and
explaining an amended Draft. He objects to rules in Clause 9
of Reg. XVII. of 1827, as in themselves unjust, and unsuited
to the country. He gives reasons for condemning Clause 10
of that Act. He argues also that those rules never did apply
to the conquered territories. Mr. Hart proceeds to describe
the Draft Act. On 1st January he forwards also a Code of Rules,
and observes that it is merely an arrangement of the Rules of
1839, and 1842 already approved by the Court of Directors,
with some additions described at length.
The Remaining correspondence discusses alterations of detail
in the Act. The Act was passed on 13th February, 1852, as
Act No. XI. of 1852.
The Preamble states that in the Bombay Presidency claims
against Government for Enams are excepted from the cognizance
of the civil courts, and former Rules are inapplicable.
1. Repeals former rules in all provinces not brought under
Regulations by Reg. XVII. of 1817 of the Bombay Code.
2. The Governor may appoint an Enam Commissioner and
Assistant.
3. Their duties arc regidated by Schedule A.
4. Titles shall be determined by Schedule B.
5. The Commissioner and his Assistants possess the or
dinary powers of a Civil Court. Complaints are cognizable only
as specified in Rule 2, Schedule A.
6. Bribery or abuses committed by any officer of the Com
mission are punishable with fine, and imprisonment not exceed
ing five years. The receipt of a present is an abuse. Such
penalty shall not preclude Civil Action.
7. No decision shall be questioned in any Court of Law, nor
shall, any Member of the Commission be liable for an act done
bona fide.
 [ 9 ]

Schedule A.
The duty of the Enam Commissioner is to investigate the
titles of claimants of Euams or exemptions. 2. All orders of the
Assistants are appealable to the Commissioner, and orders of the
Commissioner to local Government. 3. The Enam Commissioner
shall receive and record evidence from claimants. 4. These state
ments may be received also through the Revenue Authorities
without any previous procedure, except an invitation to claimants
to state their titles. 5. When such invitation is not attended
to, a notice may be issued requiring claimant personally or by
Agent to shew title. The notice shall state nature of investiga
tion, date, and the liability on non-appearance to attachment of
estate. 6. Notice to be served upon proprietor, or person in charge.
7. If neither can be found it shall he posted in the office of the
native Revenue officer, and public place of the village, calling
on claimant to prove his title in six months. 8. Attachments
shall be enforced by Collector on written requisition of Enam
Commissioner. 9. When statements have been received they
shall be tested, and compared with State Records, or other evi
dence, and decisions passed. 10. If parties do not appear the
Commissioner or his Assistant shall proceed expartc. 11. An
attachment may be removed on the requisition of Enam Commis
sioner, but the results collected shall not be restored except under
general or special instructions of Government. 12. Copies of
decisions shall be given to the parties, or sent in their
absence to the revenue authority of the Talook. 13. Decisions
shall be carried out by Collectors in any manner specified
by Government. 14. Appeals may be presented within 100
days from decree. Appeal may be admitted subsequently if
good cause is shown for delay.

Schedule B.
Rules for the Adjudication of Titles.
1. All lands held under specific and absolute declaration
of the British Government or competent officer acting under it,
continue according to such declaration. Provided that if ques
tion arises as to the competency of the officer, the Government
shall decide.
2. Any land held under a Sunud declaring it to be here
ditary shall be continued according to Sunud. Provided that
authority granting or recognizing the grant was competent,
such competency to be decided by Government. And also that
conditions of tenure involve no breach of law, or of the rules of
decency. And also that the grant has not been revoked or altered.
 [ io ]
3. " Lands held uninterruptedly as wholly or partially ex
empt from assessment for a period of sixty years before the in
troduction of the British Government, and then in the authoris
ed possession of a grand-son in male descent, or male heir of the
body of such grand-son of the original grantee, shall continue to
be so held so long as there shall be in existence any male heir of
the body of the person who was incumbent at the introduction
of the British Government, tracing his lineage from such incum
bent through male heirs only."
4. " All lands, uninterruptedly held as wholly or partially ex
empt from assessment for a period of forty years before the
. introduction of the British Government, and then in the autho
rised possession of a son, or male heir of the body of a son of
the original grantee, are to be continued for one succession
further than that of the person who was incumbent at the
introduction of the British Government, that is, until the death
of his last surviving son."
5. Provided that the mere entry of the holding in genuine ac
counts of district officers shall prove authorized possession, unless
there are entries which prove that such holding must have been un
authorized by Government or Paramount Power. Also that if
there be no evidence in disproof, claimant's right shall be admitted.
Also that the introduction of the British Government shall be rec
koned from the time when the East India Company became the pa
ramount power as respects Enams. Thus in the Peshwa's territory
it begins from the close of the Government of the Peshwa. On
the lapse of an independent principality or Jaghire older than
the Peshwa's Government time must be counted from the date at
which the general management of the districts came into the hands
of the Company. In cases of doubt Government will decide. 6. Ex
empt land the right to which is not admitted, will be resumed at
the death ofthe incumbent. Provided that the word incumbent shall
apply to person in possession when investigation is commenced.
Also that in case of a recent fraud the Enam shall be resumed at
once. 7. All Lands held for Mosques, Temples, or permanent
institutions shall be permanently continued. Provided as in
Rule 2. Also if in such a case there is no evidence to prove the
consent of paramount power, 40 years' possession shall suffice.
Also unless evidence is forthcoming to disprove assertion
of continuous possession the title shall hold. Also, the advantages
of this rule, shall not apply to individual claimants. Claims under
this rule if not admitted are to be decided by Rule 6.
" All lands authorisedly held by an official tenure, which it
is evident from local usage was meant to be hereditary, and has
been so considered heretofore, even though there be no Sunuds
declaring it to be so—are to be continued permanently."
 [ 11 ]

8. Provided as in Rule 2 even if no proof of consent by compe

tent authority is forthcoming, continuous possession shall suffice.
But this Rule does not apply to emoluments for service
performed to the State. Mere length of enjoyment of land
by an official does not bring him under this rule. If a claim
under this Rule is not admitted, claimant shall be allowed the
advantage of any preceding rule applicable to his case. 9. On
the lapse of lands a moiety may be continued in cases of poverty
to widows of last incumbents. Provided that the widow of
the holder of an hereditary exemption who dies without heirs
shall be considered his heir. 10. These rules shall not be
necessarily applicable to service or political tenures. 11. These
rules may be relaxed under instruction from Government of
Bombay.

• THE POONA DUFTUR.

Bombay Records, No. XXX.—New Series.

On 15th September, 1819, Mr. J. Macleod, Secretary to Mr.
Elphinstone, describes the Poona Duftur, as the official record
of the Peshwa's Government. In it were kept all accounts of
the revenue and expenditure except the private accounts of the
prince, and such statements as it was not the interest of indivi
duals to record. The Duftur was very complete till the reign of
Bajee Rao. That ruler adopted the farming system. The Duftur
was divided into three or four departments all under the Hoozoor
Furnavees. The Fur was the immediate office of the Furnavees.
All grants issued out of it. It was the depository of financial
information.
The Behera department received the accounts of the districts,
and made them up for the inspection of the Furnavees.
The Surinjam department had charge of all Surinjamis.
The Ek Berij department at Poona received accounts from all
others, and framed abstracts and registers of all financial trans
actions.
The Duftur at Poona coutained all official accounts of dis
trict settlements, and villages, rendered by the officers of Go
vernment, of all alienations of revenue, of all privileges, rights
and pay of State and village officers, of the strength and pay of
troops, and of all establishments. The accounts were well kept
up to the accession of Bajee Rao. From that time the Duftur
was neglected, people permitted to carry off records, &c. Poona
was occupied in November, 1817. The records were found in
disorder, but nearly complete from 1729 to 1817, except those
 [ 12 ]

from 1757 to 1763. During the reign of Bajce Rao they are by
no means complete.
The accounts shew a remarkable degree of consistency and
relative accuracy, though they may have been altered to suit in
dividuals.
On the foundation of the Duftur establishment under the
Commission the Duftur has been arranged, partly by districts, and
partly by Pergunnahs. Full statements of all allowances and ex
emptions have been forwarded to the Collectors. The Dufturs
of the Konkan for ten years have been sent to Bombay. Ab
stracts of the produce, deductions, and revenue during the last
year of Bajee Rao have been framed and authenticated. Mr.
Macleod describes the measures of authentication. The Duftur
contains much curious general information, especially as to tax
ation and the Peshwa's army.
On 9th May, 1826, Mr. Chaplin, Commissioner in the Deccan,
again describes the Poona Duftur. It is of importance that these
documents, now well arranged, should be kept entire. He re
commends, as the trust may be easily abused, that it should be
confided to a Civil Servant on Rs. 1,400 a month. Also that
the duties of the native Dufturdar should be extended to all the
Collectoratcs. They are so extended in Madras. The duties of the
native kutcherry may be discharged under the direct orders of
Government. Mr. Chaplin proceeds to describe the functions
of the native establishment under a Civilian Superintendent of the
Duftur. He reports that complaints are constantly comingin which
should be investigated by the Superintendent, and decided by Go
vernment. Recommends Mr. John Warden as Superintendent,
Mr. Steele for a temporary Assistant, and the existing Duftur
dar for Sheristadar. Estimates annual cost at Rs. 23,808, and
subjoins list of statements to be furnished to Superintendent by
each Collectorate. (List not given.)
On 19th May, the Government sanctions Mr. Chaplin's pro
posals.
On 4th June, 1835, Mr. S. Marriott, Agent for the Poona Sir
dars represents that the records have been keptunderthe " general
care" of the Agent's Sherishtadar, but the plan is inconve
nient. Recommends appointment of a Keeper of the Records.*
On 4th September, 1835, the Government order that five
native gentlemen shall be appointed unpaid Superintendents
of the Duftur, that they shall have only two writers, that the
key shall remain with the Chief Superintendent, and that two
of them shall always attend the opening of the Duftur. On SUh
* There is a hiatus in these papers. Mr. Chaplin's proposal, though sanctioned,
seems not to have been carried oat.
 [ 13 ]
October, Mr. Bell, Agent for the Sirdars, replies showing that
the Superintendents request an establishment, and that a per
sonal attendance would be inconvenient, but that they accept
the charge, and offer various suggestions for its fulfilment.
On 26th October, 1835, Government sanctions the Superin
tendents' requests, but slightly diminishes the establishment, and
directs them to investigate all frauds and report the same to the
Magistrate. On 1st August, 1886, Mr. Bell transmits a Report
from the Superintendents. They state that 1,300 bundles of
papers have been arranged and 13,000 require arrangement, which
will be effected in five years. Mr. Bell says the expense of the
arrangement is Rs. 23,544 a year, and doubts its advantages.
theOnRevenue
6th September, 1836,Mr.
Commissioner, Government refers who
T. ■Williamson, the question
on 9th Deto
cember replies, recommending the continuance of the existing
arrangement, as an investigation of Enam Titles is desirable,
and he verily believes that " if Government had a competent
officer available to enquire" into them " many titles would be
found invalid," to the advantage of the Revenue. Accordingly
on 28th January, 1837, Government overrule Mr. Bell, order
the continuance of existing arrangements, and direct him to
accept an offer of the Superintendents to register such papers as
are indispensably necessary for public use in two years.
On 7th November, Mr. P. W. LeGeyt, Acting Agent for the
Poona Sirdars, encloses a Memorial from the Superintendents
requesting an extension of time. They have registered 7,712
bundles of papers, and arranged 900 ; 5,000 more remaining
to be arranged. Mr. LeGeyt supports the proposal for exten
sion of time. On the 3rd January, 1839, the Government hears the
demand with regret, but grants extension to 1st June, and di
rects that a copy of the Register should be forwarded to Go
vernment.
On 3rd January, 1839, a Committee is ordered to report
on the best method of preserving the Poona Duftur. The Com
mittee consists of Mr. R. Mills, the Agent, Mr. Frcre, the First
Assistant Collector and such of the Superintendents as are in
Poona. The report on 1st June, 1839, that the papers are well
arranged, but there are eight rooms full of fragments, some
of which may be of value. They are of opinion that a fur
ther outlay must be incurred ; and suggest that a European
should examine the documents thrown aside. They also re
commend that the whole of the records should be forwarded to
the Collectorates to which they belong. If it is determined to
preserve them they recommend that they be left with the Su
perintendents. Mr. Mills in enclosing this report suggests that
the examination of the eight rooms full of records will cost
 [ 14 ]

money, and that the fragments had better be sold as waste paper.
On 9th September, 1841, the Government censures Mr. Mills
for delay, orders him to " transfer to the several Collectorates
the Zhartees and Taleebunds appertaining to them," and to
have the fragments gradually examined by the native Superin
tendents.
On 2nd April, 1812, Mr. H. E. Goldsmid, Superintendent,
Revenue Survey, Southern Marhatta Country, informs Mr.
Warden, Agent at Poona, that he has not received the documents
relating to this territory, and has reason to believe that they
are detained by influential personages. He requests there
fore that the papers may be made over to a Karkoon, ap
pointed by Mr. Hart. Mr. Warden in consequence reports to
Government that he cannot make over the papers, but has
ordered them to be locked up, and thinks Mr. Goldsmid had
better examine them. On 23rd April, 1842, Mr. Goldsmid
is directed to repair to Poona. On the 11th February, 1845,
Mr. Goldsmid forwards his report on the condition of the
Duftur. After recapitulating certain proceedings of the Agents,
and certain correspondence on the arrangement of papers, he
proceeds to say that the arrangements, and catalogues ordered by
the native Superintendents appear sufficiently good. But no
means are taken to prevent the substitution of fictitious papers,
valuable and useless papers are put together, and documents are
put up as a whole which were found in parts. The seal, made by a
common silversmith of Poona, can be imitated, and in 1841 stamp
ing was abandoned. He describes the useless character of
many documents put up, and mentions that the Karkoons have
put up the records of Khurch or expenditure, which are totally
useless to Government, with the Juinina or receipts, a statement
of high value. Mr. Goldsmid also remarks that the abstracts
of the Duftur taken by Capt. Macleod are imperfect, and too
much condensed, but valuable. They might be curtailed but not
abstracted. The Rozkhirds, Ghurneas, Beras, and some other
statements ought to be condensed into tables. He also recom
mends that the ledger prepared by Capt. Macleod should be
collated with the Peshwa's diary, and other accounts, and
that extracts should be made of all accounts relating to
Enams. Until such a check is prepared the officer em
ployed to search the accounts must be all powerful. The better
arranged of the scattered papers Mr. Goldsmid finds to be of
importance. The remainder he thinks may contain documents
of value. Condemns the plan of sending them to the different
Zillahs without precautions against fraud, and recommends the
adoption of certain improvements in the mode of keeping the
records.
 [ 15 ]

Mr. Warden in his letter of the 28th February, 1845, enclos

ing this report, commemls Mr. Goldsmid's quickness and clear
ness, and recommends that he should hereafter finish his exami
nation, explains the disappearance of some papers and ob
serves. The reason " none but persons long conversant with
the documents could know in what direction they should
turn when searching for particular information" is, that the
office of Duftur Karkoon was hereditary, and the son served
his apprenticeship to it while his father was yet alive to teach
him the mazes of the labyrinth ; and the service of these
persons was obtained by Mr. Elphinsione, and their honesty
secured, by high pay and reversionary pensions,— one Rowjee
Pense still lives at Poona, and is referred to on doubtful points.
Mr. Chaplin's safeguard (says Mr. Warden) was the appointment
of a Canarese Brahmin from the Ceded Districts, who was not
mixed up with the private interests of the Peshwa's subjects, to
the office of Record-keeper, on a salary of Rs. 500 a month,
and a reversionary Enam of Rs. 4,000 per annum. He, again,
was succeeded by his son. Mr. Warden objects decidedly to
native Agency in the matter. The temptation is too great.
On 25th August, 1845, the Government commends Mr.
Goldsmid, but states that a reference has been made to the
Court of Directors.
The remaining correspondence relates and rebukes the remiss
ness of certain Collectors in not stamping papers, received from
the Duftur, with sufficient speed.

CONCEALMENT OF RECORDS BY HEREDITARY

OFFICERS.

Bombay Records, No. XXIX.

On 25th March, 1854, Capt. T. A. Cowper, Assistant, Enam
Commissioner, reports on the Surinjam of the Nuggurkur family.
At the conquest their Surinjam consisted of land work Rs. 8,695 a
year as jagheer, and R. 694 as Enam. Mr. Elphinstone decided,
in spite of a Sunud signed by Bajee Rao, that this Surinjam
should belong to Ramchunder Mahadeo and his nephew. The
decision appears to have been acted on, and by a final arrange
ment the exemption was continued for two generations, a pension
being granted to the third. Capt. Cowper in reporting upon the
position of the estate discovered that a portion of the Surinjam
had been entered fraudulently as Enam. This is proved by the
 [ 10 ]

title deeds, by the Peshwa's Memoranda, and by Mr. Elphin-

stone's release. The accounts of the village were examined. The
records for 1818 and 1819-20 were not forthcoming. In
those of 1820-21 it was entered as Shet Sunud land. In
those of 1821-22 it was entered as Shet Sunud land under the
head of Enam. From that year to the present it has been so
entered. The claimants are Koolkurnees of the village and
must be held responsible. The Assistant Commissioner there
fore restored it to its heading as Surinjam. Capt. Cowper
continues complaining of the concealment of accounts by this
family. They had at one time functions in Ahmednuggur
similar to those of the Enam Commission. One brauch of the
family declare the records were destroyed by vermin. The
other branch say they were destroyed at the capture of a fort.
In 1853, Capt. Cowper had found an account lent by this family
in consideration of Rs. 15 to settle a boundary dispute. A
bond also for Rs. 250, was executed, to be enforced in case of
the non-return of the paper. He also discovered a catalogue of
other accounts which must have been in the same hands. He
has not been able to discover the accounts. These documents
he believes are concealed to reagitate questions finally settled
by the Enam Commissioner.
On 30th April, 1855, Government determine the question
as to the Surinjam and direct Capt. Cowper to summon Gunput
Rao Ncelkunt before him, and point out the dangerous position
in which concealment places the family. Captain Cowper is
also requested to report as to the possibility of defeating the
intentions of the family by a Draft Act. On 7th August, Capt.
Cowper, Enam Commissioner of Northern Division replies. He
considers it proved by Mr. Elphinstone's and Mr. Chaplin's re
ports that the falsification of accounts was of frequent occur
rence. It remains to show that this was accompanied by
an universal concealment of accounts. Hereditary officers con
victed of the offence have of late been punished by the stop
page of two months' pay. The accounts produced during the
Revenue Survey in the Deccan have been usually manufactured.
He must advert to the enormous alienations in Tanna, Rut-
naghcrry, Surat, Kaira, Broach, and Ahmedabad where Reg.
XVII. of 1827 is very inadequate, and indeed inoperative
when accounts are withheld. Capt. Cowper proceeds to des
cribe the origin of his discoveries. Act XI. of 1852 was use
less to adjudicate claims about which no documents existed in
the Peshwa's Duftur. The want of other records was also felt
in the Southern Marhatta Country. In 1851, a notice was is
sued in Sholapore directing Government officers to surrender
public accounts in their possession. Each was required to declare
 [ It ]
in writing that he had retained nothing. The result was nil. The
hereditary officers denied the existence of accounts, but produced
any calculated to serve their own interests. A similar attempt in
Poona similarly failed, only some forgeries being given in. The
object of this concealment was to prevent the recovery of alienated
lands, a fact cxultiogly hinted at in a petition against Act XI. of
1852 submitted on 17 th Nov. 1851. On the passing of that Act
tie Enam Commissioner pressed on Government the importance
of securing such documents, and was told to take possession of
them. Under these instructions at Bagulkote in Belgaum a
set was found in possession of an hereditary officer. In 1846,
this man had produced only 29, denying the existence of others.
In 1852, 1800 accounts were found with him. In April, 1852,
Mr. Hart directed Capt* Cowper to secure some accounts said
to be in the possession of Janoba Despandey of Sewapore,
who was insane. Capt. Cowper took charge of the Duftur
and some hundred bundles of accounts, and learnt from
Janoba that a large Duftur ought to be fourthcoming. On
the evening of the same day, 24th April, 1852, he received
information of the existence of 1000 bundles in the bonsa
of the Despandey at Sewapore. Capt. Cowper travelled all
night, reached Sewapore at daybreak, and found in the upper
story of the Despandey's barn about 1000 bundles, eacb
1 k feet cube in size. Subsequently he found another mass built up
<n a wall of a Karkoon of the Despandey. They were chiefly
Sunuds. All were brought to Poona. Acting on orders
from Mr. Hart, Capt. Cowper attached the records in the
possession of the Mahal Zemindars, and on 4th May, 40 bundles
more concealed in the house of Wamun Ramchunder Des
pandey. In June, 1852, the head of the Rastia family surren
dered a large collection. His predecessor had denied their exis
tence, though the first and best of the Deccan Sirdars. In
fine, 150 persons had been found in possession of many thousands
of thcs3 documents in the south-oastern portion of Poona. Capt.
Cowper had expected to find some accounts in the hands of
the Soopa family, who however concealed the whole with the
exception of one bundle. In 1852, the family of the Despandey of
Jooneer ceased. The widows professed an anxious desire to
surrender all accounts. Captain Cowper found them concealed,
hot recovered some in the Despandey's Duftur, 164 bundles in a
built up recess belonging to the Oomashta of Khair, and a tolera
bly complete Duftur at Chuchoolee, and reported in favour of
the discontinuance of the office. Capt. Cowper quotes an opinion
from Mr. Hart adverse to the continuance of Despandeys, and
Government on 6th January, 1 853, alndished this one.
Sept. 1852, Captain Cowper found accounts in the
it
 [ 18 ]
shops of shroffs -and snuff-sellers of Poona. He also ob
tained 330 bundles from the Waug family of Monganun.
These had in -181© been concealed. In another instance
Capt. Gordon obtained 4 cart loads of accounts from the
Deshmook family of Poona. They refer to the Nuggur Col-
leetorate, and in 1820 had been sought in vain. It seemed to
Capt. Gowper certain that these concealments would entail
great loss upon the State. In November, 1852, an immense
mass of papers, the existence of which had been denied, were
sold to gsocers and fire-work makers. Several sackfuls were
recovered, but 260 lbs. had been used up by a grocer. Capt.
Cowper remarks that concealment of British accounts is
punishable, but concealment of the Peshwa's accounts is net
punishable. Yet, the latter involve the revenue and titles.
By November, 1862, <Capt. Cowper had recovered from 400
persons in 70 different villages many hundred thousand accounts
in the 3 northern districts of Poona. By December, 200 per
sons in Poona alone had been found in possession of enormous
numbers (50 or 60,000). On 6th December, 1852, Mr. Hart
had reported that in one small division 24 dufturs had been dis
covered in one month, concealed by officers who hold exemptions
for preserving the papers. In another case, Capt. Cowper found
a valuable collection in the hands of a Moonsiff, a 2nd Class
Sirdar, who had concealed them for 35 years, and defended his
conduct by falsehood. On 25th February, 1853, Capt. Cowper
reported that a valuable set had been discovered in the hands
of the Furnavees of the Nuggukur family.
An attempt, says Capt. Cowper, has been made to procure the
accounts of Ahmednuggur. A large number have been obtain
ed, but the attempt is comparatively a failure. The hereditary
officers have removed the accounts by cart loads below the Ghauts
where Act XI. of 1852 does not apply. In this state of the
law alienations in Guzerat and the Konkan can never be ex
amined. On 19th May, 1848, the alienations in Guzerat alone
amounted to thirty lakhs of Rupees, to which must be added
some coming under the head of political charges. There are also
cash payments to an extent unknown elsewhere. In Surat above
lis. 1,50,000 are annually paid for " Tora Girass" allowances.
No enquiry can take place without the records. Collector after
Collector has pointed out the iniquity, but no enquiry can be
useful without the records. Capt. Cowper proceeds to detail
the measures necessary to check the practice. The greatest
existing defect is the absence of a specific provision for search
ing for concealed records. In Madras under Section 9 of Reg.
IX. of 1822, a Collector can issue a search warrant for records
on receiving information on oath. This power if entrusted also to
 [ 19 ]

the Commission would be sufficient. No duplicate list however of

papers can be made, as the law directs in Madras. The Madras Code
punishes hereditary officers for destroying or concealing records
by imprisonment for not less than 1 year or more than 5 years.
Of all measures, however, one declaring the emoluments of any
hereditary office to be forfeited would be the best. The offices
are shared like all property, and are held on the tenure of keep
ing these records. A proclamation would suffice. Public ac
counts which remain concealed should after a proclaimed date
be declared inadmissible in evidence. Government has laid
down the principle that pensions shall not be paid if accounts
are concealed, but it should be carried out more stringently. Capt.
Cowper proceeds to shew how the revenue has been affected by
the Enam Commission. Only Rs. 81,698-9-0 have been spent
on this portion. The recovery of revenue is Rs. 1,22,913-1-1.
Deducting Rs. 40,995-4-1 spent in arranging accounts of the
former Government, the recoveries amount to 3 times the ex
pense. The addition to the permanent revenue will be Re.
78,698-15-10. Deducting the amount spent on the accounts of
the former Government the permanent increase of revenue is
double the expense.
" I should fail, says Capt. Cowper to present to Government
what I believe to be a complete statement of the case, did I omit
to place before them my strong and deliberate conviction that
it would be far better at once to put a stop to all enquiry what
ever, and to recognise every existing alienation, than to continue
an investigation while four-fifths of the documentary evidence
upon which alone it can be properly based, and in the absence
of which no decision can be final, remain in the possession of
the persons who, of all others, have the strongest possible
personal interest in baffling and impeding it." *
The Right Hon'ble the Governor on 3rd November, 1855, ap
proves Capt. Cowper's report, assents to his views, and considers
an enactment punishing the concealment ofrevenue accounts im
perative. He also in a subsequent Minute (no date) approves
making co-sharers in an office responsible, because if the duty
is not fulfilled the office should cease.
Messrs. Lumsden and Malet concur. On 12th December, 1855,
the Court of Directors approve. The Draft Act submitted by the
Remembrancer on 8th April, 1856, provides a fine of Rs. 500 or
a year's imprisonment or both for any person wilfully concealing
records. Any person known to be in possession of such, and
not authorized to hold them shall be held prima facie guilty.
Government shall in such cases have power to confiscate the
office, but any co- sharer who may give information shall retain
his share. No account received after the date of the
r2
 [ 20 ]
proclamation declaring the officers appointed to receive records,
shall be admissible as evidence, unless produced by an officer.
Any person who shall without permission disclose or copy any
record shall be fined R. 100 or 3 months' imprisonment. The
Draft on 28th April, 1856, was submitted to the Court of
Directors.

MR. DAVID SMITH'S REPORT ON THE COAL AND

IRON DISTRICTS OP BENGAL.
In a letter to Col. Baker, Secretary to Government in the Pub
lic Works Department, July 2nd, 1 856, Mr. Smith reports that tbe
coal of the Damoodah Valley, though inferior to the English and
Welsh coals, is a reliable fuel for the reduction of ores in blast
furnaces with the aid of a hot blast. The " Lange" of the
Rancegungc seam yields an imperfect coke ; but the waste in
coking is so great that it would be better to use the raw coal.
The Raneegunge seam is of very peculiar quality. It is com
posed of bituminous coal, of free burning or steam-coal, and
anthracite, in alternating thin layers. Still it ignites readily,
burns freely, gives out great heat, and in a furnace with the
blast heated to 600 Fht. would turn out from the ores of the neigh
bourhood 65 or 70 tons weekly of Iron, well suited for Rail
way bars and other ordinary purposes. A peculiar Iron ore is
freely distributed over the surface of the coal field. It is
known as ferruginous gravel, is argillaceous, and is identical
with the ore worked at Boulogne and other parts of France.
It is now used in making roads, for which it forms an admirable
metalling, but it might be more advantageously used with the
other clay ores of the neighbourhood in the manufacture of
Iron.
The Barrool Iron. Orr Field which Mr. Smith proceeds
to describe in detail is bounded on the North by Chooroolia, on
the East by Jamsol, on the West and South by Sottoor, the extent
from North to South being 4 and from East to West 5 miles.
The surface of the tract is thickly strewn with lumps of
Iron ore. A section of the iron bearing strata is exposed at less
than half a mile west of the village of Barrool. A trial shaft
sunk near Barrooll gave at a depth of 52 feet 38 inches
of clay Iron ore of very superior quality, and 52 inches of
carboniferous ore. This latter is of the sort known in Great
Britain as " black band" but it is very inferior to the
Scotch black band. In its raw state it would yield but from 20 to
23 per cent, of Iron, but if previously calcined Mould probably yield
 [ 21 ]

40 per cent. The black baud irou has the advantage of being easily
worked, and when mixed with the clay ores of greatly facilitating
the process of smelting. Assuming, which there is every reason
to do, that all these beds extend throughout the whole field
under notice, and making every allowance for blank spaces and
wastage in working, Mr. Smith estimates the contents of the
field at 4000 tons of clay ore, aud 6000 tons of black band per
acre, in all 10,000 tons per acre and 6t.00,000 tons per square
mile. Supposing that every four tons of the ore produced but
one ton of pig iron, the field would yield 16,00,000 tons of
pig iron per acre, equal to the make of eight furnaces at 70 tons
each per week for 59 years. Owing to the cheapness of labour and
the facilities for mining operations, the cost of the Barrool ore
would not exceed 5 per ton whereas the ores of Staffordshire
do not cost less than 10, and the average of Wales is 13.
The undulations of the surface also present opportunities for
mining by " patch work" which is much readier and cheaper
than the system of pits and adits. It is also probable that a
deeper shaft would give more beds, but enough has been done to
show the existence of ore in abundance, and the further develop
ment of the field may be left to private enterprize.
The Taldanoa Field announces itself between the 146th and
148th mile stones on the Grand Trunk Road, in sections exposed
by the water-courses running southerly to the Barakar. The
field extends two miles from North to South and one from East
to West. Four beds of very good clay iron ore are here exposed.
A trial shaft was begun, but from accidental causes not proceeded
with, so that further information is required. The beds are
worked by native smelters.
The Rajarah Coal Field near Palamow is worked by the
Bengal Coal Company. The coal is different from the Da-
mooidah coal. It leaves a red ash and does not burn so freely.
Like the Damoodah coal it will not coke well. The dimensions
of the field from East to West are 2^ miles. Those from
North to South are not stated. It has hitherto been worked
by " patch" on the outcrop, but the Company is sinking a fine
shaft in the centre of the field. Near the junction of the Mamit
river with the Coyle is seen the outcrop of a vein of inferior coal
six feet thick with a sand-stone covering. The coal measures ex
tend thence three miles in a southerly direction beyond the Mamit.
Other beds of very inferior quality are found in the neighbour
hood. The bad quality of the coal in this neighbourhood and its
distance from a market preclude the expectation that it can be
profitably worked.
Mr. Smith proceeds to give his opinion as to the prospects of
Ircn manufacture in India. He holds that European superin
 [ 22 ]
tendence on a large scale is indispensable at the outset, but has
no doubt that if the natives had the strength they would quickly
acquire the skill necessary for all the operations in the manufac
ture of iron. But to this end they must entirely change their
habits, and must adopt the dress and diet of Europeans. The
districts of Raneegunge and Barrool supply both coal and iron
ore in abundance. But the want of a flux is a serious obstacle.
Kunker lime can only be had in small quantities, and limestone
would have to be imported. The difficulty would be diminished
by the use of the scorise of the blast furnace which possess
high fluxing properties, and are only not used in England be
cause limestone is so abundant. Mr. Smith thinks that the
iron made at Barrool would be superior to that used in England
for rails, and that rails could be turned out at £5-10 per ton ;
English rails costing at present when landed at Calcutta £9
per ton. But supposing the price of English rails to fall to £6
per ton, there would still be a large profit on Indian rails. He
is confident therefore that iron manufacture in the Barrool
field would pay. But this question will shortly receive a practi
cal solution as the Bengal Coal Company is erecting a blast
furnace at Baneegunge.

THE JUBBULPORE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRY.

India Selections, No. XV.

On the 23rd May,2854.,Capt. G.R.Edwards, Officiating General

Superintendent for Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity acknow
ledges an order to furnish a Report, laments his want of personal
knowledge, and states his intention to quote Col. Sleeman up to
1848. In 1837, Mr. Shore proposed to establish the approvers in
villages. Col. Sleeman objected as the Thugs would either follow
or teach the trade of murder. A manufactory struck him as the
better plan. In the same year Capt. Brown (apparently of the
Thuggee Department) succeeded in establishing a factory for laedye,
blankets, cloth work, and cotton work, generally. The approvers
disliked the plan, and kept their children back. As soon as they
found they were to have a share in the profits this prejudice re
laxed. Orders were issued to enforce obedience, Rs. 1,000 were ad
vanced, and Mr. Williams, a Patrol in the Delhi Customs, was
appointed to superintend on R». 150 a month. He gave up a higher
salary. A cottage was built for him at Jubbulpore in a garden of
 [ 23 ]
Col. Slecmau's. The wives and families of the approvers were locat
ed in a small village near. It was known that the approvers would
not attempt to escape, for any one doing so was left to the law,
and hunted down by the relatives of the Thugs they had be
trayed. The profits were at first very small, but persons from
Mirzapore taught them to make carpets, and from Futtehgurh
to make tents. Both found a ready sale. The boys made carpets,
the men the tents, the women the thread for canvass. In 1842,
Major Ramsay became Superintendent, and in 1845, Capt. J. Slee-
man, Mr. Williams remaining Overseer. By 1848, the Thugs had
become ashamed of their past lives. Their sons were well dressed,
well taught, and acted in a theatre, a drama translated into the
vernacular. The Forty Thieves was the drama. In 1847, Rs.
4,953, was paid to the Thugs for work done, and Rs. 2,396 to their
wives. The sons also entered into service. There were 543
Thugs and their sons manufacturing, and 307 performing differ
ent duties, guards, brickmakers, cleansers, &c. They made 131 tents,
5324 yards of Kidderminster, 46 woollen carpets, cloths, towels,
&c. realizing Rs. 35,230-13-8. The young lads obtained per
mission to set up independent establishments. The position of
the factory had been changed from a debt of Rs. 1,207-9-2 to a ba
lance in favour of Rs. 25,282-14-1. CoL Sleeman recommended
the importation of a carpet-maker from Kidderminster.
From 1848 to 1851, the History of the Institution is not
supplied. It was a period of increasing prosperity. On 22nd
January, the Superintendent submitted to the Governor General
the following statement of accounts for the half year. There
were 50 boys, sons of approvers,, maintaining themselves in
dependent of the Institution ; some hundreds more were prepar
ing bricks for a native. The operations of 1851, left a profit
of Rs. 6,730-6-5, and the demand for Jubbulpore articles was
general throughout India. In April, 1851, 30 sons of approvers
were sent to Meerut to form a factory there under Major
Graham. The experiment succeeded. At this time 120 boys
remaining in the factory learning trades, while 40 more acted
as pedlars for the School. The Mooltan Bunjarah dacoits
became good rope and leather-workers. The Berriahs make
weavers, but the Bhuddaks will not work, preferring day labour
or even begging. Mr. Williams has a share in the laedye factory,
but his private pursuits do not interfere with his official task. In
1853, a Brussels carpet-maker and loom were imported. In 1 853,
the profits amounted to Rs. 8,600-6-6jf. The number of articles
manufactured has been reduced being principally tents, carpets
and towelling of every description. All subsidiary work, car
pentry, smith work, stamping, dyeing, and printing is done in
the factory. In May, 1854, the factory contained 533 approvers,
 [ M ]
268 of their sons, 231 prisoners, 16 teachers (freemen) or 1083
in all. Of these are employed on
Tents, 473
Table linen, 40
Carpets, (woollen,) 159
Carpets, (Kidderminster), 13
Unprofitable labour, 363

Total, 1088
The funds of the School had grown thus :—
IS 15. 1854.
Liabilities, Rs. 4,763 Rs. 1,210
Assets, 13,137 61,043
Balance, 8,374 62,833
Year's profit, 4,049 8,60O

SURVEY OF CENTRAL DISTRICT OF PEGU.

India Selections, No. XVI.

"The central district of the Pegu Survey is that portion of the
Valley of the Irrawaddy embraced between the parallels of the
latitudes of Akontoung to the North and Heuzada to the South.
Its average length and breadth are 60 and 75 miles, and the
approximate area 4,500 square miles, which is divided into two
nearly equal parts by the Irrawaddy."
The district is rugged, subsiding into a flat in the central
part of the river. Innumerable nullahs join in ten streams,
pouring the drainage of the western half of the district into the
Irrawaddy and Bassein Rivers. The nullahs have high banks, and
tortuous courses, are dry in the hot season, and torrents in the
rains. They are navigable for a few miles in the S. W. Mon
soons. Even the Kwengouk, Taun, Mamya, Alon, Sanda, Pado,
and Khawa rise in the Arracan mountains. The Simpon and Nouk-
mee near the Thoo Lake and Poutine in the Akontong hills.
Length Debouchure.
Kwengouk, .. 30 Bassein river.
Taun, 25 Kwengouk near Kwengouk
Opho, 60 Bassein near Soongoou.
Simpon. ~\ fOpho.
20
Noukmce, J \ Irrawaddy.
Mamya, .... 30 Thoo Lake.
 [ 25 ]
•
Length. Direction. Debouchure.
A Ion, 25 S. E.l
Sandu, 30 N. e. y
Pado, •10 N. E.J
Poutine, . . . 10 E. Irrawaddy.
Khawa, 2:i N. E. Irrawaddy.
The Bassein branch strikes off from the Irrawaddy about 9
miles above Henzada. The entrance 300 yards wide is choked
by a bank.
The Arracau Mountains run North and South forming a boun
dary between Arracan and Pegu. The greatest elevation within
the limits is 4000 feet above sea level. The hills, summits except
ed, are covered with forest. The only pass is at Layma west of
Kangaen. It can be used by mounted passengers, and is tra
versed by considerable traffic. There are improvable springs.
There are villages all over the district, usually scattered about
the streams. The inhabitants cultivate rice. Those of the marsh
es are engaged in fishing. The hill villages are usually occu
pied by Khins and Karens, who grow rice or vegetables. The
Burmese occupy the towns, work the fisheries, grow tobacco, and
are in possession of all trade. The country is intersected in every
direction with parallel lines of ruts doing duty for roads. They
are only impassable in the S. W. Monsoon when water carriage
is perfect. There are occasionally wooden bridges, and brick
footpaths near towns of importance.
The east half of the district contains six townships; Hen
zada, Kwengouk, Opho, Kawoung, Myaoung, Kangoen.
Houses. Remarks.
Henzada, . , 1700 Military station.
Kwengouk, . . 30
Opho, Extensive.
Kawoung, . . 200 On the river.
Myaoung, . . 1000 Head Quarters, Pegu,N.E.
Kangoen, . . 700
Saitha, . .
350
Thombo, . .
Phavav. . .
■ 0 f
} 250
On Irrawaddy.
On Bassein.
The rice cultivation commences in June, after rain has fallen.
The water is retained by little dykes, and seed sown broad cast.
The harvest, is in Deer, or Jany. The tobacco is cultivated on
the churs. The plough drawn by oxen is the only agricultural
implement. The soil is sometimes laterite clay, but rocks
occur only in the hills. Limestone exists North of Thombo.
The trade is confined to rice, napee, wood oil, bamboos, tobac
co, and cattle. Petrolinm is imported, and a little indigo manu
 [ 26 ]
factured near Ilcnzada from the wild plant. Large forests of the
wood oil tree exist, and the country can meet 10 times the de
mand. The oil is used for torches and making baskets water
proof.
The bamboo is abundant. Cattle are brought for the Rangoon
market. Numbers go down the river on the bamboo rafts. The
timber trade does not thrive. The teak is very scarce, and the
Pingodo, a hard, heavy, lasting wood is used instead. It resists
insects. The people live always in bamboo houses, and even
Pagodas are only substantial near the towns. Buddhism is the
religion of the country ; well digging and orchard planting are
commendable practices in the eyes of the people. The inhabitants
have no peculiar customs apart from other Peguans. There is
a want of population, the district being covered with uninhabit
ed forest and elephant grass. The Burmese have an antipathy
to exertion.

REPORT ON THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF THE

PEGU SURVEY.

" The Northern' or Third District of the Pegu Survey consists

of that portion of the Valley of the Irrawaddy which lies between
the boundary line marked by Major Allan in the North, and an
imaginary line drawn due East and West through the latitude
of Akouktoung to the South. It is bounded on the East by
the Yoma Range, which separates the Valleys of the Sitaug and
Irrawaddy Rivers and on the West by the Arracan Mountains,
comprising an area of sbout (90 x 66) 6000 square miles,
which is divided into two nearly equal parts by the Irrawaddy
on the left bank."
In this district the spurs of the Arracan Mountains run down
to the Irrawaddy, sometimes losing their old character. They are
sometimes hills of 200 or 300 feet in height, sometimes only
undulations. One spur runs due East, but the majority South.
The main spurs consist of high peaks connected by saddles of
a few feet in width. They are covered with tree and bamboo
jungle, and are very precipitous. The drainage is effected by
small nullahs which midway -form larger channels, and these
again 4 streams, the Matoong, Maday, Shooetana, and Shelay-
ding. In the monsoon only boats drawing 2 or 3 feet of
water can proceed up the Matoong to Mendoong. In the
other nullahs the boats can only ascend 8 or 10 miles. The
Matoong rises in the Arracan Mountains and running 120
miles South East discharges itself into the Irrawaddy ; one
 [ 27 ]

bank is precipitous the other shelving. The breadth vane*

from 70 to 120 yards. The Mudday rises in the same Moun
tains, flows 40 miles, and empties itself into the Irrawaddy.
It is navigable in the rains for 12 miles. The banks are pre
cipitous, and it varies from 30 to 70 feet in width. Beyond
Kyoupoo it is a mountain torrent. The Shooetena is about 150
yards broad and 4 feet deep. Five miles from the Irrawaddy it
branches into the Kyenpyoo and Boiyo. The former rises in the
Arracan Mountain, and runs South East 80 miles to Nyoung-
keedouk. It is about 20 to 40 yards in breadth. The Boiyo runs
30 miles South East. The Theree rises in the Arracan Mountains
and runs 40 miles E. S. E. to Kyoungoo, then runs South till it falls
into the Boiyo. All these streams are mountain torrents with peb
bly or rocky bottoms, high banks, and currents of great velocity.
" The Theloyding rises in the Arracan Mountains and runs into
the Irrawaddy in an Easterly direction, about 6 miles North of
Akouktoung." The Mingday rises in a range 10 miles West
of Thyatmo, runs 35 miles and falls into the Irrawaddy south
of Thyatmo. Its banks are low and its bed about 15 or 20
yards in width. In dry weather water is obtainable by digging
a few inches below the bed.
The principal valleys are the Matoong, Punnee, Boiyo, Kyen
pyoo, Theree, and Theloyding. The Matoong valley is the most
important. Two miles above the mouth of the river we come
ou a cultivated tract 2i miles broad, with mango, tamarind, or
palmyra tree* to mark the villages. On the left bank the open
ground continues to the junction of the Punnee and Matoong.
From Kanlay to Mendoong it is from 3 to 1£ miles in width
and this is well inhabited. Water is raised from the river by a
water wheel, and the ground yields 3 and sometimes 4 rice
crops a year. Chillies, brinjal, tobacco, onions, and maize arc
raised on the low ground.
" Looking from the hill on which Mendoong is situated in a
Westerly direction, the valley seems to open a little for a few
miles, and there is a large tract of cultivation to its North and
West."
This valley is exceedingly picturesque. In the valley of the
Punnee there is little cultivation. Spurs covered with jungle
run down to the bank, but every level space-has been taken ad
vantage of. In part of the valley the villages are unusually large.
" In the valley of the Mudday, from the mouth of that nullah
to a distance of about 8 miles to Alayyua, there is a large tract
of open ground, varying from 2£ to 5 miles in width."
But a portion of this is cultivated, though more has been. In
the valley of the Shooetena and Boiyo there is a large tract par
tially cultivated. It is however neither fertile nor populous. The
 [ 28 ]

villages on the bank have been deserted. In the valley of

the Kyoupoo there is a cultivated tract, and some ruined vil
lages. The same may be said of Theloyding. Only 2 villages
out of 30 now remain. The roads are mere tracks, the Burmese
going a circuit to avoid a fallen tree. There are some small
bridges. Ihere are a few Kayins, a simple mountain race, in
the district. They have no idea of future reward or punishment,
and deny the existence of sin. They burn their dead, but col
lect and bury their ashes. Their God resides on Mount
Guowa. The females tattoo their faces. The district is chief
ly occupied by Burmese who resemble Burmese everywhere
else. The population is small and increases slowly. The Bur
mese have large families, but the children die rapidly of small
pox and other diseases. Their cultivation is as usual, but
they cultivate a small and highly prized rice in a peculiar way.
The jungle is cut in February or March, and burnt in May. The
charcoal is the manure, but only one crop can thus be obtained
in 25 years. The only implement of labour is a rude plough. At
Thyatmo the exports are rice, paddy, betel-nut, napee ; bamboo
and wood oil are sent down from the North. Lime and cutch may
one day be sent down. The imports are silk, earth oil, lac
quered ware, lead, copper and cutch.
In the west district there is a thermometrical difference of 40 or
50 degrees in the temperature at dawn and midday. In the morn
ing there is fog which clears away about 9 a. m. when the ther
mometer rises 43 degrees at once. The Towns have usually one
good street 60 feet broad with lanes leading into it. They are si
tuated on the river or a large nullah, and contain several phoongee
houses. There is no drainage except at Prome and Thyatmo.
The villages are irregular, each person having his own plot of
ground. The houses are raised some feet from the ground, and
made of timber, jungle trees being used for frame work, and
bamboo for floors. The walls are of bamboo mats. The p'Ioon-
gee houses are built of teak frame floors, and partitions ; the roof
is made of flat tiles or leaves. On the body of the building are
five or six roofs, one above another, crowned with a gilt I all or
umbrella. The cornices, eaves, and angles are ornamented with
figures. The largest Capt. Oakes had seen covered an area of
10,402 square feet.
"The principal wild animals and birds met with in the Nor
thern district arc the elephant, the tiger, the bear, the deer, the
hog, the hare, the porcupine, and monkeys in great abundance ;
the crane, the crow, the wild duck, the hawk, tLe jungle fowl,
the kite, the minah, the paddy bird, the parroquet, the partridge,
the peacock, the pigeon, the pheasant, the quail, the snipe, the
sparrow aud the teal."
 [ 29 1

In the Appendix Captain Oakes gives a tabic of the trees of

the district, and describes the waterwheel.
Burmese name. Botanical name. Uses.
Myooshan, Dalbergia, Like lanccwood.
Sha, Acacia catechu, The cutch bearing tree.
fThe pod contains silk
Lepan,
\ cotton.
Deedo, Idem.
Gway B, A fruit like a plum.
GyoB, Extremely hard wood.
{A large timber tree
Peemal,
useful for building.
J For canoes and build-
Thingan, Hopea Odorata,
L .ins-
Thesing, Like a chestnut.
Shonk, Citrus bergamia, Large lime.
Kookko, Acacia, Timber tree,
f Dipterocarpusgran f Wood oil tree, the tree
Jug B, (, diflora, \ is tapped.
Teethee, Chinese date.
{Its bark used as a mor
Thabya, dant.
YeeB, A plum.
{Jujube lozenges arc
Tree B, Zezyphus jujube,
made from it.
Touksha, Vitex arborea, Small timber.
Padouk, Valuable timber.
Teak, Teak.

REPORT ON THE FLAX OPERATIONS OF 1855

IN THE PUNJAB.
India Selections, No. XV.
On 29th November, 1855, Mr. Cope reports on certain mea
sures suggested by the Agri-horticultural Society of the Puujab,
and sanctioned by Government for the improvement of linseed.
The. Government allotted Rs. 800 for an experiment on 40
beegahs of ground near the Society's Garden. The ground was
not very well suited to the purpose. The seed was mixed with
rape, and other seed, which involved expensive weeding. The
crop however might have been a good one, when it was destroy
ed in April by a hailstorm. Only the small plot sown with Eng
lish seed was saved. The Society then printed papers offering
rewards and affording instructions for the cultivation. They
 [ 30 ]

had an effect. The breadth of land under this cultivation which

had been 3455 acres, was in 1854 increased to 19,039 acres.
It was supposed that in the latter season 1,46,538 maundsof seed
were produced throughout the Punjab. The returns were not
so profitable as they might have been. The Zemindars cultivated
carelessly, looked rather to breadth of land than to produce, and
the profit of a rising market was absorbed by the dealers. Go
vernment offered to purchase the crop. A shed was erected for
storing. M. Laurenz Steiner, a German, acquainted with the cul
tivation, was appointed Superintendent, a price was fixed with
the growers, and orders were sent to the District officers to store.
The price was to be in Hoshearpore 27 seers to the rupee, in Gu-
zerat 27 seers, and everywhere else 34 seers. The public were
kept informed in Calcutta, Bombay, and Kurrachee, and instru
ments for stripping the seed from the plant were made.
The cultivators however found a more profitable market, and
only 11,301 maunds out of 1,46,538 produced reached Govern
ment. The seed sent to Kurrachee was sold at Rs. 4-6 per
maund ; it cost Government in purchase, carriage, freight, and
commission Rs. 2-12. The average profit will be Rs. 1-10 per
maund, or 59 per cent, on outlay. The linseed delivered at Lahore
amounted to 4840 maunds, the whole of which was sold to a
Mooltan firm for Rs. 9,410. The Financial Commissioner imme
diately published a notice embodying these results. The people
believe Rs. 2 per maund will yield them a fair profit. Should
Government be of opinion that the system should be kept up,
the Society recommends that a price of Re. 1 for 20 seers should
be paid on delivery at Lahore, and the Society be authorized to
import 2 of Dray's winnowing and blowing machines, and two
of Robinson's flax seeding machines.
It was thought that the indigenous flax plant was incapable
of producing fibre. The first attempt to improve the fibre and
lengthen the stem failed, from neglect of instructions. The ar
rangements for steeping were completed, and heckles set up.
They were not however, required, flax being taken to market in
England scutched, and heckled in great factories. The outturn
of 2365 maunds amounted to only 100 maunds,—the straw be
ing green and dry,—which has been sold at Rs. 8 per maund in
Calcutta. The average return is not very unfavourable in quan
tity, according to English experience.
It is however from English seed that the best results have
been obtained. The Society planted half a beegah with this
seed. The country straw yielded only 2 maunds per beegah.
The half beegah of English flax yielded 3 maunds 35 seers far
superior in length and quality. Flax is worth .£40 per ton in
London, or Rs. 10 in Lahore, which at 3 maunds per beegah
 [ 31 ]
gives Rs. 30 per beegah besides seed. It is therefore desirable
to secure English seed for 1856-57. The Society had recom
mended the purchase of 5 tons of English seed. The Court of
Directors shipped it. Only 2900 lbs. have reached the Society.
Of this 600 lbs. was damaged. The remainder was distributed,
but the seed was all bad. The English seed grown at Lahore
therefore alone was used, and the Society recommended the
purchase of 50 tons of linseed by themselves direct. The re
wards offered to Zemindars for cultivation were not claimed,
the conditions not having been attended to. Some persons and
villages have however sowed largely, and incurred cash losses
which should be liberally considered. The total amounts to
Rs. 1,490. Everything connected with the operation is superin
tended by M. Laurenz Steiner, who is most efficient. It is re
commended that he receive an addition of Rs. 50 to his stipend,
and that his horse allowance of Re. 1 a day be continued. Also
that he be authorized to keep a small establishment of black
smiths. In the course of these experiments the question of fibres
in general has forced itself on the Society. The sunokra (hibis
cus cannabinus) and sun (crotolaria juncia) are grown, also hemp
of wonderful strength, and a fibre producing nettle are indige
nous. In 1853, the Society received a Chinese fibre plant a
species of Corchorus. The fibre seemed strong, 1 2 square yards
were sown in June, 1855, the plant grew luxuriantly, and the
straw is now steeping. The Bengal jute is also cultivated. Half
a beegah of sun has been steeped, and a quantity of sunokra.
Hemp and nettle are on their way from Kangra and samples of
all will be experimented on. Larger experiments are however
required. A maund of goods can now be conveyed from Lahore to
Kurrachee for Annas 13. It was formerly Re. 1-8 to Rs. 2 A
School of Industry is to be found at Lahore where gunny will be
manufactured. For this the cultivation of jute, is necessary. The
Society recommend that the Choogean aud Mamood Bootee rukhs
be devoted to cultivation of flax, sun, jute, sunokra, and mulber
ries. The Rukhs are let for thatching grass. The leases expire on
1st May, 1856. Mr. Steiner has constructed an underground
plough which will clear away the roots, and the cultivation of
the rains of 1856 will only cost Rs. 4 per beegah, 3 or 400 bcegahs
might be taken up at once. The Society consider the sugges
tion important. The demand for fibre is great. The cost
would be only Rs. 3,000, the receipts at least Rs. 4,000. The
total expenditure on flax and Unseed operations has been Rs.
35,812. Receipts Rs. 39,209. Rs. 5,773 have been spent in plant,
and the available portion of this added to actual receipts brings
the profits to Rs. 6,810. Samples have been forwarded to the
Court of Directors. In conclusion the Society expresses its
 [ 32 ]
sense of the liberal and enlightened spirit in which its sugges
tions have been received.

SALT REPORT.
Ov 24th May, 1856, Mr. G. Plowden reports to the Govern-
ment of India on the Salt Monopoly.
The Report was suggested by the House of Commons at the
close of the Session of 1853. The House carried a Clause allow
ing till 1st May, 1856, to change the Salt Monopoly into an ex
cise. The Lords struck out the Clause, but the Court of Direc
tors ordered an enquiry. Mr. Plowden was on 16th February,
1853, directed to enter on the enqniry at once. He visited
Bombay and Madras, the Hidgellee and Tumlook Agencies, Na-
rayunpore .and Goordah in the Sunderbunds. Mr. Plowden un
derstood his primary duty to be to ascertain the practicability of
establishing an excise. He trusted for data chiefly to the in
formation already in existence.
Mr. Plowden begins by a History of the Salt Revenue. In
Bombay it was till 1837, only one of the miscellaneous items of
revenue. In the previous year the net revenue was only Rs.
2,08,532, but this amount does not represent the entire pro
ceeds of the complicated system then in force. In 1837, an
excise duty of 8 Annas a maund was laid on salt in compen
sation for the transit duties then abolished, and 8 annas a
maund on sea-borne salt. Under Act XXVII. of 1837 any one
could manufacture salt. He must however give notice of his
intention and describe his works, and allow the Revenue officers
free access to them. Salt-fish were subsequently exempted from
duty. The salt duty thus imposed produced to Government as
compared with the transit duties a loss of Rs. 2,51,607 a year,
the transit revenue having been 16,60,879, and the Salt Re
venue, on an average of 6 years from 1838-39 to 1843-44,
only 14,09,272. In 1844, the Town duties were abolished, and the
tax on salt raised to 1 Rupee per maund. The rate was soon
after reduced, under orders from home, to 1 2 Annas. Owing to
delays the Town duties were not abandoned till after the salt
tax had been increased. There was therefore a serious riot at
Surat. The revenue relinquished was Rs. 10,88,501. The re
venue gained was Rs. 7,31,720 a year. In 1850, Act No. XXXVI.
was passed as a Protective Act. It provided that the duty
on salt passing out or in to foreign territories should be
12 Annas a maund. Also that any one passing salt by land
or sea contrary to any Salt Act, should be punishable with
imprisonment not exceeding 3 months, or a fine not exceeding
Rs. 500, or both, and that the salt, the vessel, or the pack
age used should be confiscated, or made redeemable by a fine.
 [ 33 ]

Informers might be rewarded. No new salt works could

be established, or old works re-opened without the permission of
Government, under penalty of fine or imprisonment. Govern
ment might suppress any work not producing on a 3 years aver
age, 5000 maunds a year.
Mr. Plowden describes the existing system. The salt is pro
duced entirely by solar evaporation. The average quantity is
46,29,946 maunds. The salts are of two kinds. " The ma
nufacture of sea-salt is carried on in the Island of Bombay,
and more or less in every district on the seaboard of the
Presidency, from Rairee on the Goa Frontier Southward to
the shores of the Gulf of Cambay in a Northerly direction. The
iuland salt manufacture is met with almost exclusively on the
Eastern border of the saline desert known as the Little Runn of
Cutch, but small quantities of very impure salt are also produced
iu the Deccan by washing saline earths."
Mr. Plowden describes the process of manufacture. The
inland salt, obtained by digging pits in the desert called the Runn
of Cutch, is the better of the two. The works all over the Pre
sidency either belong to Government, or to owners whose lands
were not reclaimed by Government, or to owners whose lands
belong exclusively to themselves. Almost every work, however, has
been constructed under a separate and special bargain with Go
vernment, as original owner of the soil. In Government works the
produce theoretically belongs to Government. It is usual, how
ever, to lease it out, half being given to the middleman. In some
cases the labourers receive from a half to a third of the produce
as wages, the remainder constituting the Revenue. The holders
of lands not reclaimed by Government usually pay a rent in one
form or another. The free landholders pay no rent. The ma
nufacturers are pretty much on a level with other agriculturists,
and the labour is not unhealthy. The duty is levied at the
pans before any salt can be removed. In certain cases however
the exporter is not required to pay till his cargo has arrived,
and if it is lost on the way Government allows him to remove
an equal quantity free of duty. All salt imported into the Presi
dency pays 12 annas a maund. The salt excise of Bombay
(Town) was until 1854 a department under the Collector of Sea
Customs. The salt excise of the Presidency is a department under
the Collector of Continental Customs. All customs are now under
the control of one Commissioner. Mr. Plowden describes the es
tablishment. " Over each large Salt Work, or over several small
detached Works, a double Establishment, suited in strength to the
extent of the Works, is maintained, superintended in each Talooka
or District by Officers termed Inner and Outer Darogahs. The
Establishment of the Inner Darogah is charged with watching
 [ 34 ]
the production and store, with the care and custody of the salt pro
duced and stored, and with the delivery of the same upon writ
ten orders from the Officers hy whom the duty is collected. The
Establishment under the Outer Darogah is the Preventive Es
tablishment, stationed at Chowkies, established under the pro
visions of Section 7, Act XXVII. of 1 837, in the immediate
neighbourhood of each Salt Work (Agur) or group of Salt Works
( Suza, ) the distance in each case being regulated by local cir
cumstances, for the purpose of preventing any salt from being
removed from the pans, except the quantities passed by the or
ders of the Inner Establishment."
" Parties desiring to purchase salt at the pans must, in the
first instance, address to the Inner Darogah, or Head Native
Officer of the Manufacturing Department, a written application,
stating the quantity of salt they require, the Augurs or Works
from which they propose to take it, and its destination. Upon
this, the necessary preliminaries ( whether payment of Excise, or
execution of a bond or other document ) having been fulfilled, the
permit for delivery of salt is granted, and the amount of duty
brought to account in the Khird, or ' Cash Journal."'
The sale price of salt at different works ranges from nine pies
to two annas per maund. The permit from the Inner Darogah
under which salt is delivered is only nominally signed by the
Collector. He signs blank permits. The chowkees command
all access to the pans by land or water. The total establishment
charges of the department, including frontier charges, are Rs.
2,07,060 per annum.
" According to a statement prepared, the total deliveries of
salt from the Works of the Bombay Presidency and those in
Cambay, in the year 1852-53, being the latest year for which an
account has been obtained, amounted to 41,50,553 Indian
maunds, of which 7,09,059 maunds were delivered from the
pans in the Island of Bombay, and 34,41,494 maunds from the
Continental Works : of the total deliveries, 28,56,801 maunds
were taken by Sea and Land for consumption in the interior,
which includes the whole home consumption of the Presidency,
on payment of the full Excise of 1 2 annas per maund, excepting
the portion produced at Works in Cambay, on which an Excise
of only 5 annas 11^ pie was received, viz.,—from the pans of the
Island of Bombay, 15,976 maunds, and from the Works on the
Continent, 28,40,825 maunds. The Exports by Sea to Calcutta,
paying the full Excise of 12 annas per maund, amount to 4,00,018
maunds, of which 2,67,433 maunds were exported from the Is
land of Bombay, and 1,32,585 maunds from the Continent. The
Exports by Sea to British Ports under the Madras Presidency,
paying only a charge of 3 pies or a quarter of an anna per maund,
 [ 35 ]
to cover expenses, amounted to 4,34,576 maunds, viz., from the
Island of Bombay 3,20,790 maunds, and from the Continent
1,13,786 maunds. The Exports to Foreign Ports under the
Aladras Presidency, paying a duty of only one anna per maund,
amounted to 4,53,698 maunds, of which 99,400 maunds were ex
ported from the Island of Bombay, and 3,54,298 maunds from
the Continent. The deliveries for free export to Ports in the
Straits of Malacca, and to other places boyond the Continent of
India, amounted to only 5,460 maunds, the whole from Works in
the Island of Bombay. The total deliveries for Export by Sea
beyond the Presidency thus amounted to 12,93,75.2 maunds, viz.,
6,93,083 maunds from the Island of Bombay, and 6,00,669
maunds from the Continent."
The Gross Revenue for 1852-53, Rs. 24,62,262
Charges, " 2,03,995

Net Revenue, Rs. 22,58,267

The revenue is equal to a tax of 9£ annas a maund on the total
deliveries, and the charges equal to 8^ per cent, on collections.
It is Mr. Plowden's opinion that the scheme of Salt Ad
ministration in the Bombay Presidency is creditable to the fair
ness and liberality of Government, and his only regret is it was
not introduced earlier. He has been unable to discover the reasons
which caused Government to adopt the Excise in preference to a
monopoly, but considers the system satisfactory, and is " unable
to perceive why a larger or more expensive force should be requir
ed to watch production and protect and collect the Revenue when
individuals manufacture freely for themselves, than when they
manufacture exclusively for the Government ; or what facilities
for illicit practices exist in the one case which do not equally exist
in the other ; or why, the Agency being necessarily of the same
character in both cases, it should be less trustworthy or less effi
cient in the one case than in the other."
With reference to the results he finds that in Bombay Is^nd
the consumption in 1852-53 was only 8i lbs. a head, a low rate.
There has been a steady decline in the quantity of salt delivered.
The population has increased. It is presumable therefore that
the demand is met by an illicit supply. The causes of this evil
Mr. Plowden finds in the absence till 1850 of a stringent Protec
tive Act, and in lax and incapable superintendence. Moreover the
works are too detached, small works are not suppressed, and there
are no means of securing an accurate account of the stock in
hand at a given time and in a given place. This might be reme
died by the introduction of the system in force in Madras, where
salt is always stocked in heaps of 1200 maunds. The salt is
weighed for carriage by land, but not for export by sea. The
c2
 [ 36 ]
system of measurement rather than of weight is partially adopt
ed, and Mr. Plowden conceives it might be made universal, were
the practice of reweigbing ten per cent, of the salt carried inland
abolished. That practice is unnecessary. M. Plowden discusses
the propriety of remodelling the establishments, and recommends
plans for disposing of the Government Salt Works. He would
also abolish all duty on salt exported to ports in India, levying it
only at ports of arrival. Finally Mr. Plowden does not consider
that the Protective Laws are at present unduly severe. The deci
sion is given usually by the Assistant Commissioner in a sum
mary way.
Mr. Plowden passes on to the rate of duty. At present the
Bombay rate of duty is positively much lower than the Bengal
rate. Comparatively to the cost of produce it is much higher.
Thus the cost in Bombay is li anna a maund. The duty there
fore is 1000 per cent. In Bengal the cost is eight annas a
maund, and the duty 500 per cent. The two points to be settled
are : Is the tax oppressive ? Can it be reduced with benefit to
the Revenue ? The Bombay officers are of opinion that the in
crease of the tax to twelve annas diminished the consumption
among the poorer classes. It is impossible to decide on the
quantity consumed. We know nothing even of the population.
The price per pound to the consumers however is just one farthing,
and each man should have 12 lbs. a year. That would cost him
threepence* "or one and a half anna, and this cost, assuming the
average wages of agricultural labour at three Rupees per mensem,
which is equal to 36 Rupees of 72 shillings per annum, would
amount to the 288th part of his yearly earnings, or a tax upon his
income of between a quarter and a half per cent., supposing he
had only himself to provide for."
12 lbs. however is too much. 7 lbs. is allowed in the Jails.
8 lbs. may be taken as a sufficient though stinted supply " sup
posing a family of five persons, adults and children, to consume,
at the rate of 8 lbs. each all round, 40 lbs. of salt per annum,
and to earn between them only three rupees per mensem, and to
pay the highest of the prices above assumed for their salt, viz.,
one Rupee per maund of 82.3 lbs., the cost of the whole supply,
even in this extreme case, would amount to only the seventy-
second part of the yearly earnings, or an income tax of scarcely
more than 1J per cent."
The tax is therefore not oppressive. The Bombay officers
think a reduction not required financially, and Mr. Plowden
acquiesces, and passes on to Sinde salt. " In all parts of Sinde
there are extensive tracts of barren and unculturable land, so
There is some mistake here. Three pence is equivalent to two ansae, not one
aud a half.
 [ 37 ]
impregnated with salt that it effloresces naturally on the sur
face, and in some of the Southern Districts of Lower Sinde the
saline efflorescence is so abundant as to allow of the salt being
gathered at once, without any artificial process, in large crys
tallized lumps called in Sinde Loon Gundra or Gunder."
It has been calculated that the Kotree field alone would sup
ply, "1,48,41,51,430 tons, a quantity sufficient, at an annual al
lowance of 20 tbs. a head, to supply a population of 100 millions
for one thousand six hundred and sixty -two years."
The salt, though there is a local prejudice against it, is good
and hard, but from scarcity of labour and other causes the pro
duction costs from 2 to 3 annas a maund. The manufacturers
usually retail the salt, carrying it on donkeys. There is no duty,
and the supply does not exceed the demand. The salt, it is con
sidered, could not compete with Bombay salt. It may possibly
be exported to Calcutta as ballast with profit, but even this ap
pears improbable.
Mr. Plowden recapitulates, and passes on to Madras salt. In
1805 the Salt Monopoly was established in Madras to meet
the expense of the judicial establishments. The system then
established has never been changed. The salt is sold to Govern
ment only at a fixed price. Government sells to the dealer
at a fixed price, but beyond this it does not meddle. The
dealer may sell where and how he pleases. Salt manufactured
without permission is liable to confiscation. Salt in transitu
unprotected by a Pass is also liable. Any person entering into
a clandestine trade in salt is permanently excluded from the ser
vice of the Company. The sale price per garce or 120 maunds up
to 1820 was Rs. 70. It had been raised once, but the smug
gling increased so much that Government reduced it again. In
that year it was raised to Rs. 105. In 1814, the Transit Duties
were abolished, and the rate raised to 180 pergarcc, or Re. 1-8
per maund. The Court of Directors ordered a reduction, and on
1st April, 1844, the sale price was reduced to Rs. 120 per garce
or Re. 1 a maund, which it ha? since retained. Marine salt is
made exclusively by solar heat. The manufacturers make be
tween January and July, and are compelled to leave the pans by
a prescribed route. The salt is delivered to Government officers,
and paid for without allowance for wastage as fast as it can be
delivered. Tie salt is stored in great depots. The heaps are
all weighed, and a purchaser who takes an entire heap obtains a
discount of 5 per cent. The moment a heap is sold its produce is
Sported. If less than the quantity it was known to contain the
Accountant and Superintendent must account for the deficiency
or be dismissed. The average cost price is Rs. 8-11-5 per garce,
tbe Revenue charges Rs. 3-6, and total cost 12-1-6 per garce-.
 [ 38 ]

The average cost to Government on the Coromandel Coast is

1 anna 10 pie per maund.
" The persona who make the salt are either the descendants
of the original manufacturers, or have acquired their holdings by
purchase, or are the descendants of purchasers. In Masulipatam
the salt is made by hired labourers paid by the Government at
the rate of 2 annas per diem, but with this exception, the salt
manufacturers are in the possession of rights and privileges more
or less valuable, according as their pans are situated in the
Southern Districts and in Canara, or in the Northern Circars.
Socially they are in the same position as the ordinary village
ryots, but in general they are, or ought to be, in better circum
stances, inasmuch as a Salt Pan is more valuable property than
an ordinary grain land occupancy of the same extent. Their
labour is entirely voluntary, and the climate of the Coast where
they work is exceedingly healthy. Every proprietor of a Pan
is registered ; and when the Government extend the manufac
ture in any locality, the preference of the new Pans is usually
offered to the villagers of that locality." The salt is very good.
In 1852^53 the total produce was 52,67,110 maunds, and the
total sales 48,32,937. In Canara the salt is brought from
Bombay, and sold to Government at 32i per garce, or adding
Revenue charges, at 39£ Rs. per garce.
" In some districts salt spontaneously produced in marshy
swamps is partially collected, stored, and sold in the same man
ner as manufactured salt, and partially destroyed. In other
Districts salt so produced is altogether destroyed. This swamp
salt might be collected in the Districts of Tanjore and Masuli
patam more especially, to almost any extent, of fine quality and
at a small charge, probably, on an average, for about four
Rupees per garce of 1 20 maunds, or half an anna per maund."
This spontaneous produce is usually destroyed as it affords faci
lities for smuggling. The mode of destruction is to tread it down
with cattle. This earth.salt is wholesome. The Madras Govern
ment desires to send the salt to Bengal, but has usually charged
too much. " In 1779 the Bengal Government imposed a Duty
of Sicca Rupees 30 per 100 maunds on all imported Bay-salt, and
shortly afterwards prohibited its importation altogether. In 1795
the Madras Government succeeded in procuring the partial re
moval of this embargo. On the establishment of the Monopoly
by Regulation I. of 1805, it was provided by Section 19 of that
Law that the usual annual supply of Coast salt required by the
Bengal Government should be furnished to contractors, and to
persons desirous of exporting it on permit, at the prices here
tofore paid for salt so furnished and exported. In 1810 the
annual supply for Bengal was fixed at 12 lakhs of maunds ; iu
 [ 39 ]

1814 it was reduced to five lakhs. In subsequent years the sup.

ply was a matter of the greatest caprice, varying according to
the success or failure of the manufacture in Bengal, the utmost
possible quantity being required at one time, and the total sus
pension of importation being proposed at another. Of late years,
the supply at any time required for the service of the Bengal Mo
nopoly has been drawn on indents for Calcutta and Chitta-
gong. The indents for Calcutta were- discontinued in 1845, as
the Government Warehouses then contained a very large
stock of Madras salt, and it was expected that the demand
would be supplied by private importations from the Coast,
Bombay, and other quarters. For eight years no salt was
exported to Calcutta on Government indent ; but in the year
1853-54 the stocks in Bengal had run so low, owing to a sudden
falling off in the importations of Foreign salt, that it became
necessary to indent for a supply of five lakhs of maunds of Coast
salt for that year, and of 10 lakhs of maunds for the following year
1854-55. The greatest difficulty was experienced in obtaining
tonnage for these supplies, and it is doubtful if the indents have
yet been completed ; the last orders from Bengal were that every
endeavour should be made to bring up the remainder of the Salt,
whatever might be the rate of freight which the Government
might have to pay for its carriage." The Madras Government has
now abandoned the idea of making a profit on these exports.
Salt for export on private account is sold by Government at
cost price, but the quantity exported is insignificant. Foreign
salt was not admitted into, the Madras Presidency till 1818. It
was not till 1853 that it was admitted at a duty of 12 annas a
maund.
The result of the system now in operation may be thus stated :—
Total manufacture, 1852-53, mds. 58,63,108
Total deliveries, „ 53,82,255
Total receipts, Rs. 49,94,124
Cost price, 4,08,198
Charges, 2,36,161
Nett Revenue, 42,89,765
The nett profit is equal to 13i annas per maund. The salt costs
Government on an average H anna per maund. The charges
of management amount to 5i per cent, on the nett profits.
On the practicability of continuing the monopoly Mr. Plowden
observes 1st, that the monopoly is not oppressive, good salt being
sold at a very low price. The question therefore is to be consi
dered solely in its revenue aspect. It is observable that in 1805
the Board of Revenue wished for an excise. The Government
did not oppose. The monopoly was ordered from Calcutta.
The Board now admit that an excise is possible. Mr. Plowden
 [ 40 ]
analyses the opinions pro. and eon. of various local officials, and
proceeds to observe, that in his opinion a system identical in
principle with that of Bombay might be readily adopted in Mad
ras. In the following six pages Mr. Plowden discusses various
objections, and suggests many detailed improvements in the Mad
ras system not essential to the Report.
With reference to the rate of duty Mr. Plowden quotes the fi
gures submitted to the Court of Directors in 1852. Their result
was to show that the price now charged or Rs. 120 per garce had
not diminished consumption. Mr. Plowden himself argues that
it is not oppressive since each person can obtain 12 lbs. of salt
at id., or the 140th part of the lowest income. Or "suppos
ing, as in the Bombay case, a family of 5 persons, adults and
children, to consume, at the rate of 8 lbs. each all round, 40 lbs.
of salt per annum, and to earn between them only 3 Rupees per
mensem, and to pay the outside average price for their salt, viz.
Rupees 1-3 per maund, the cost of the whole supply, even in this
extreme case, would amount to only the 60th part of the yearly
earnings or an income tax of one and two-thirds per cent." Again
"supposing that the whole quantity sold (51,94,713 maunds)
were consumed within the limits of the Presidency, the annual
consumption per head, taking the population at 2,23,01,697, as
shown by the Census of 1850-51, would be a little over 9£ seers
or 181 Ids."
And therefore as it seems certain that 12 lbs. per head of this
quantity is consumed within the Presidency, there seems no cause
to believe that a reduction of price would stimulate consump
tion. But as the Bombay rate is 12 annas a maund, and the as
sessment of the same rate on earth-salt would prevent smuggling,
and redeem any loss to the revenue, he would propose a reduction
to that extent.
Bengal Salt. The system now in force in Bengal is regulated
by the report of a Committee which in 1836 was ordered "'to
enquire into the supply of salt for British India,' but which in
fact restricted its report to the salt revenue system of the Lower
Provinces of the Bengal Presidency."
Mr. Plowden recounts the history of the tax up to that point.
Salt was taxed under Jafficr Ali. The privileged Europeans who
traded in everything else free of duty, paid duty on salt to Jaffier
Ali Khan. In 1767, on the failure of Lord Clive's plan the Direc
tors insisted " that the manufacture and trade should be perfectly
open to all Natives, provision being made for the payment of
such a tax on salt as should not raise its wholesale price beyond
Sicca Rupees 140 for every 100 maunds."
In 1780 after several attempts to introduce less restricted sys
tems Mr. Hastings introduced the monopoly. The revenue rose
 [ 41 ]

at once from R«. 8,427 in 1780-81 toRs. 6,25,747 hi 1784-85. It

however sunk again till Lord Cornwallis instituted public salt
sales in Calcutta. Since that period the Salt Regulations have
been:—
Of 1793 Regulation XXIX. Repealed
„ 1795 LII. Ditto.
1798 IV. Ditto.
1800 IV. Ditto.
1801 VI. Ditto.
1801 XII. Ditto.
1803 XLVIII. Ditto.
„ 1804 VI. Ditto.
1804 VII. Ditto.
1806 IX. Ditto.
1810 IX. Section 18 Ditto.
1810 XVII. Ditto.
1814 XXII. Ditto.
1817 XV. Ditto.
1819 X.
„ 1824 I.
1826 X.
1829 XVI. Repealed.
1835 Act IX.
„ 1838 II. Repealed.
1838 XXIX.
„ 1843 XIV.
1848 XVI.
1849 XIII.
„ 1851 III.
In 1790, the duty was Co.'s Rs. 3£ per maund The pub
auctions however, strengthened the sub-monopoly formed by an
association of capitalists who clubbed together to buy all the
salt. In 1835-36 sales at fixed prices of unlimited quantities
*ere finally adopted. In 1836, the Commons' Committee recom
mended : —
" Ftrsl.—That the system of public periodical sales should be
abolished.
Secondly.—That the Golahs should be kept open at all times
for the sale of salt in quantities not less than 100 maunds.
Thirdly.—That the price to be paid by the purchaser should be
fixed at the cost price to Government, added to a fixed duty.
Fourthly.—That the import into Calcutta of salt manufactured
"< any other country than the districts subject to the Bengal Mo
nopoly should be permitted, such salt to be sold at such times as
*he proprietors may please in quantities not less than 100
waunds.
 [ 42 ]
Fifthly.— That such imported salt should be subject only to
the same duty, as that sold by the Company, and no other duty
or charge whatever, except a fair and reasonable rent on such
salt as may have been bonded.
Sixthly.—That the duty to be imposed should not exceed the
average rate of the nett profit of the ' Company's monopoly for the
last ten years.' "
These recommendations have most of them been obeyed, but
it was not till 1847 that the present system of fixing prices was
adopted. In 1844, the duty was reduced to Rs. 3 a maund, and
in three years the quantity sold increased from 57,66,729 to
63,38,864 maunds. In 1847, a further reduction of 4 annas was
made, and the price was fixed for the first time at the cost price
plus the duty. The actual loss of revenue from this change was
in 21 months Rs. 12,18,288, consumption having increased to the
extent of 23,801 maunds a month. On 1st May, 1849, a fur
ther reduction of 4 annas was made. The duty was now lis.
2-8 a maund, the present rate. The total reduction of duty
since 1844 has been 23 per cent., or from Rs. 3-4 to Rs. 2-8 a
maund. The consumption in 1854-55 was 66,07,100 maunds.
An increase of 4£ lakhs would restore the Revenue to what it
was before. Foreign salt began to be largely imported in 1835
when 2,84,858 maunds came in. In 1851-52 the quantity in
creased to 29,26,866 maunds. It has fallen to an average of
19,51,796 mds.for each of the last three years. There are now seven
Salt Agencies; Poorec, Cuttack, Balasore, Hidgellee, Tumlook, 24-
Pergunnahs, and Chittagong. In 1854-55 there were 49,33,981
maunds consumed ; the receipts were Rs. 1,82,47,000 and the
charges Rs. 27,06,000. The gross revenue therefore was Rs.
1,55,41,000. Deducting charges Rs. 13,53,000, the nett profit on
the salt monopoly was in that year Rs. 1,41,88,000.
Mr. Plowden proceeds to consider the expediency of introduc
ing an excise. He narrates the history of Mr. Prinsep's unsuc
cessful experiment, and the re-opening of the Narainpore and
Goordah Works under an excise system. He subsequently ana
lyses the correspondence between the Lieutenant Governor and
the Board of Revenue to establish an excise. The experiment
was tried in the 24-Pergunnahs under the most favourable cir
cumstances. Two persons applied for licences, and they manu
factured only 20,000 maunds. The prospect of success appeared
doubtful and remote. The two manufacturers who came forward
however intend to enlarge their operations. Mr. Plowden con
siders this fact satisfactory, and holds that all the arguments
against the success of the plan are based upon the result of a
very small experiment which affords no fair criterion. He conti
nues to dispose of objections. It is argued that " under a system
 E « ]
ofprivate manufacture, the supply of salt in the interior of the coun
try would be deranged." Salt obeys the ordinary laws of trade.
" That under a system of private manufacture a few capitalists
would obtain a monopoly of tie suply." Any sub-monopoly is im
possible while salt can be imported so freely.
" That under a system of private manufacture, there would be
more evasion of the tax by illicit manufacture and sale, than there
is under the present system of Government manufacture." The
master manufacturer would be better able to smuggle than the
molunghees or labourers. But he would only occupy the position
now occupied by the native agency. There would be preventive
officers, and the only effect of the change would be that cor
ruption must be spread over a wider surface, and be consequently
less profitable.
" That the preventive system necessary under an Excise would
be more expensive to Government. and more vexatious to the Mo
lunghees than the present plan of Government manufacture." This
is true if the manufacture is to be absolutely free. But it is
not proposed to make it absolutely free. The measures taken
now to ascertain the quantity of salt in stock, and its concentra
tion in different golahs, could be taken " equally whether the salt is
made on account of Government or on account of a private person.
In either case precisely the same danger has to be guarded against,
by precisely the same means ; and in either case precisely the
same result follows any laxity of administration. It is not pos
sible that, all other circumstances being the same, a Molunghee
can find it less easy to manufacture salt clandestinely, and to
pass it away from the Works secretly, because he is pretending to
be making salt only for Government, than he would find it if he
were pretending to be making salt only for a private person, to
be stored and registered by Government."
Mr. Plowden therefore holds that it is possible to introduce a
system of excise. Mr. Plowden proceeds to notice various de
tails connected with the existing system, and suggests plans to
overcome minor difficulties, and records his deliberate opinion
that the molunghees are well treated, and that the discontinu
ance of the salt manufacture would not deprive them of the
means of subsistence. He proceeds to observe that the salt
duty throughout India, is productive, is familiar to the peo
ple, and could not be replaced by a duty less objectionable :
" apart from the questions of the rate of duty and the man
ner of levying it, and presuming the amount of the duty upon
salt to be moderate with reference to the circumstances of the
people, the whole of the evidence on both sides of the question
of monopoly goes to this, that no less objectionable tax can be
pointed out. The people are accustomed to it, and pay it with
 [ ** ]
out complaint, and though it does press upon the labourer more
severely than upon a man of the classes above him, in proportion
to the respective means of each, it is the only tax, direct or in
direct, of any description, which labourers and other poor people
in India are obliged to pay."
He is also unable to admit that the present price even in Gyah
where salt costs Rs. 5 a maund, is so high as to become a material
burden on the poor man, but still he considers that salt in Bengal
is unnaturally dear. The duty is high when it is considered that
the cost price is four times as great as on any other Indian coast.
Moreover the consumption may be stimulated. In fourteen years
a revenue of thirty-five lakhs of rupees has been abandoned by
successive reductions. An increase of 14 lakhs of maunds would
restore the revenue. An increase of 11J lakhs of maunds has
occurred. If a reduction is made it should be of 8 annas a
maund. The benefit of small reductions is felt principally by the
dealers. The reduction would enable Government also to dispense
with the preventive line below Allahabad, beyond which point a
differential duty exists. The loss would amount to 53 lakhs of
rupees a year, which would require an increase in consumption of
eighteen lakhs of maunds, which will scarcely occur for many
years.
Mr. Plowden next recounts the History of the Salt Adminis ■
tration of Arracan. The salt is manufactured in Aeng and
the Island of Ramree. The manufacture and sale are absolutely
free, but the export is totally forbidden to Bengal. Mr. Plow
den recommends that this restriction, so far as Calcutta is con
cerned, should be abolished. In the Tenasserim Provinces the
manufacture of salt is absolutely free subject only to an excise,
levied in the shape of a license of 4 annas on every earthen pot,
and 1 Rupee per iron boiler employed in the manufacturer. 'J he
average revenue of 10 years is only Rs. 2,638. The total of
1854-55 was however Rs. 3,465-1 4, representing an outturn
of 1,47,583 maunds. In Pegu also the manufacture is free, sub
ject to an excise of 4 annas per earthen pot. In 1854, 16,000
pots were worked in the district of Bassein, yielding an estimat
ed outturn of 1,81,770 maunds, of which one-third is sent across
the frontier. A tax of 1 Rupee per 100 viss. or 4£ maunds is
levied on salt exported across the frontier. Mr. Plowden recom
mends that this duty be abolished. Also that a drawback be al
lowed on salt exported by Sea.
In the North-West Provinces the manufacture of salt is pro
hibited. The Provinces are supplied from Bengal, or the rock
salt mines of the Punjab. Native salt is also obtained from the
Sambhar Salt Lake in Rajpootana. It is subjected to a duty
varying at different places from Rs, 2 to Re. 1, and a further
 [ 45 ]
duty of Ks. 8 per maund if it passes to the Eastward of Alla
habad. Mr. Plowden examines this Custom's line, its establish
ments, aud the powers entrusted to it. The average quantity
of salt imported in the ten years ending 1852-53 was 21,73,015
maunds, and the duty 47,24,366. It has fallen since from the
excess of imports from the Punjab. To the mass of the people
the price of salt may be taken at 1 penny for lj lb. At this
price the cost of salt to a family using 8 lbs. a head, would be
lie. 1-5-4, and thus equal, if they earned Rs. 3 a month, to 3§ per
cent, of their wages. This is the only tax he has to pay, and it
cannot be regarded as burdensome. There has been no material
advance in imports between 1841-45 and 1852-53, " nor do the
importations of those years exhibit, on an average, an advance
of so much as a lakh of maunds on the average importations
of the preceding six years, from 1838-39 to 1843-44." The
population which consumes the salt crossing the custom's line
may be taken at 3,08,72,766. At 12 lbs. a head they would
consume 46,30,915 maunds. The imports are only 22,60,376
maunds. Therefore half the salt consumed is subject to no taxa
tion. The illicit salt is partly smuggled, partly manufactured
in private houses from earth- salt. It is also manufactured from
salt-petre works. This practise should be suppressed.
In the Punjab the salt is found all over the salt range. It is
very good salt. The Cis-Indus mines are in the hands of Govern
ment. The salt is sold at cost price, plus a duty of Rs. 2 a maund.
At the Trans-Indus mines the duty is only 2 or 4 annas a maund,
and a preventive line is established along the Indus. The total
cost of the Punjab Salt Department is Rs. 1,85,472 a year. The
gross receipts in 1853-54 were Rs. 19,50,535. Deducting charges
and Rs. 1,21,908 for expenses of excavation, we have Rs. 16,43,155
as the revenue derived from salt. The charges amount to 11 per
cent, on the nett receipts. The extreme cost at the furthest spot is
1 Re. a maund, and the extremeexpenditureof a family, 1-10 annas
a year, or 4^ per cent, on the minimum income. The total quantity
sold in 1853-54 east of the Induswas 9,75,267 maunds orsufficient
at 12 lbs. per head for 65,01,780 persons. There were at least
11,00,000 of people in the Punjab*
Mr. Plowden accounts for some delays. He was ill from January
30th, 1855. The Second Section of the Madras part of the Report
was " forwarded to England by the Mail from Bombay of the 28th
ofApril ; the remaining three Sections of the Madras LJart, and the
four first Sections of the Bengal Part were transmitted by the fol
lowing Mail of the 12th of May ; and the remaining seven Sections
of the Bengal Part, completing the Report, will be forwarded by
* Mr. Plowden had not seen the last Census. It gives a population of
thirteen millions.
 [ « ]
the next Mail of the 28th instant. A duplicate copy of the Re
port and Appendices has also been transmitted to Calcutta, on
various dates, of all but the last four Sections of the Bengal Part
of the Report, which are now about to be despatched."
He travelled from 19th Feby. 1854, to 3rd June. On 25th May,
1855, he received orders to proceed to Nagpore. In the interval
he was employed in digesting papers. " The first Report of the
Madras Public WorksCommission occupied three stationary Com
missioners two years uninterruptedly. The Post Office Commis
sion occupied three Commissioners, one for each Presidency, for
fourteen months and a half. In the Salt Commission Mr. Plow-
den has been alone."
In conclusion Mr. Plowden thanks certain officers who have
assisted him with information.

BOMBAY EDUCATION.
Examination at Elphinstone College.
On 31st March, 1856, Mr. C. J. Erskine, Director of Public
Instruction, submits five reports on the Examination of Elphin
stone College. Mr. Erskine mentions the documents, and ob
serves that the Examiners have performed an ungracious task
with much care, but that allowances must be made for the want
of books and apparatus, the scanty establishment of Europeans,
and the want of power in the Professors to prevent paying
students from passing up through the different classes without
any examination at all. Mr. Erskine considers the estimates less
favourable than those of former years. Attention is drawn es
pecially to the want of thoroughness. The Examiner in English
Literature was much disappointed. He had heard that the stu
dents might contend with Collegiate students in England. He
was obliged to lower his standard of examination, and would if
again called upon, set even simpler papers. The lads are not
equal to English students. They have merits, and make great
progress in some branches, but have no opportunity of literary
study, few books, and no masterpieces in a complete form set be
fore them. The Examiner thought it indiscreet to encourage the
young men to study our great writers at present. That is a
large question, but Mr. Erskine feels that much more time
must be devoted to elementary teaching. The Principal will
propose the details of this scheme. The students are specially
deficient in English Composition, which must be attended to
more sedulously. The students rely little on their own thought
and observation. This evil must be met in the lower schools.
" Boys must there be taught how to observe, how to delineate
 [ 47 ]

and describe what they have observed, and how to exercise their
minds on common things." The prevalence of bad Spelling,
bad Grammar, and bad Penmanship have been often pointed out
by the Professors. They indicate the necessity for more Euro
pean teachers. If the merits of the native teachers are recog
nized, their own good sense will see the propriety of English
being taught by a native of England. There has grown up
among the students a habit of plagiarism. The Principal has
animadverted on this before, and will animadvert on it again.
Government will not however overlook the testimonies to pro
ficiency, especially in " some portions ofhistory and some branch
es of mathematical, economical, and moral science." Mr.
Erskine would be glad to adopt Captain Rivers' suggestion as
to College Tutors. He only hesitates to recommend an increase
in the Vernacular Department from a hope that English study
may first be arranged. He sincerely trusts the change to inde
pendent Examiners will not discourage the students. The num
ber of scholarships on this occasion is limited. Mr. Erskine was
doubtful if they should be so, the scholarships being given not
only as the rewards of successful study but as inducements to
fiirther effort. The minimum number of marks, however, had
not been reached. It is unfortunate that the negotiations in
England for three new Professors and a Headmaster for the
School Department have been delayed.
Major G. Pope on 28th January reports the result of his exami
nation of the Vernacular Department. The students tobeexamined
were the candidates for admission, and the 1st and 2nd year Uds.
The students generally " have not acquired the power of express
ing themselves with facility and correctness in their several verna
cular languages when translating from English ; nor of render
ing those languages into correct and idiomatic English." The
students rather lose ground than otherwise after they pass into
the College. The second year class failed in translating the
English passage selected, (from an Essay by A. Helps) only two
came at all near, and their translations deserved no marks. The
passage was not easy. An easier one was given. There were
some tolerable translations of this. The Murathee were better
than the Guzeratee students. This arises from the more fixed
character of the former language. The students in the same class
Were singularly unequal, owing to rules of admission, "on which"
•t was not Major Pope's " duty to remark." More time should be
devoted to the study, as there is a tendency to neglect the verna
culars. Major Pope adds a table of the examinations. The
number of marks was ninety, 30 for viva voce examination, 30
'or each of the translations. Of the candidates the highest
obtained 18 for translations into the Vernacular, 26 for those
 [ 48 ]
from the vernacular, and 18 for the viva voce examination. All
obtained some marks for translation into the vernacular, and for
the viva voce examination, but 13 obtained none for translations
from the vernacular. Of the first year's students only four out of
34 obtained any marks for translations out of the vernacular, and
of the 2nd year students four failed utterly in the same branch.
Captain H. Rivers on 1st February, 1856, reports the result of
his examination in Arithmetic and Mathematics. He found the
students " quick in Arithmetic, well acquainted with Algebra, and
the six books of Euclid : but while knowing the rules, they did not
seem sowellgroundedinPlane Trigonometry orAnalytical Geomet
ry as he could have wished, nor always to understand the mean
ings of the terms or the real nature of the magnitudes discussed."
The first year class answered questions in the theory of Num
bers, Logarithms, and Equations, and the Rules for the Solution of
Spherical Triangles, but a simple question given to elicit their ideas
of the nature of a ratio was not answered correctly by one-third of
the class. The second year's students answered in Conic Sections,
Hydrostatics, and Hydraulics, well, but they knew nothing of Sta
tics, of the Centre of Gravity, or the Mensuration of Surfaces and
Solids. The third and fourth year's students answered well in
Dynamics and the Elements of the Differential Calculus, but knew
nothing of the simple mechanical powers. There was much in the
examination to call for admiration, but without books the students
were unable to apply similar reasoning by analogy to easier
examples. They had no thorough comprehension of the terms or
symbols used. Captain Rivers thinks this state of things partly
owing to the desire of showing to the public a high state of at
tainment, and to the good opinion which the students thereby ac
quire of themselves. Much of this exercise of the memory rather
than of the reasoning powers, is true also of English Universities.
The difference is owing to the introduction of private tutors. The
Professors and Masters have done all that ever is done without
such a system.
Assistant Surgeon R. Haines, m. r., on 23rd February reports
his examination on Chemistry and Physical Science- A printed
paper was given containing seven questions. This was followed
by a viva vece examination. The candidate class knew little of
Physics, one-third giving creditable answers. In Physical Geo
graphy the answers were far from satisfactory. A large num
ber could not tell where the Tropic of Cancer was. The written
answers were better. The answers on Chemistry were credit
able.
The first year class answered badly in Physical Geography.
The answers were worse thau might have been reasonably expect
ed. A large proportion knew nothing about the Mississippi, the
 [ 40 ]
Dead Sea, or the Jordan. In Chemistry the answers displayed
acquaintance with facts, but the majority had not studied atten
tively. The second year class answered well in this science. The
third and fourth class answered the written questions fairly, but
in viva voce examination deficiencies appeared. This was especi
ally the case with reference to Palaeontology. They appeared to
better advautage in theMineralogical Division, being able to iden
tify the typical specimens of rocks and fossils submitted.
Mr. A. G. Fraser on 29th February, reports on Political Eco
nomy and Moral and Mental Philosophy. The first class had
evidently studied Locke. The second class was crammed to the
mouth with the ipsissima verba of the authors read, but it was
melancholy and astonishing to observe how little idea they had
of thinking and reasoning, or habitual reflection. What thought
had been elicited was in connection with Locke's Essay. The
third and fourth year classes were more satisfactory. The stu
dents are forming the habit of thinking and reasoning. 150 ques
tions on Butler's Analogy were well answered in words of the
students own. The students had no acquaintance with the liter
ature of the subjects on which they were examined.
Mr. Howard on the 7th March, reports on English Litera
ture. Mr. Howard apologizes for the length of his Report on
the ground that his conclusions differ from those of all previous
examinations. He considers the classes inferior to English un-
der-graduates. Mr. Howard is " surprised at their almost uni
versal carelessness. Written exercises at an English School or
University are invariably copied from a rough draft after careful
revision. I saw no trace of this wholesome practice in the papers
sent in to me. On the contrary, they appeared hardly in any
case to have been read over and corrected by the writer." The
Orthography was defective to an extent which seemed unaccoun
table, unless indeed Spelling had been taught on Phonetic Prin
ciples. In the viva voce examination the student's pronuncia
tion and accent were bad. They were quite insensible to Proso
dy. The students seemed however intelligent, eager to learn,
cheerful, and modest.
In the candidate class the Spelling was in some cases deplo
rable, so bad as to be discreditable to the School. The English
letter, however, describing life in Bombay, was in two or three in
stances fairly done. The class made a very creditable show in
History, and almost all were ready in Chronology. Their geogra
phical knowledge appears to have been acquired from books, a de
ficiency which showed itself in the viva voce examinations. The
written answers were good, the oral answers vague and meagre.
The first year students failed in Geography, but replied readily to
Questions onthe History they had read. The History was Murray's.
 [ so 3
The answers on Hceren's Manual of European History were de
fective. To questions on English Literature the boys' answers
showed only memory. Fifteen described Pope in the same words,
the words being the first of the Article on Pope in Chambers' En-
cyclopoedia. The descriptions oflife in Bombay were very good. As
to the second year's class " theystruokMr. Howardasinferior tothe
students of the first year. They seemed to have been neglected at
School. The Spelling of the large majority of the written papers
was nothing less than disgraceful. The Grammar was mostly deplo
rably bad. The viva voce answering of all, except four or five stu
dents, was poor in the extreme." There was no indication of a
real insight into the facts of the History they had read.
The third and fourth classes sent in most unsatisfactory Es-
aays. The subject was the effects produced on the History of the
World by the invention of printing. The best of them were fair
in respect to Grammar and idiom. They did not show any sur
prising or disgraceful want of instruction, but not one of the
young men seemed to have a notion of methodical composition.
The writers seemed to have exercised their memories and no
other faculty. These papers however were good compared with
the papers upon Literature, which Mr. Howard hesitates to des
cribe.
On 29th April, the Governor in Council resolves that " the
Examiners are entitled to the acknowledgments of Government,
and that Mr. Erskine has analysed the results of the examina
tions with accurate discrimination." The Governor in his Minute,
dated 21st April observes that it is impossible to read these Re
ports without a feeling of disappointment. The Government
would be guilty of a serious error if it blinked the facts which
they disclose." Too much has been attempted. The staff of Pro
fessors, and of European Assistants is too small. Previous to
their introduction the number of subjects of study should be re
duced. Mr. Lumsden in a Minute, dated 27th April, strongly
supports Captain River's suggestion as to the introduction of pri
vate tutors.

BOMBAY EDUCATION.

Examination of Poona College.

On 26th December, 1855, the Reverend P. Anderson reports

on the examination of the students of this College in English Li
terature. 1 he pupils of the Normal Class in the School Division
are intended to be Teachers in the Vernacular Schools. They read
 [ 51 ]
fairly, and could explain most of the words used in McCullosh's
Reading Book. Of the class of candidates (27) four read well. Not
one in the class could write quite accurately from dictation.
Four failed altogether. Their answers on History shewed dili
gence, but there were faults in Grammar. " Whenever a sentence
was correctly expressed, it was an exact transcript of the author's
words. Thus the whole twenty-seven, without, 1 believe, a single
exception, wrote of the Emperor Baber, that he'proclaimed ' the
voice of honour was loud in his ears,' and of Aurungzebe, that ' his
crimes were written in deep and legible characters.'" Their an
swers were incomplete, and in broken English. In the Essays
this class all made errors, varying in number from five to sixty-
seven. The Senior College Class (12 students) were examined
in Political Economy, Shakspeare, Extracts from Chambers' Ency
clopaedia, and Essay Writing. They succeeded in Political Econo
my. Many ofthem had studied Richard the Third so successfully
that they could evolve the meaning of obsolete phrases, and ob
scure passages.
Professor Draper on 18th January reports favourable of the
student's examination in Logic. The book used was Whateley's
Easy Lessons on Reasoning. " Raoji's paper would no doubt
have been better but for his inability to express himself in Eng
lish." The class generally manifested great attention.
Captain J. Hill reports on 7th January on the examinations
in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. He observes that the
classes generally succeeded in Mathematics. They had however
no "competent knowledge of English." On 11th March, Cap
tain T. A. Cowper reports that he examined the Vernacular De
partment of the College. His opinion is decidedly unfavourable.
The answers in Murathee Grammar were indifferent. The
Murathee writing was bad. Some of the stipendiary students
were indifferent. In one case a student, paid for nine years, sent
io a Vernacular Essay, as wanting in arrangement as desti
tute of consecutive reasoning. One student " who is an English
Teacher, has, at the close of several sentences in such broken
English as to be sometimes scarcely intelligible, written for
' they find the tables turned upon them,' ' they turn the tables
over them ;' while another Teacher has thus expressed himself :—
' wicked men always try to injure other person, but if he is supe
rior to them, or Roland for Oliver, then he brings them into diffi
culties and distresses ;' and has added in a note—' Rowland for
Oliver is a historial frase.' " The Principal informed Captain
Cowper that the students had no instruction in the Vernacular.
There was a general disinclination to the study. Of the 1st
Translation Class some acquitted themselves creditably. In the
second class none of the stipendiaries succeeded. There was a
d 2
 [ 52 ]
marked tendency in all the classes to translate literally. None
of them attempted written translation. Of the Arithmetic Class
es a third of the first class passed a fair examination. Of the rest
all hut three in the 2nd class were had. The students in the 1st
Literature Class passed a fair examination. Their ideas of Politi
cal Economy were confused. In the 1st and 2nd Mathematical
Classes three hoys succeeded. All of the remainder failed more
or less.
Captain Cowper concludes with the Normal Class. Their per
formances were very unequal, the students having heen in the
College for periods varying from six months to four and a half
years. Two of this class passed a superior examination. Some
were indifferent, the time passed being considered, and some
had even retrograded. Captain Cowper offers as a general opi
nion that all classes in the department, have been pushed on too
fast aud too far.

DISTRICT ROADS.

Madras Records, No. XXX.

The Deputy Chief Engineer in the Department of Public

Works, on 22nd September, 1855, submits the reports from theDis-
trict Collectors, and gives the following as the works in progress :—
Ganjam. North Trunk Road, Berhampore and Russelcondah
Road. Russelcondah and Koinjuroo, Berhampore, and Gopal-
pore Roads. Roads from Purla Kimedy and Palcondah to Calin-
gapatam, and Poondy.
Vizagapatam. It was resolved during the scarcity of 1853-54
to apply labour to some important lines between the interior
and the Coast. They are progressing. Bridges were sanctioned
in the last Budget. All will be brought up to first class.
Rajahmundry. No roads in progress except the Trunk Road.
The department has devoted itself to canals.
Masulipatam. No roads, but the great canals from the Kist-
na Anicut have been prosecuted.
Guntoor. The Trunk Road from Madras to Hydrahad bas
proceeded. The Kistna Canals advance.
Nellore. The Kistnapatam, Nellore and Cuddapah Road, the
Goodoor and Chitivel Road, and Enamellore and Cummun
Road proceed.
Cuddapah. The two northern lines above mentioned hare
been prolonged. The road from Cuddapah to Bellary has been
begun. The Trunk Road between Madras and Bellary is also
 [ 53 ]

in progress. The large nullas, the Ralla and Boogga, between

the town and cantonment of Cuddapah were partially bridged
daring 1854.
Bellary. Rs. 13,21,925 was expended on 289 miles of sub
stantial road during the scarcity. When perfected with bridges
these roads will be of lasting benefit. The Bellary and Dhar-.
war Road, and the Trunk Road to Madras have also progressed.
Canara. A large expenditure has been distributed in mo
derate sums over the communications from Cassergode to
Sedasheoghur. The new works are the Guersappa Ghaut be
tween Honore and Mysore. The Charmady Ghaut leading into
Mysore from Mangalore. The Singawaree and Kyga Ghauts
on the right and left banks of the Sedasheoghur. The increase
in trade has been, including cotton, 17 lakhs.
Ctengleput. Not much work.
North Arcot. No considerable works. Several lines im
proved.
South Arcot. Extensive works on "the Cuddalorc and Sa
lem Road, the Porto Novo and Bowangherry Road, the Cudda-
lore and Punrooty Road." The Trunk Roads to Trichinopoly
and Tanjore under construction.
Salem. This district is well furnished with communications.
The Topoor Ghaut between Bangalore and Trichinopoly has
been improved, and new Ghauts opened between the Shivaroy
Hills and the low country of Salem.
Tanjore. Two new Roads, and 13 large bridges.
Trichinopoly. The expenditure has been applied to " the Tri
chinopoly and Madura Road, the Trichinopoly and Salem Road,
the Koolitully and Poodoopolinm Road, and the extension of
the Trichinopoly and Arealore Road." The Trunk Road to Mad
ras within the district has been completed. The roads in Tri
chinopoly generally are in an advanced state.
Coimbalore. Several roads improved.
Malabar. No new undertakings.
Madura. Nothing of importance.
Tinnevelly. A large expenditure chiefly for bridges has been
made upon the Southern Road. 17 miles of this road re
main in their natural state. The cotton roads have been prose
cuted as vigorously as the supply of labour will allow.
Kurnool. No report, though repeatedly written for.
The Collectors' Reports which follow contain only details of the
works thus described, and arc of no general interest. The Deputy
Superintending Engineer adds tables of estimates for Roads and
Bridges containing the name and date of every work com
menced, the amount sanctioned, and the amount expended.
 [ 54 ]
District. Ami. Sanct. Expenditure
Ganjam, . . . . 4,32,564 1,90,120
Vizagapatam, . . 1,02,091 54,648
Rajahmundry, 40,929 26,254
Masulipatam, 20,376 Not given
Guntoor, ... 17,891 6,866
Nellore, ... <V f\jO fOO •) 1,69,074
Cuddapah, .. 1,34,766 2,86,006
Bellary, ... .. 2,90,086 13,91,412
Canara, ... 3,50,610 1,40,187
Chingleput, 49,784 22,378
N. Arcot, . . .. 1,53,085 26,317
S. Arcot, .. 1,44,721 1,07,644
Salem, 27,203 3,710
Tanjore, ... .. 3,53,080 ' 1,20,110
Triehinopoly, ... 1,24,251 1,01,865
Coimbatore, .. 2,35,406 39,538
Malabar, 90,706 55,124
Madura, ... 78,617 34,388
Tinnevelly, 2,87,406 32,561

Total, . . ... 32,29,133 28,08,202

FORCED LABOUR IN SCINDE.

Bombay Records, No. XXXIV.

On 9th April, Lieutenant Colonel J. Jacob, Acting Commis

sioner in Scinde, reports that Mr. Frere left his summary incom
plete, but still he submits it. Statute labour is employed in
the canal clearances of Hydrabad and Upper Scinde, and partially
in Shikarpore. Col. Jacob considers the summary to express all the
arguments necessary. The difference of opinion among the Col
lectors consulted arises from want of study and of acquaintance
with the general laws affecting the question. The amount of
work to be done is the same in all cases. If done by a contribu
tion of Rupees, or a contribution of labour the result is the same.
But men paid at fair rates work with a will. Men forced to
work, work unwillingly. The system if left to Mr. Frere or Colonel
Jacob would gradually die out, but much mischief meanwhile
may be done, and the Acting Commissioner therefore suggests
an order prohibiting the practice. As to details he suggests that
the canals should be cleared by men paid at free rates. He has
found it an excellent plan to allow men to contract for bits of
 [ 55 ]

work, ten Rupees worth or so. Very little superintendence is re

quired, and every member of the family can do something. The
people often work in relays all night. " Wherever statute
labour may have been due for the clearance of canals, I would
recommend the levy of a water rate on the lands irrigated ; the
rate being proportioned to the number of labourers which the
Zemindars holding those lands have hitherto been compelled to
supply."
Any Zemindars who wish to clear their own canals should do
so. It does not appear that Government ever authorized forced
labour. It is an abuse which began under the Ameers, and
which has been continued by the Civil officers. Being deeply
impressed with the ruinous effects of the old system, Colonel
Jacob in anticipation of the Governor's orders has prohibited
forced labour in Scinde.
Mr. Frere in his summary records the correspondence. In
February, 1855, it was found that the Government departments,
under cover of official works, exacted supplies at less than the
market rate. No such practice is allowed by Government, and
the Commissioner prohibited it by Circular. Lieutenant Colonel
Jacob in reply to the Circular informed the Commissioner that
he had always enforced free trade on the frontier, and considered
forced labour might also be abolished. That system caused all
labour to be looked on as a. hardship. The Commissioner on
28th February, 1855, forwarded this letter to the Superintending
Engineer, and the Collectors, requesting information as to the
financial effect of abolishing statute labour. The Superintend
ing Engineer in reply stated that in parts of Upper Scinde the
labourer was wholly unpaid. The system was wretched, and
produced robbery. The labourer on the canals however bene
fited himself as well as Government, and it was doubtful if the
revenue could dispense with the privilege. Major Stewart
thought the system not productive of so much demoralization as
people fancied. It existed in Scinde in its mildest form, and it was
doubtful if free labour could be obtained. Lieutenant R. Cowper,
Acting Collector of Shikarpore agreed with Major Jacob, but
doubted if a sufficient s\ipply of labour could be obtained. Lieu
tenant Ford considered that the wages given would be doubled
under a free system, and suggested a gradual change.
" The comparative cost of clearing a certain given number of
canals by free and by a statute labour would be as follows :—
Actual cost of clearing a certain given number of
canals with statute labour, .. ... ... Rs. 4,699
Estimated cost of performing the same work with
free labour, .. . . .. ... .. ,, 65,705
The number of persons who received the above, Rs. 4,699 was
 [ 56 ]

4,845, and the average length of time they were employed was
about sixty-seven days."
After some further correspondence, Major Stewart reported
that the people would not like a change. They detested measure
ments, and dreaded a water tax. In Sehistan the people offered
to do the whole work themselves. Other Deputy Collectors
agreed with Major Jacob. Mr. Bellasis fully concurred in deem
ing the forced labour system an enormous evil, crushing energy,
stopping improvement, and looked upon as an intolerable hard
ship. Mr. Bellasis forwards the old rates under which the la
bourer earned only 5 to 10 pies per diem. Private individuals
cannot obtain labour at that price, and therefore " every cultivator
who puts up a wheel is bound to send one, two, or three men to
clear the canals. They are detained on an average for three
months, and as they will not work at five pies a day, the owner
of the wheel is obliged to make up the difference to the market
price of labour, or more commonly to hire substitutes at two
annas per diem. If he sends his own men, he of course keeps the
best for cultivation and sends the worst—the cripple, the aged,
and the sick. If he sends a substitute, he has no interest in the
work and is lazy and indolent, so that, under any circumstance,
we get the very worst description of labourers for our canals.
They have to be collected in large gangs and driven to their
work, and are always discontented and unwilling workmen."
All Mr. Bellasis' Deputies advocate free labour. As to supply
of labour Mr. Bellasis once wanted to remove a sand bank. The
Kardar reported he could get no men. Mr. Bellasis offered 2£
annas per diem, or £ anna above market rate. In a few days he
had 600 men working cheerfully. The canal clearance in Hydra-
bad, in 1854, cost 1,36,591. The work will cost more, and the
European agency must be increased ; Mr. Bellasis believes the
Zemindars could not be compelled to pay the difference, but
thinks Government might abstain from clearing the Kurriahs or
minor channels. Other opinions are quoted, all indicating the
impression of the officials that statute labour should cease. The
Commissioner therefore reviewing all the correspondence ordered,
that where the people cleared their own canals there should be
no interference, and where the Government paid, the wages
should be adequate.
On 22d May, Mr. Hart intimates the concurrence of Govern
ment in Colonel Jacob's views. Government is surprised at the
facts revealed, attributes much of the canal mismanagement to
that source, and approves the issue of a proclamation in antici
pation of orders.
 [ 57 ]

THE HILLY REGION OF KURRACHEE.

Bombay Records, No. XXXV.

O.v 8th July, Lieutenant Colonel John Jacob, C. B., Acting

Commissioner in Scinde, submits a Report by Major Preedy, Col
lector of Kurrachee, upon the Hill Region in the West of the Col-
lectorate. " These hilly tracts are outlying branches of the great
mountain range stretching almost unbroken from Peshawur to the
ocean. They reach northward until Sehwan, where they abut
on the river ; and their southern extremities are Munora Point
and Cape Monze. The aspect of the region is wild and savage.
The valleys and plains lie at an elevation of some 1,000 feet
above the level of the Indus, while the hill ranges rise above the
valleys from 1,500 to 2,000 feet higher. The formation, which
is of stratified lime-stone, baars evident marks of volcanic action ;
and the entire district forms a thorough contrast to the other
portions of this province."
Mr. Frere intended to have reported on this tract, but left
from ill health. Major Preedy was therefore requested to visit
it and report. "It appears that the entire district is about 120
miles in length, with an average breadth of fifty miles, containing
about 6,000 square miles of country. The establishment hitherto
employed in its revenue management has been unprecedentedly
small, costing only Rs. 90 per mensem. The total revenue
derived in 1854-55 amounted to Rs. 1,171, of which sum Rs. 650
were realised by the levy of Re. 1 per cart-load on grass cut in
the Guddap Valley, and the balance, Rs. 514, on garden lands
lying along the Mulleer river banks."
Colonel Jacob is of opinion that flocks and herds must be the
staple wealth of the districts. Major Preedy proposes a rough
survey, and a light assessment, and grazing lands, the farm to be
offered to the Chief. Would also recommend pukka wells near
large villages, and roads, and would make small advances for
bunds. Also he would endeavour to improve the cattle and
educate the people, and would import a European Superinten
dent. The district is as large as Wales, and the Collector can
not attend to it in addition to his other duties. Colonel Jacob
concurs, but would not recommend a greater expenditure. He
would rather that Captain Hodgkinson, Supernumerary Deputy
Collector should be " temporarily made available for a more
detailed inspection, and such general ameliorative measures in
regard to it as he may find opportunity for effecting." His
establishment should not exceed Rs. 205 per month, or Rs. 115
 [ 58 ]

more than at present expended. It appears from the Census

made in February, 1856, that the district contains
Permanent habitations, ... ... ... .. 187
Huts, 3222
Hindoos, 2246
Mahomedans, ... ... ... ... ... 14,154

Total population, 16,400

Equal to 2J per square mile. Major Preedy gives the Topogra
phical description already quoted, and proceeds to say that Agri
culture seems never to have been attempted till our rule, though
since then encouraged. The floods of 1851 and 1852 destroy
ed all the gardens, and only a few patches are now cultivated.
" The southern portion consists of extensive plains, divided
one from the other by low ranges of hills, running parallel in
some parts, and in others diverging like the sticks of an open
fan. At Peer Mungah the hills form a series of concentric cir
cles round a lofty peak, and which peculiar formation is evi
dently the effect of volcanic action at some distant period of the
world's history. The plains or valleys between the several
ranges of hills are usually intersected by the wide sandy bed of
a mountain stream, which, except after rain, presents a dry,
unpromising surface, beneath which, however, at the depth of a
few feet, abundance of excellent water is found. The plains on
either side, after seasonable showers, produce abundance of for
age, and are frequented at such seasons by vast herds of cattle
brought from the Valley of the Indus and other parts."
The four rivers are usually well supplied with water, and the
valleys are extremely beautiful. The scenery generally is mag
nificent. The population is scanty, chiefly Sindees, and Beloo-
chees. The principal tribes are the Noomreas and Jokeas, who
are divided into clans, with portentous genealogical trees.
The Noomreas are sub-divided into twenty branches, who
acknowledge a Sirdar residing at Humulanee as their Chief. He
usually resides however at Kotree, where he has a substantial
house. He is under the influence of two uncles. The Jokeas
are men of aquiline features, courage, and martial bearing. They
claim to be Rajpoots, and are divided into numerous clans all
obeying Jam Meer Ali. He has Jaghires and a pension of Ks.
250 a month, but is always in debt. He is unostentatious, 70
years of age, and has a son twelve months old. The Jokeas and
Noomreas have always conducted themselves well. They have
abundance of cattle. They supply the ranks of the city police.
The Kulmutties, who reside among the Jokeas, claim to be
 [ 59 ]
Arabs. The Bcloochccs are very few. Major Preedy proceeds
to offer the suggestions already mentioned by Col Jacob.

ADOPTIONS IN THE DECCAN.

Bombay Records, No. XXVIII.

In 1852, a Memorandum was placed before the Gover

nor of Bombay, "regarding the question as to how far Go
vernment are bound by Unrecognised Adoptions on the part of
Enamdars and others holding Liens on the Public Revenue."
On 4th April, 1845, Government in reference to a case which
had arisen observed, " whether an Enamdar who held his Enam
for himself and his descendants could alienate it from those
descendants, or could, by any transfer to other parties, deprive
Government of its right to escheat should the family become
extinct, was a question on which much doubt had arisen, but
in the cases coming before Government it was as well to avoid,
if possible, any discussion in respect to it." On 15th April,
1845, Mr. Hart, Enam Commissioner observed that it had always
been a standing rule that, "an adoption not sanctioned by
Government gave the person adopting no right to perpetuate
any alienation of Government revenue." It had been recently en
forced. In reply, Mr. Hart was requested to collect facts. Informa
tion was requested from the Residents at Baroda and Iudore, and
the Agent in Gwalior. Their opinions having'been received. Mr.
Hart on 27th March, 1 847, reported that " as a general rule
among the existing Governments of India no adoption was
looked on as valid unless previously sanctioned by the Sirkar."
The same rule was observed by Mr. Chaplin, the officer employed
in settling the Southern Marhatta Country and Deccan after the
conquest. No orders to relax the rule were ever passed. The rule
seems clear, " but Government has not been equally decided in its
opinion of transfer of Enams by gift or sale." This follows how
ever logically, from the other. On 30th September, 1847, the
Governor ordered that the principle should be formally an
nounced. Mr. Hart accordingly submitted rules containing
such an announcement. They were forwarded to the Court of
Directors who referred them to the Government of India. In
July, 1851, Mr. Hart referred to an order published on 24th
October, 1831, in which che Government of Bombay declares that
"as a general rule, in the Deccan, Government admits that
children adopted with such forms and sanctions as may have
 [ 60 ]

been usual should succeed to Enam lands, or whatever may be

considered private property."
A quantity of correspondence followed, the right of adoption
without special permission being generally allowed, pending the
orders of the Court of Directors. In 1848, the Court of Direc
tors ordered that " a general notification should be issued, warn
ing the hereditary district and village officers that adoptions
made without previous sanction will not be held to convey any
claim to the succession to their Wutuns."
On 14th September, 1852, the Government informs Mr. Hart
that " on reading over the Memorandum, His Lordship in
Council can come to no other opinion but that Government have
a right to reserve in all cases the power of granting or refusing
such assent to an adoption as will confer upon the adopted son a
title against the State." Pending final orders the Government
would generally sanction adoptions, but refuse to allow claims
under adoption without special sanction. Government has no
thing to do with the rights of co-sharers in an Enam as against
each other.
On 26th May, 1855, Captain T. A. Cowper, Enam Commis
sioner submitted another Memorandum. Up to 1825 the sanc
tion of Government to an adoption was held essential to entitle
the adopter to convey an Enam. In 1825, the Government ruled
that Enams were private property. This order seems to have
been issued under some misapprehension, or else " in describing
the necessity of c such forms and sanctions as may have been
usual/ the sanction of the ruling power was understood to be
included as a matter of course." The last is the theory sup
ported by collateral evidence. Immediately after 1825, Sir
J. Malcolm ruled that a certain amount of Nuzzarana should
be levied. This plan was negatived by superior authority. His
successor, Lord Clare issued the order of 24th October, 1831.
The practice has not been in accordance with that order, but
with the one found in existence at the conquest. At length a
reference was made to the Court of Directors who on 22nd May,
1850, informed the Government of India that in their opinion
" the previous consent of Government is requisite to the validity
of all adoptions, so far as they affect succession to assignments
of the public revenue."
The Government of India however were of opinion that it
would not " be just and expedient either to alter the laws, or
to extend the practice of requiring the consent of Government
to the alienation of Enams or appointment of heirs to succeed to
them, in any cases or classes of tenures in respect of which such
consent is not now required by law or practice, or a stipulation
 [ 61 ]
to that effect is not now contained in the instrument creating
the tenure."
And therefore the Court on 23rd March, 1853, finally decided
that they would not " direct any alteration in the existing prac
tice in this respect, but desired that in all cases in which by
law or practice the grantees of public revenue, under whatever
title held, have hitherto been restricted from alienating their
possessions from the direct line of the original holder, such res
triction may continue to be maintained."
It remains, says Captain Cowper, for Government to de
termine any, and if so what are the cases in which bye-law or
practice the grantees of revenue have hitherto been allowed
to alienate. Captain Cowper holds from a most careful pe
rusal and comparison of the Peshwa's records that under the
native Government even a son could not hold his father's
Enam without the sanction of Government. Consequently
without such sanction any transfer of an Enam was null and
void. Sir T. Muuro also after he had settled the Southern
Marhatta Country recorded his opinion in these strong terms : —
" In this country, under the Native Governments, all grants
whatever are resumable at pleasure ; official grants are perma
nent while the office continues, but not always in the same family ;
grants for religious and charitable purposes, to individuals or
bodies of men, though often granted for ever, or while the sun
and moon endure, were frequently resumed at short intervals ;
grants of Jagheers or Enam lands from favour or affection, or as
rewards for services, were scarcely ever perpetual. It was rare
that any term was specified, and never one or more lives ; but it
made usually little difference whether the grant was for no par
ticular period or perpetual,—the (Altumgha) perpetual grant
was as liable to resumption as any common grant containing no
specification of time ; it was resumed because it was too large,
or because the reigning sovereign disliked the adherents of his
predecessors and wished to reward his own at their expense, and
for various other causes. There was no rule for the continuance
of grants but his pleasure ; they might be resumed in two or
three years, or they might be continued during two, three, or
more lives ; but when they escaped so long, it was never with
out a revision and renewal. I believe that the term of their
Hves is a longer period than grants for services were generally
permitted by the Native princes to run." Even Nana Fur-
navees when in the height of his power could not transfer a
small portion of Enam land without sanction. Moreover in
stances are given in "which adoptions were disallowed and
Enams resumed, on the specifically recorded grounds of such
 [ 62 ]

adoptions not having been made with the sanction of the Peshwa's
Government."
The knowledge of these facts must have been withheld from
Mr. Chaplin by the hereditary Duftur Karkoons. Captain Cowper
proceeds to show that the ideas entertained by Mr. Warden,
Member of Council, as to the principles on which the Deccan
was settled were incorrect. Indeed they were at variance with
an opinion acted on by himself when in 1845 he acted as Agent
for Sirdars.
On 31st January, 1855, the Court of Directors ordered that
the following Rule should be considered inviolable :—" We are
decidedly of opinion that in no case should the alienation of an
Enam be recognised for any term exceeding that for which
the present holder and his heirs may possess an interest, and
that the eventual right of Government to resume the revenue
on the extinction of the family of the original grantee should
be carefully maintained." Lastly, Captain Cowper quotes the
following opinion recorded by the Marquis of Hastings on 21st
September, 1845 :•—
" Of all subjects of taxation I should conceive the profits of
rent-free lands the most legitimate. The holders of land of this
description are at present exempted from all contribution, whe
ther to the local police or Government by whom they are protect
ed, or to the public works from which their estates derive equal
benefit with the rest of the community. They are indebted for
the exemption either to the superstition, to the false charity, or
to the ill- directed favour of the heads of former Governments and
other men in power, and have little personal claim upon ourselves
for a perpetual exemption from the obligations they owe as
subjects. Most of the tenures may be considered invalid ; indeed,
the scruples which have saved the whole of these lands from in
discriminate resumption have given cause to admire as much the
simplicity as the extreme good faith of all our actions and
proceedings."
On 9th July, the Government of Bombay forwarded Captain
Cowper's Memorandum to the Court of Directors signifying that
it was intended to require the sanction of Government to any
alienation. The Court approved. On 15th May, Captain Cow
per submitted further proof that the order of 1825, had been
misapprehended. That order was based on Captain Robertson's
representations. But six years after Captain Robertson declared
judicially " my opinion is, that to enable the Hindoo son to
inherit the possession of his adoptive father, in any country or
jurisdiction of India, the sanction of the Government of that
country to the act of adoption is required by the Hindoo law as
a sine qua non of legal title."
 [ 03 ]

CANALS IN HYDRABAD COLLECTORATE.

Bombay Records, No. XXXII.

On 22nd January, 1856, Mr. Frere, Commissioner of Scinde,

submits to Government an annual Report by Mr. Beatty, Assis
tant Collector for Canals in the Hydrabad Collectorate. The
annual Report is the first of the kind and bears date 1st August,
1855. The Caual Department has deteriorated. The Canals
are shallow, unnecessarily numerous, tortuous in course, with
high spoil banks close to the edge. Little has been accomplish
ed towards giving the Canals a proper slope of bed, from want
of instruments. Till instruments can be procured and sections
made, the supply of water will never be obtained. Mr. Beatty
made some sections of the Canals and "in every instance
found the slope of bed inclined the wrong way. In some Ca
nals through the entire length from mouth to tail, and in others
for some miles from their mouths." As regards straightening and
sloping the canals considerable improvements have been effected,
Mr. Beatty reports other improvements in construction, and
says that 368 have been cleared during the year. Mr. Beatty
names the principal canals, mentioning the peculiarities in con
struction involved in the local circumstances of each. Lieute
nant Colonel Turner, adverting to the report, expresses confi
dence in its accuracy, and observes that the result of employing
European Agency alone for the measurements has been satisfac
tory. Tables are added giving length, cost within the year, area
of ground watered and other particulars relative to the canals^
The total cost in 1855-56 was Rs. 1,17,315. Government on
10th May, 1856, reviews correspondence, orders it to be printed,
and sanctions the employment of four European Canal Sur
veyors on Rs. 150 each for measurement work.

PUBLIC WORKS, MADRAS.

Madras Records, No. XXIX.

The Department of Public Works on 28th September, 1854,

called for the opinions of the Collectors on the Public Works
affecting their districts, and suggestions for improvements Ac
cordingly the Collector of Madras reports that of the works sug
gested in the Collective Memorandum the coast canal and sup
 [ 64 ]
ply of water alone affect the Presidency. He considers that for
the canal " too much reliance must not be placed on tidal sup
plies of water." The means for preventing the choking of
the Canal must be made more effectual. He agrees with the
Collective Memorandum as to the supply of water, and proceeds
to speak of Guntoor.
The Collector of Canara considers that ghauts, roads, bridges,
canals, harbour improvements, light-houses and the means of
instruction in the Arts and Engineering are required. Mr.
Malthy enters into detailed suggestionson all, pointingou t theplac-
es for Ghauts, and the localities which require roads. The peculi
arity of Canara is " that while the soil is most favorable for making
cheap roads, the surface of the country is such, that unless a road
is made no cart can possibly be used." In regard to instruction
he proposes to employ under the Ordnance Artificers appointed
to the district " two or three youths as Carpenters, and the
same number as Blacksmiths, paying them from five to eight
Rupees a month. They will be a kind of Apprentices. Under
the Civil Engineer and under each Executive Officer several
pupils might be advantageously placed."
The Collector of Tanjore reports that relieving him of the
duties of the maramut department is no relief unless the whole
revenue establishment is also relieved. Unless one officer
has the control of the subordinates of all departments, the sub
ordinates will clash. If not the departments must be distinct.
Mr. Forbes demurs to the opinion that only professional men
are required to decide on the most efficient public improvements.
The communications in Tanjore are usually " under the second
class—made roads, with tunnels and bridges complete, but without
any surface coating of metal. There are but two soils available in
the delta of Tanjore,—black mud and river sand being mixed to
gether, however, they formed very fair communications. The roads
are high causeways running through the irrigated lands. The
system advocated by the Committee of gradually forming a net
work of internal communications by the annual expenditure of
twenty Rupees per mile, in making roads between all cusbah
towns, is one that does not appear adapted very speedily to ef
fect its object. The average cost of earth work for a mile of
road in Tanjore is Rupees 400, so that supposing the two towns
to be united were only sixteen miles apart, it would require
twenty yards on the Committee's system, to perform the earth
work only, and on a moderate estimate of three channels in the
mile, requiring each a tunnel costing 80 Rupees and taking an
account of bridges, a further period of nearly thirteen years
would pass before the communication was of any practical use.
I should be much disappointed if I thought that one rate of pro
 [ 65 ]
stress was to be sixteen miles of road in 33 years." Mr. Forbes
strongly advocates a low speed Railway between Negapataui
and Trichinopoly, or " a tram-way of granite stone, laid on a
masonry foundation—the cost of such a work would probably
be about 4,000 Rupees a mile, and it could be constructed on
the present road from Trichinopoly to the coast for the sum of
four lakhs of Rupees." Mr. Forbes does not think that the plan
of forming reservoirs to supply the rivers is indispensable, for
the rivers of Tanjore have failed but once in thirty years, and
the settlement is made on the assumption that irrigation is
constant. " A variety of circumstances have combined to place
Tanjore considerably in advance of other districts as regards its
public works; it has about 1,000 miles of made road, all bridged
and tunnelled, its works of irrigation and drainage are almost
innumerable, and the liberality of Government has this year been
shewn in the sanction given to two large bridges across the Cole-
roon, at Combaconum, and Anakaren Choultry, so as to alfordto
traffic those facilities for entering and leaving the district, which
it has long enjoyed within the province itself." The traffic on
the Negapatam and Tanjore Road has been in August, 1854:—
"Carte, 80,770 Foot passengers, ... 5,35,251
Bullocks, 1,13,712 Bullock carriages, ... 1,107
Horses, 1,490 Palanquins, 261
Asses, ... ••• 10,978 Sheep, 2,775"
Tanjore requires short lines to connect the roads with the vil
lages. The villages are in the paddy fields, and the people can
not convey carte along the paddy bunds. They therefore use
bullocks.
Mr. Parker, Collector of Madura, does not perceive that the
district requires more works of irrigation. The only possible
port is Autenkary where the Vigay disembogues, but it is dis-
advantageously placed. The most profitable object of expendi
ture is roads ; Madura has many lines of road, but they are
niade of the natural soil, and only ten miles are metalled. The
roads should be improved, particularly certain lines pointed out.
The proposal for embodying a corps of labourers should be
sanctioned, as labour is scarce and given unwillingly.
Captain A. Boileau, Civil Engineer, 2nd Division, reports
that few roads have been commenced in his division. The addi
tional lines are indicated, and the road from Nellore to Cudda-
pah specially pressed on the attention of Government. He sug
gests that the waters of the Pennair may be made available for ir-
"gation, but his personal acquaintance with the district is limited.
" When it is borne in mind that this Division embraces an
area of upwards of 20,000 square miles of country, and that for
"»-' whole of this extensive range there is but one Civil Engineer,
 [ 6G ]

one Assistant Civil Engineer and 2 Surveyors, the Assistant

having abundant occupation for months to come in completing
the Pennair anicut, and estimating for and carrying out the im
provement of the channels and tanks under it, while the Survey
ors are chiefly employed in what may be termed ordinary tank
duties, examinations of works and so on, it will appear how
great is the task imposed upon the Head of the Department, and,
I will add, how impossible for him to perform more than a
fraction of his duties. In this year 1854, this spring-time of
Public Works, there are Ghats to be traced, and roads to be es
timated for in every corner of the Division, there are sections of
rivers to be taken for the construction of bridges in the north,
in the south, in the east and in the west, there are Overseers
awaiting the presence of the Civil Engineer to be instructed in
their duties at one end of Cuddapah, at the same time that ar
rangements need to be made for recommencing the works at an
important mountain pass at the other end. A single project, be
fore alluded to, (the diverting of the waters of the Pennair on its
disembogueing from the hills for perhaps 1,00,000 acres) would
rightly engage his whole attention for months, but in the terms
of the Committee I regret to say ' no such definite project can
yet be brought forward owing to the want of Officers in the Ci
vil Engineer's Department.' "
The department is altogether inadequate to its duties.
The Engineer of the 3rd Division or Bellary, Canara and Kur-
nool, indicates the detailed lines of road required, and declares
that " the Bellary and Kurnool Districts are positively without
direct communications passable by carts to enable their produce
to reach the Coromandel Coast, and to facilitate the supply of
salt inland." He indicates the Toombuddra as the only stream
from which great results can be expected, and observes that in
Canara owing to the copiousness of the rains irrigation is of lit
tle importance. Upon Ports and Harbours the Engineer re
ports that the river and harbour of Sedasheghur may be improved ;
"just below this harbour and forming an inner recess of its bay
there is good shelter for vessels to lie up during the prevalence
of the south westerly winds that are sometimes so destructive to
life and property on this coast. To secure protection against
north westerly gales it has been suggested that the island of
Coormaghur should be connected with Sedasheghur fort by a
solid stone quay. At present the bar is north of the island and
fort, having greatly altered its original position, and there is
very shallow water (four feet at low springs) between the former
and the sand bank of the river. If materials were collected and
means provided, so as to carry out the whole work in one sea
son, it would not be one of either great difficulty or cost, as
 [ 07 ]
rough stones heaped up a little above highest tide mark would
suffice to secure the object." Bellikerry bay has capabilities of
usefulness, while Tuddry is the best ou the Canara Coast,
Cooraptah, the cotton emporinm is an open roadstead, but con
siderable capital has been invested here, and the works required
are the excavation of a canal from the creek to the Tuddry river,
the removal of the Custom House to the mouth of the creek,
aud the construction of a good wharf. Houore is a good har
bour for boats of a certain size, and the remaining harbours have
not yet been accurately surveyed. The Engineer represents the
euormous size of the division, which is nearly 23,000 square miles
in extent, requiring 2,000 miles of road, and the chief town of
one of whose districts is 400 miles from the chief town of ano
ther. He proposes to divide the Division into two, Canara and
the four West talooks of Bcllary for one, the remainder of Bel
lary and Kurnool for another. A rupee a mile a mouth on the
roads "set aside for training and supporting permanent Superin
tendents, would insure a supply of good men for the Executive
Department. These might be appointed to particular road cir
cuits, which could be averaged at 1 50 miles, for the portions of
which whereon work was actually to be done during the year
they would receive one Rupee monthly per mile, rising in time
to the full salary for maintenance and repair of the entire circuit
when completed. The entire annual expenditure, without detail
estimates, but to be carefully accounted for, proposed to be in
curred under this system would be Rupees 80,300 for the Kur
nool and east Bellary roads, wbereof Rupees 40,900 or more
than one-half has already been recommended for sanction to the
Bengal Government. For Bellary western roads only Rupees
19,500 ; with which sum at the Civil Engineer's disposal, not
three months would pass without a good beginning being made
of thoBe hitherto neglected lines. For Canara, Rupees 96,500 a
year, including all present permanent sanctions, would afford the
means of completing the net work of main roads in a compara
tively short time."
Captain Collyer, Engineer of the 4th Division reports on the
condition of the roads in his division, and suggests other lines.
As to irrigation the district is a tank district, the rivers some
times having water only for three months. Captain Collyer
after noticing several anicuts proposed or in progress says he
has" plans and estimates for the restoration of the large ruin
ed tank of Mahundravady capable of holding 6,20,00,000
cubic yards of water, and for this, he now contemplates a channel
direct from the Palaur at the anicut instead of taking it off
from the Cauverypauk tank, this abstracting so much more
for the eastern Talooks of Sydapctt, Manimungalum, Chinglc
e2
 [ 68 ]
put and Terooporoor, these works will cost 1,50,000 Ru
pees."
Captain W. H. Horsley of the 8th Division reports on the
roads making, and supplies an estimate for maintenance :—
" Madura.
For keeping 574$ miles of made road in order, Rs. 84,280 4
Superintendence,... ... „ 2,715 0

Total for Madura, ... Rs. 86,995 4

T1XNEVELLY.
For keeping 257$ miles of made road in order, Rs. 40,806 1
Superintendence, .. „ 2,715 0

Total for TinnevcHy, Rs. 43,521 1

Total for No. 8 Division, Rs. 1,30,516 5

He describes the roads, and suggests local lines of canal, but
sees little room for new works of irrigation in Madura. In
Tinnevelly an anicut may be thrown across the Tambrapoorney
and some of the streams now wasted in Travancore may
irrigate Tinnevelly. All the harbours on the coasts of Madura
and Tinnevelly are with the exception of Tuticoreen mere road
steads.
Captain F. H. Rundall of the 9th Division advises a low speed
railway " from the town of Parvattipore at the foot of the
hills bordering the Jeypore country, to the port of Bimlipatam."
" The present cost of transit under the most favourable cir
cumstances in the dry weather is 1 £ annas per ton per mile,
and double that in the wet weather. If therefore the cost
were diminished by $ and 6 pic charged, and if only half
the daily charge is to be paid by goods, it would require a
thorough traffic of about 74 tons per day. At this present time
there is nearly one-fourth that amount carried in salt alone."
It would run through a rich country, with good levels. It could
be made on the American plan at Rs. 12,000 a mile and the cost
would be follows :—
" 10 per cent. Interest on 12,000, Rs. 12,000 0 0
Management,.. ... ... ... „ 100 0 0
Repairs, „ 100 0 0
Sundries, „ 300 0 0

Total per mile per annum, „ 1,700 0 0

Captain Rundall further suggests a Commission to examine
certain ghauts or passes towards Nagpore.
 [ 69 ]

MADRAS BUDGET OF 1855-56.

Madras Records, No. XXVIII.

Ov 22nd February, 1855, Major J. H. Bell, Secretary to the

Board of Revenue, Department of Public Works, submitted " List
No. 1, of the Budget for 1855-56, containing items amounting
to Rupees 25,36,232 of which Rupees 16,51,363 are proposed to
be expended in 1855-56." He proceeds to report on the works
suggested.
The Samulcottah and Toonee Canal. This canal is to cost
Rs. 2,34,305. The work is intended to extend the benefit of
the Godavery anicut to the furthest practicable limit. In con
nection with the Samulcottah Canal, already in use, the junction
of the Kistnab and Godavery Canals, and another canal from
Kistnah to the southward, it will provide water communication
of 182 miles in length. All. the parts lying on these canals will
he in connexion with the sea-port of Cocanada, and Coringa.
"The length of the Canal will be 37 miles ; and it will be 20
yards wide at bottom, the depth of the cutting averaging 1\ yard.
The estimate for the earth. work only is Rupees 1,00,782. The
line of the canal is laid down along the highest practicable level
with a fall of only half an inch per mile ; and the soil all the
way is easy of excavation." The aqueducts will be twelve in number.
There is no made road between Toonee and Samulcottah. The
cost of transit is 6 annas per ton per mile. With the canal
made this would be reduced to 3 pice.
Samulcottah and Cocanada Canal. A canal necessary as a con
tinuation of the former, connecting it with the sea. It will
cost Rs. 1,17,339. The canal will be only nine miles long, but
the fall is 36 feet, and the locks will be expensive.
Rajahmundry Junction Canal will cost Rs. 1,22,357, and con
nect " by a line parallel, and near to the Coast the two great and
the two minor arms of the Godavery, and all the Canals parallel
jo Hie river." The whole line of the canal is a dead level. It will
he 75 miles long of which only 25 require to be newly cut.
The works proposed for irrigation and navigation in the cen
tral delta of Rajahmundry will cost Rs. 3,15,932. The Report
"escribes these works in detail. They are all in connection with
"Ie Godavery anicut. The amount hitherto expended on all
these works ia : —
 [ 70. ]

"For Anicut, 9,55,921 4 8

For right bank, ... 4,41,468 14 9

Add Ellorc Canal, sanctioned in
Budget of 1854-55, 2,87,643 11 4

7,29,112 10 1
For left bank, 5,08,664 '.1 11
For Central Delta, 4,40,625 1 9

Total Rupees, 26,34,323 10 5"

The improvement of Coringa harbour will cost Rs. 6,28,389.

The river above the port is to be straightened, to scour the pas
sage. The expense will be in the new excavations, and the
bunds across the old channel. The Lighthouse on Hope's Is
land also is to be raised 20 feet.
The improvement of Coeanada Harbour will cost Rs. 84,639.
The mouth of the Coeanada shifts. To remedy this incon
venience a new channel was cut in 1848, and a groyne com
menced to defend the new outlet. The works however were
suspended, and the river returned to the old passage. They
have been recommenced, and will be continued so as to obtain
6 feet on the bar at low water. " The bulk of the estimate is
accordingly for lining the banks of the river with stone, for a
length of 2,100 yards, between the mouth and the towns of Co
eanada and Jaganaikpoorum." In January, 1854, 750 boats
passed through the Dowlaiswarum lock, and in January, 1855,
896. The value of cargoes in 1854, was Rs. 55,125 and in
1855, Rs. 1,84,757. There are 6 officers of whom 5 are expe
rienced in the Rajahmundry district, 13 Overseers, and 2 Sur
veyors. Labour is plentiful, and the organization of the depart
ment so excellent that there is no difficulty in carrying on any
extent of works.
The bridge over the Kistnah Anicut at Bezoarah will cost
Rs. 1,99,931. The stream is too rapid for an arched bridge. A
platform bridge on wooden supports is therefore recommend
ed. The passage is now unsafe even for the post, and though a
steam ferry would be an improvement, it would be useless in the
dry weather. "The total length of the bridge is 1416J yards
and its height above the Anicut is 18J feet. The bays are in
number 203, being 20 feet in breadth, except at the ends where
they diminish to 15 feet over the sluices."
The "high level channel from the Boodemair to Perikeed,
and from Perikeed to Dendaloor, beyond Ellore," will cost Rs.
2,14,385. This work is an extension of the Kistnah Anicut
 [ 71 ]
Works. It also unites the Kistnah with the Godavery system of
navigable canals. The country through which the canal will
pass is unfavourable to communication by road. No road has
ever been made.
The " high level channel from the Poolairoo, near Weyoor, to
the canal basin at Masulipatam," will cost Rs. 2,37,107. " This
project is similar in character to the K I lore Canal, that is, it
provides for cutting a channel on the highest practicable level
relatively to the Anient, for the irrigation of land on both
sides, and at the same time for communication between Be-
zoarah and Masulipatam."
The " high level channel from the Toohgauddra, near the
Kistnah Anicut to the southern part of the (inn toor district
to Inganampadu," will cost Rs. 1,46,787. This canal resembles
the Northern canal above mentioned. The difficulty of the divi
sion is labour, though superintendence is well supplied. There
are seven experienced officers, ten experienced Overseers, and
four qualified Surveyors in the Kistnah Division. The total
amount allowed for the Kistnah Anicut project is Rs.
20,46,326, while the Court have sanctioned only fifteen and a
half lakhs. The Board have however explained to Government
that the amount stated to the Court was less by five lakhs than
Captain Lake's rough estimate.
The Road between Cuddapah and Poonamallee on the way to
Madras will cost Rs. 1,92,220.
In Malabar " improving the Paulghaut and Trichoor Road,
constructing two bridges upon it, and forming two branch Roads
in connexion with it," will cost Rs. 49,061. This road connects
Coimbatore with the Cochin territory and port. Parts of the
line are in order, and the great expense will be on two bridges
over the Kumady, and Vaddakancherry.
The " road from Calient, by Beypoor, Condotty, Malapoorum
Angadypoorum and Manar to Mundoor, on the Trunk Road to
Paulghaut," will cost Rs. 52,083. The distance, along part of
which road tracks already exist, is seventy-nine miles seven
furlongs. There are some tunnels, and bridges are not included
in the estimate. The road pierces the heart of the Moplah
territory.
The "extension of the Eastern Coast Canal. From Doogoo-
razpatan to the Rampairoo River, commonly called the Kistna-
patam backwater," will cost Rs. 1,39,665. "The distance of
twenty miles, now proposed, is all that is required to place Mad
ras in intimate connection with the town of Nellorc ; for, from
the Kistnapatam backwater to that place, a distance of seven
teen and a half miles, a direct and excellent road is now under
construction, aud will be completed within six months." The
 [ 72 ]
indigo and native cloths of Nellorc will thus at once reach
Madras. The ryots object to the proposed route. The canal
will be eighteen yards wide at the water surface, and twelve at
the bottom.
On the Ycllapoor, Seerceeand HalandecRoad circuits Rs. 34,996
will be expended. This has been sanctioned, and the circuits
measuring 430 miles arc gradually to be worked up to first class
roads. The price does not include the bridges. Rs. 1,00,000
arc placed in the Budget to the operations for opening the navi
gation of the Upper Godavcry. Rs. 50,000 was granted by Go
vernment for the operations, and Rs. 56,717 for removing rocks
and other obstructions. Lieutenant Haig " has strongly repre
sented the necessity of allowing additional funds for the prose
cution of bis expedition, which has been organized on a scale
suitable to the extent of the contemplated operations, and the
necessary difficulties of. working in a wild and unhealthy part of
the country. Besides the Civil Engineer, there are five Com
missioned Officers, some uneovenanted Assistants, and several
Overseers employed with the expedition." The first object of
the expedition is to procure an accurate survey of the river,
and an estimate of the outlay required.
The " Bridge over the Ponyar river on the Southern Coast
Road, immediately north of Cuddalore" will cost Rs. 50,000. This
bridge is on the line of communication between Cuddalore and
Pondicherry, and the bridge will complete the communication.
The bridge across the Hurdree at Kurnool will cost Rs.
30,744. This bridge will connect Kurnool with its suburbs.
The " Bridge over the Coleroon, on the Southern Road be
tween Chellumbrum and Sheally," will cost Rs. 1,30,000. Of
this sum Rs. 92,000 is provided from Pagoda funds. It has
been sanctioned by the Madras Government. The bridge con
sists of forty arches of fifty feet span. The anicut across the
Huggry near Yeparal will cost Rs. 1,13,841. This work will
irrigate only a small tract of land at present waste, but it is
necessary to secure the revenue at present obtained. Its influ
ence may hereafter be extended.
On 30th March, J. D. Bourdillon, Esq. Secretary to Govern
ment of Fort St. George in the Department of Public Works
submits statements of works to be completed in 1855-56. The
works in No. I. are beyond the competence of the Madras Go
vernment to sanction. This statement includes the works above
noticed in detail. Statement 2 exhibits the works sanctioned,
the estimates for which amount to Rs. 75,50,165. Up to the
end of the current official year Rs. 32,84,498 will have been ex
pended. The amount for the ensuing year is Rs. 34,49,704.
The total estimated cost " of works other than repairs, proposed
 [ 73 ]

to be under execution wholly or in part, during the ensuing

year under this Presidency, amounts to Rupees 1,01,05,516 ; of
which amount Rupees 32,34,498 has already been expended,
and Rupees 51,59,179, it is proposed to lay out this year, leav
ing Rupees 17,21,769 for future years." Mr. Bourdillou reca
pitulates the facts quoted, and adds tables describing nature of
work, for which expenditure has been sanctioned of which the
following is an abstract :—
 [ 74 ]

Amount al
DISTRICTS. Total Estimate ready authoriz
sanctioned. ed to be ex
pended.

1 2 3

WorksundertheDoardofRevenueyD.P.lF. Rs. Rs.

1 G anjam, 2,58,332 1,41,629
2 Vizagapatam, 1,53,303 46,000
3 Rajahmundry,. . 1,70,287 1,06,000
4 Masulipatam, .. 11,11,849 7,00,000
5 Guntoor,. . .. 6,85,334 5,50,000
6 Nellore, 2,61,572 2,10,660
7 Cuddapah, 39,000 20,000
8 Bellary, 1,94,999 1,07,520
9 Kurnool, 1,25,426 1,07,160
10 Canara, 1,87,941 1,18,566
1 1 Chingleput, ... 4,15,016 90,343
12 North Arcot, 7,76,647 2,02,427
13 South Arcot, 1,85,524 1,06,000
14 Salem, 17,274
15 Trichinopoly, .. 1,19,330 72,000
16 Tanjorc 2,43,416 1,70,192
17 Coimbatore, 1,12,097 96,171
18 Malabar, 52,800 30,312
19 Madura, 38,577
20 Tinncvelly, 91,601 31,989
21 Upper Godavery, 1,06,717 30,000
22 Madras, 38,176 15,000
Total,... 53,85,221 29,51,969
Works under the Military Board, . . 12,71,150 12,71,150
Works under the Superintendent of ~\ 8,93,794
Trunk Roads, J

Grand Total,. . 75,50,165 42,23,119

 [ 75 ]

I Amount to Furthcramount
Amount alrea- be authorised that will be re- REMARKS.
dy expended. !for the ycar|quired for com-
1855-50. pletion.

<•,

Rs. Rs. Rs.

96,243 1,33,391 28,698
44,000 1,09,303
88,000 82,287
6,20,000 4,24,205 67,644
4,60,000 2,25,334
1,69,505 92,067
20,000 19,000
25,000 1,69,999
25,000 1,00,426
65,829 1,22,105
78,000 1,42,148 1,94,808
1,86,221 3,69,150 2,21,276
71,000 1,14,524
17,274
70,000 49,330
1,41,000 1,02,416
60,001: 52,097
30,312 22,488
32,038 6,539
29,710 59,031 2,859
30,000 76,717
38,176
23,09,830 25,53,506 5,21,884,
5,64,161 5,16,996 1,89,602 1
3,00,507 3,79,202 1,54,085,
32,34,4981 34,49,701 8,65,571
 [ 7G ]

On the 1st June, Col. Baker, Secretary to the Government of

India, Department of Public Works, commends the execution of
the Madras Budget, asks for a skeleton map of the Presidency
showing all communications, works, &c., and complains of some
indistinctness in the manner in which the canal question is
treated. " A canal might be a profitable work if it would both
irrigate completely a certain tract of country, and be available
as a sufficient line of inland navigation between two places ;
which yet might not be a profitable work if confined only to
one of these objects ; whilst, at the same time, it might be im
possible to attain both. In such a state of things, it ia waste of
public money to make any canal at all : but if the authority
which has to determine the question, judges on a vague impres
sion that irrigation and navigation are both good things, and
both obtainable by canals, wherefore every canal must have cre
dit given to it for both these things, that authority is very like
ly to come to a mistaken determination." The canals however
are sanctioned, or favourably submitted to the Court of Direc
tors. Nos. 12 and 1 3 however, must await subsequent consi
deration. No. 22 is too vague. Col. Baker proceeds to communi
cate sanction for works under one lakh, points out clerical er
rors in Statement 2 and is surprised that the Budget should
have been communicated to the press while under consideration.
That course is irregular and undesirable.
Extracts are added from Notes by Col. Baker. That officer
observes that navigation and irrigation are not always compati
ble. " A Trunk Canal carrying a large volume of water for the
supply of branches, such for instance as the upper parts of the
Ganges and Jumna Canals, may always be usefully employed
for navigation, but of small or branch canals, if used to their
utmost capabilities as irrigating machines the supply is too
fluctuating to admit of steady navigation, and if in order to se
cure a certain depth of water, recourse be had to dams or locks
in the bed of the canal, the general fall of the canal is diminish
ed, the velocity of the stream is checked, and the ' discharge'
or irrigation supply is injuriously curtailed." He remarks that
the waterway of the Ponyaur Bridge is insufficient, as is the case
also in the Nugguram aqueduct. On the 1st June, Government
recapitulates the works sanctioned, and calls the attention of
the Board to Col. Baker's opinions and remarks. The works
sanctioned are thus condensed :—
 [ 77 ]

K*. As. 1'

'Tfo. 4. Irrigation works in the Delta of the GoJavery, 3,15,932 0 s
„ 7. Bridge across the Kistuah, 1,99.930 15 i)
„ 5. Improvement of Coringa Harbour, 62,838 12 i)
,, 6. Do. of Cocanada Harbour 81,639 ■< 11
„ 14. Palghaut and Trichoor roads and bridges, 49,060 16 0
„ 15. Calicut to Palghaut road, 52,083 7 :)
„ 17. Roads in Canara, 84,996 8 0
„ 19. Bridge over the Ponyaur, 50,(K)0 0 0
„ 20. Do. the Hindree 30,743 12 s
., 21. Over the Coleroon 1,30,000
„ Deduct Pagoda Funds, 92,000
38,000 0 0
23. Completing and strengthening the flooring of
the Nagarum aqueduct 36,112 0 7
25. Adyar and Palaur canal, 2,21,872 13 4
11,76,210 8 2
„ 24. Construction of Stone Groins near Clive's
Battery 43,037 3 3
12,19,247 11 5

SURVEY OPERATIONS IN ROIIILCUND.

On 11th May, 1848, the Government of the North West

Provinces resolves that certain portions of land shall be
surveyed viz. :—
Square miles.
Shahjehanpore, ... ... ... ... 864
Bareilly, ... ... ... ... ... 953
Mooradabad, ... ... ... ... 697
Bijnour, ... ... ... ... ... 656
Saharunporc, ... ... ... ... 1092
In survey will be checked by triangulation. In Rohilcund,
the survey will embrace the resurvey of villages which were in
correctly surveyed. "The laying down from the old survey and
the demarcation, in correspondence with the Revenue Officers, of
the boundaries of all jungle tracts belonging to Government,
and of all villages adjoining the jungle. The formation of the
Government forest land into convenient allotments for grants, each
of which should be named and numbered, and the boundary
marked off on the ground in some permanent manner, and sepa
rately mapped. The laying down with accuracy the course of
all streams, both large and small, the limits of basins of drain
age, and the site of all existing works for irrigation, with the
position and extent of the watered land. The formation of per-
gunnah maps on a scale of one mile to an inch, showing the vil-
 [ 78 ]
lage boundaries and sites, and the geographical features of the
country." The forests will also be mapped out.
On 21st February, 1850, Captain H. L. Thuillier, Deputy
Surveyor General reports to Government, North Western Pro
vinces, on the Survey Operations carried on in consequence of
this resolution in the Rohilcund Division. Lieutenant Yanrcnen
and establishment left Nusseerabad on 24th October. The es
tablishment was divided. Lieutenant Burgess with his party tak
ing the Delhi district, and Lieutenant Vanrenen, Shahjehanporc
and Bareilly. The work done may be thus described :— " Three
pcrgunnahs of Bareilly, comprising 152 villages and 354J square
miles, surveyed mouzahwar, and complete. One pergun-
nah of Shahjehanpore, 533J square miles in area, the ex
terior circuit only surveyed. The forest portion, comprising"
four allotments of Government lands, with 64 adjoining villages,
have been defined approximately, and kucha pillars built, to
be replaced by masonry ones, when the existing disputes are
settled. A scries of levels have been taken in these pergunnahs,
viz. four circuits extending, from their southern boundaries to
the foot of the line of springs, 437| square miles. Another sc
ries of levels carried through the Chukkata and a portion of the
Kotah Bhabur Province of Kumaon, comprising three circuits
over an area of 233 square miles. The above detail comprises
all that Lieutenant Vanrenen has included in his returns for
the season, amounting in the aggregate to 10 pergunnah circuits,
7 circuits of levels, 282 village circuits, and 3,409| square
miles, of which 670J consist of levels, the total expense
being Co.'s Rs. 34,372-9-5, yielding a general average of Rs.
10-3-7 per square mile, or Rs. 12-11-8 on the circuit work
only, thus leaving a saving to Government, from the annual
maximum sanctioned, of Co.'s Rs. 3,839-6-7, which is in excess
by Rs. 1,326-1-4 of the previous season." Moreover a cir
cuit survey of five pcrgunnahs in Bareilly was made for an object
which proved unattainable. The Nynee Tal Settlement was
surveyed, and 46 estates mapped out. No report had been re
ceived but three pergunnahs of Bareilly were ready. " A survey
of the entire Uslee Pergunnah Circuit of 533 square miles was
made, as Lieutenant Vanrenen states, under a misconception."
This work is unsatisfactory, the cause of failure being the vast
extent of the circuits. The forest lands of this pergunnah have
been surveyed, and the villages adjoining. The boundaries of
the forest tracts remain to be fixed. The survey of the Nynee
Tal Settlement has been made. Captain Thuillier proceeds to no
tice the services of individuals, and remarks that the expendi
ture for elephants and bildars requires sanction.
Lieut. Vanrenen reports in detail the facts summarized above.
 [ 79 ]

On (date not given) Captain Thuillier reports on the proceed

ings of the succeeding year 1849-50. An area of 1638| square
miles had been surveyed " comprising fifteen pergunnahs and 747
village-circuits in the Delhi, Shahjehanpore, and Bareilly Dis
tricts, at an outlay of Co.'s Rs. 35,358-14-10, or at an average
rate of Rs. 21-9-4 per square mile. This is not inclusive of the
contingent charges for cooly labour in cutting the jungle in the
forest grants, amounting to Rs. 1,405-3-1, and for elephant feed
ing Rs. 1,278-13-5. These expenses, however, are indispensable
in such a country, although not provided for by the annual
maximum sanctioned by Government. If added to the above-
mentioned sum, the average rate will be brought up to Co.'s Rs.
23-3-7 per square male, and the total expenditure is still within
the sum allowed, the savings under other heads being more than
sufficient to meet the contingencies." The work costs Rs. 8-13-5
more per square mile than that of the former year, but is more
minute. The extent of work done, at the cost, is pronounced satis
factory. An excellent map of the 22 forest grants has been sub
mitted The average area of these forest allotments is 3433 acres.
A mouzahwar Survey of pergunnahs Kauber, Sirsanwah, Chow-
mellah, Richuh, Jehanabad, and Mina Joondee has been submit
ted and the maps prepared. The maps are unusually good. Cap-
tab Thuillier quotes Lieutenant Vanrenen's explanation of
the previous year's apparent shortcomings, and considers it
sufficient. The map prepared of Nynee Tol is very creditable,
and certain additions specified by the Lieutenant Governor may
readily be made. Captain Thuillier proceeds with remarks on
this map, and states that statistics from each village of
Shahjehanpore and Bareilly were collected in 1848. They were
therefore not collected again. Lieutenant Vanrenen considers
his establishment insufficient. In reply to a requisition he sup
plies details of proposed increase. This will increase the expense
from 3029 a month to 3164 but the establishments might be
divided between Lieutenants Vanrenen and Burgess.
Lieuts. Vanrenen and Burgess again detail the work above
summarized. Mr. E. W. Hoppner, Assistant Surveyor, also re
ports onhis operations in pergunuah Poorunpore Suban of Shahje
hanpore. This is forest land. The Zemindars were ordered to
put up boundary pillars between their estates and Government
forest land. They were unwilling, and included the entire jungle
within the bounds of each conterminous village. The Govern
ment forest land therefore disappeared. A meeting of Collector,
Revenue Surveyor and Zemindars was therefore held, and
"the surveyor was authorized to define the limits of the Go
vernment forest by straightening the boundaries as far as prac
ticable, in accordance with the old professional maps, and with
 [ 80 ]

reference to the area of each tract." Earth pillars were put up,
and the survey postponed to the next year. In 1 850, it was re
commenced, and numerous discrepancies and difficulties dis
covered in the old maps, all detailed by Mr. Hoppner. The survey
commenced on 15th January, and boundaries for the allotments
fixed. The whole extent of forest allotted is 118.03 square miles
or 70,541 .54 acres. Mr. Hoppner describes the principles on which
he proceeded, " the villages adjoining the forest have been map
ped separately, and the positions of the pucka pillars have been
shewn on them as well as on the grants and general map ; they
are easily distinguishable. It was not considered necessary to
alter the traverse calculations to suit the altered boundaries
inseparable from the straightening of the forest bounds. In
making up their areas therefore, it was only essential to adhere to
that portion of the village which remained to the Zemindar, and to
reject that claimed by him, and lying within the traverse circuit."
The new maps differ considerably in detail from the old. The
boundaries of the forests have scarcely changed. The timber
is poor, and the soil not worth clearing unless it can be irrigated.
On 23rd June, Mr. J. Thornton, Secretary to Government,
N. W. P. replies to Captain Thuillier. He expresses generally
satisfaction with the year's operations, and cordial appreciation
of Captain Thuillier's assistance.
On 21st May, 1851, Captain Thuillier submits the season
report of 1850-51. After detailing the arrangements made,
Captain Thuillier proceeds : —" The returns exhibit but a
small superficial area in topographical and boundary work,
amounting to 261 f square miles in the pergunnahs and districts,
comprising 268 village circuits. The outline survey of another
pergunnah (Kasheepore,) has been effected, but as the interior
could not be filled up owing to the lateness of the season, no area
has been returned for it. In addition* however to the above,
three circuits and thirteen sections of levels have been run in
pergunnah Richuh, which was topographically surveyed in
1 849-50, occupying two European and three native Assistants for
three months. A route survey has likewise been made from
Kaleedoongie to Almorah, via Nynee Tal, but of which no men
tion is made in the Surveyor's Report. This may be called
therefore the bona fide fresh work of the season, besides which a
very careful re-examination has been made of the villages in the
Tcrai pergunnahs of Roodurpore, Kilpooree, and Gudderpore for
the purpose of checking the omissions in the survey of the pre
vious year, and of introducing the minutest details of topes,
wells, gools, open glades, nullahs and footpaths, all of which
have now been represented on the map. The expense of Lieu
tenant Vanrenen's establishment amounts to Rs. 37,976-5-10,
 [ 81 ]
for the season, exclusive of a sum of Us. 4,332-2-2, for bildars,
elephants, &c., passed as a contingent charge, and independent
of the fixed annual grant as sanctioned by Government." He
submits a table of the cost of the work. The Teraee pergun-
nahs are very difficult, but the resurvey has been well done.
Captain Thuillier proceeds to remark on the maps, and the ar
rangements for carrying on the work, and adds tables which shew
the following results :—
Work actually done from 1st October, 1850, to 30th Septem
ber, 1851.
Profession Work, Square miles, 261.73
Khusreh Work, 0
Money drawn, Rs. 37,976 5 10
Total passed, „ 38,712 0 0
Lieutenant Vanrenen supplies details. In his Report he quotes
an Extract from Lieutenant Burgess on Pergunnahs Neemuch,
Muttah, and Bilheree. Some portions of these pergunnahs are co
vered with forest, chiefly sal of great height. The drainage however
is bad ; the large rivers are full of quicksands, the nullahs are so
swampy as to be difficult to cross, and small springs of a red
oily looking fluid ooze from the banks. The stationary inha
bitants of the Pergunnahs are Tharoos, a healthy, good humour
ed race, who look like Tartars, and are given to ardent liquors.
" Their villages consist of a broad street invariably running
nearly north and south, with houses of wattles and dab, facing
iuwards Their houses are roomy and apparently very clean
and comfortable inside, having a verandah in front, nicely plas
tered, and usually covered with rude paintings."
The Tharoos will seldom take money, but like spirits, are
well housed, but dread the night air. The inhabitants have
more land than they can use, and care nothing about boundaries.
The sickness attacked the Survey, and compelled Lieutenant
Burgess to remove leaving 18 villages unfinished. Mr. Hopp-
ner, quoted by Lieutenant Burgess, describes the survey of per-
gunnah Bazpore in Moradabad and 18 villages in Kasheepore.
The land is frightfully unhealthy, looks desolate, and is scantily
populated, but there are traces of previous cultivation.
On 5th July, Mr. Thornton replies expressing general satis
faction. On 22nd May, 1853, Captain Thuillier again reports
on the operations of 1851-52. During the year, "by the united
exertions of these two parties an area of 740.03 square miles in
the districts has been surveyed, occasioning an expense of Co.'s
Rs. 45,724-9-3, aud yielding an average of Rs. 61-12-7 per
square mile". It will be perceived that the rates on both the
surveys assimilate very nearly. Although the average upon
the circuits actually surveyed professionally on the total
 [ 82 ]

comes to Rs. 165-1-1, still this can scarcely be considered

a fair cost, when the peculiarities and desultory nature of
the surveys, and additional duties of levelling performed, are
taken into consideration." Captain Thuillicr enters into some
remarks on the details of the work, and expresses satisfaction
with the maps. The records completed are, " 2 Maps of Deoha
river survey on scale of two inches to the mile, 2 Maps of
Pilleebheet forest, on scale of two inches to the mile, 1 Map of
city of Pilleebheet, five chains to the inch, 2 Maps of Kumaon
Bhabur, 2 Maps new Poorunpore boundary, 101 Village plans
in duplicate, 67 Village plans, on chudders." The map of the
city of' Pilleebheet is nearly ready, and very well done. Captain
Thuillicr proceeds to remark on the work to be done in the fol
lowing year.
Lieutenants Vanrenen and Burgess supply details of the sur
vey, summarized above. On 20th July, Mr. W. Muir replies to
Capt. Thuillicr expressing satisfaction, and making suggestions
on points of detail.
On 29th April, the Deputy Surveyor General reports on
the operations of 1852-53, " a very considerable area, amount
ing in the aggregate to 1257.73 square miles, has been surveyed
by the joint efforts of the two parties. This area is comprised
in 856 village circuits, chiefly lying on either banks of the
Ganges, Ramgunga and Deoha rivers, and in large tracts of
forest of the Bhabur of Kumaon, and Terai pergunnahs of
Rohilcund. The total expenditure for the two establishments
amounts to Rs. 57,193-2-11, which is below the grant sanc
tioned for the same by Rs. 3,827-10-5, as shewn. This sum
thrown on the area performed, yields an average rate of Rs.
45-7-8 per square mile, which contrasts very favourably with
lhat of the previous seasons as described in my last Report,
shewing a decrease of Rs. 16-4-11 on the square mile."
" These rates are nevertheless still considerably above those
of the surveys progressing in Bengal and the Punjab, but the
whole of the Rohilcund operations have been tedious, most diffi
cult and expensive." The forest survey, a very difficult one,
has been well carried out.
The extent of country remaining to be surveyed is about 800
square miles.
Lieut. Burgess' return shews a total area of 495 square miles
surveyed in detail, comprising 393 mouzahs belonging to no less
than 15 pergunnahs of the six districts and inclusive also of the
Cawnpore Cantonment Work. The total outlay for the season
amounts to Rs. 26,206-12-9 which gives a general average of
52-15-1 per square mile, which is somewhat below the rate of
the previous season.
 [ 83 ]
" The nature and description of the work performed is specified
in the leading paragraphs of Lieutenant Burgess' Report, and
may be summed up as follows : —A trigonometrical survey of
the Deoha river, and conterminous villages completed. The
connection of the forest circuit with the station at Mochini,
near Burmdeo, rendering the check over the whole of this work,
which is duly connected with the Grand Trigonometrical Survey,
complete. On a comparison of the direct distances deduced by
this triangulation and by the Grand Trigonometrical Survey,
the error is found to be 11 feet per mile. The whole of the
interior of the Kumaon and Bhabur Circuit has been care
fully filled in, and, considering the nature of the country, with
extraordinary minuteness and fidelity.
" The forest between Captain Ramsay's new road, the limit of
last year's operations, and the foot of the hills, covering 28£
square miles has been surveyed, as correctly as the nature of the
ground admitted. The Bilheree forest which has been delayed
since the year of its commencement, has been at last finished
in a way, Lieutenant Burgess remarks, that will make the de
lay no matter of regret."
Captain Thuillier proceeds to remark on the details of the
Survey, and the expenditure connected therewith. The Sur
veyor's Report is enclosed, and on 27th June, 1854, the Govern
ment expresses satisfaction, and calls for a Report from Cap
tain Thuillier on the objects of the Survey, the manner in which
it has been completed, and the means by which its results may
be turned to future improvement. Similar requests were on
27th June, 1854, submitted to the Board of Revenue.
On (date not given) Captain Thuillier reports on the Survey for
1853-54. During this season " both the establishments hav
ing been raised during the previous season to the full or double
strength, a much larger area has during the period in question
been effected, the results of the two parties aggregating 2376
square miles, at a general cost of Rs. 74,367-11-4, the grant
sanctioned by the Government of India, which shews a small sav
ing to Government of Rs. 680 only. The comparative results of
the two seasons' operations will stand as follows : —
A rea sur- -, , A verage rate per
District. Name of Surveyor. veyed. square mile.
Sg. milts. St. At. P. St. At. P.
Kohilcund, ... Captain Vanrenen, 1034 37,020 0 6 35 12 8
Bundelkund,... Lieut. Burgess, ... 1342 37,347 10 10 27 13 3
„,., $1853-54, 2376 74,367 11 4 81 12 11
Total, ... j 1852.63j 1267 67,193 2 11 45 7 8

Difference, xtll9 x 17,174 8 5 —13 10 »

F 2
 [ 84 ]
He reviews the details of the work performed, and supplies the
following Table of the time aud money expended on the Rohil-
cund Survey :—
Total square A verage rate per
Seasons. Total cost. square mile.
miles.
1848-49, .. 2,587-27 34,872 9 5 13 7 8
1849-50, .. 1,638-29 35,358 14 10 21 9 4
1860-51, 261-73 37,976 5 10 145 1 5
1861-52, 412-88 28,016 15 i 67 13 8
1852-53, 76271 30,986 6 2 40 10 2
1853-54, ... 1,034-32 37,020 0 G 35 12 10

Total and average cost, ... 6,697 20 2,04,231 4 1 30 7 10

Captain Thuillier considers it impossible to give fuller in-
formation on the results of the survey. Captain Thuillier
remarks that he is preparing a series of maps on the Eastern
division, and promises the local maps of Rohilcund. The re
mainder of the correspondence contains information of the de
tails connected with the Survey, and on 16th July, the Lieute
nant Governor reviewing the proceedings declares the Survey
minute and accurate, aud most creditable to the officers em
ployed.

INDIAN TREATIES MADE SINCE 1834.

Abstract of Belurn of all Treaties and Arrangements with the

Native States of India, since \st of May, 1834, ordered by
House oj Common* to be printed, July Slh, 1856.

Arabs. June \st, 1843. The Chiefs of the Joasmee, Beni Yas
Boo Falasa, Amulgavine and Ejmaun Tribes on the Arabian
Coast. bound themselves to a mutual truce of ten years, and
agreed to refer all disputes to the British Resident in the Per
sian Gulf or the Commodore of Bassidore. At the expiration
of the truce notice to be given of any intention to renew hos
tilities.
April \7th, 1838. The Chief of Ras-ool-Khymah grants to
British cruisers, the right of searching all the vessels on the
high seas, suspected of being slavers, and of confiscating all ves
sels proved to be such.
July 3rd, 1839. The Saikh of the Joasmee Tribe, granted a si
milar right in reference to all vessels found " beyond a direct line
drawn from Cape Delgado, passing two degrees seaward of the
Island of Socotra, and ending at Cape Guadel." Except in
 [ 85 ]
cases when the vessel should be driven beyond this line by stress
of weather the sale of Somalee slaves is declared piracy. In
the same month, a similar agreement was signed by Saikh
Khalifa Bin Shukhboot, Saikh Makhtoom of Debaye and Saikh
Abdoollah Bin Rashid of Amulgavine.
April 30th, 1847. The Chief of Ras-ool-Khymah and Shargah
prohibited the exportation of slaves from the African Coast in
vessels belonging to him or his subjects, and consented to the
right of search and to the confiscation of slavers. In April and
May, the Chiefs of Debaye, Ejman, Amulgavine, Aboothabee and
Bahrein entered into precisely similar engagements.
On the 22d of May, 1849, the Chief of Sohar engaged as
above.
January 23d, 1838. The Sultan of Lahej entered into a preli
minary agreement for the transfer of Aden to the British Go
vernment within two months. 2d and 4th. February, 1839, the
Sultan of Lahej and Captain S. B< Huines of Indian Navy sign
ed a Treaty of Friendship and Peace between the Abdallees and
the English Government. On 18th June, Sultan M'Hassen of
Lahej agreed in consideration of a payment of 541 German
Crowns per mensem or 6,500 per annum to himself and heirs in
perpetuity, to preserve peace between his tribe and the British
at Aden, and "if there happen^ war against Abdallee or the ter
ritory of Lahej or Aden, the contracting parties will assist each
other."
11/A February, 1843. The former treaty with Sultan M'
Hassen of Lahej having been broken, a second was entered
into February 11th, 1843, with his successor, M'Hassen
Poudthel. The Sidtan agreed to allow British subjects to re
side and hold property in Lahej, and to leave the continuance
of the stipend to Captain Haines and the British Government.
This engagement was not ratified, but on February 20th, 1844, the
stipend was renewed on the Sultan's binding himself on oath to
hold to former engagements, and to deliver up to the British any of
his subjects who-should infringe them, or should molest the roads
leading to Aden from the interior. These provisions were con
firmed by a formal treaty signed May 7th, 1849 and ratified by
the Governor General in Council, October 30th, 1849. In Janu
ary, February and March, 1839, Treaties of Peace were con
cluded with the Haazabee; Waheel, Hagrabec, Abbadee, Maidee,
Zaidee, Snbees, Yaflaaes, and Sherzebee tribes, and in May, 1853,
the Amulgavine, Ejman, Debaye, Beniyas and Joasmee Chiefs
finally agreed to a complete cessation of hostilities a with the Bri
tish, and to the punishment of all piracies.
Bahawulporio. February 22d, 1833. Treaty of " Eternal Friend
ship and Alliance" between the East India Company and Nnwab
 [ 86 ]
Mahomed Bahawul Khan, his heirs and successors. The Com
pany never to interfere with the hereditary or other possessions
of the Bahawulpore Government. The Nuwab to be uncon
trolled in internal administration. The British Resident not
to interfere in the internal affairs of the State. Merchants
from the British dominions provided with passports to have
free use of the Indus and Sutlej rivers and the Bahawul
pore roads. The duties on such traffic to be fixed in con
cert with British Government, and never to be deviated from.
The Tariff as above fixed to be published, and the Bahawul
pore revenue farmers are not to detain the passing trade " on
pretence of waiting for fresh orders from their Government or
any other pretext." The Tariff is not to interfere with the inland
transit dues levied by the State of Bahawulpore. There shall be
river customs stations for the examination of boats at Bahawul
pore and Hurrekee and nowhere else. All goods lauded or em
barked in the Bahawulpore territory are liable to the local tran
sit dues. Protection will be given to all merchants showing
their passports and demanding it.
Supplementary Treaty with Bahawulpore, 5 th March, 1833.
Instead of the Tariff on goods contemplated in the above treaty,
substitutes a toll on boats however laden. A toll of Rs. 570
levied ou all laden boats in transit between the Sea and Roop-
er without reference to size or weight or value of cargo, the toll
to be divided proportionally among the States holding territory
on the banks of the Indus and Sutlej. The share of the Ba
hawulpore State to be Rs. 106-12-2i on each boat. In order
to the realization of the toll a British officer to reside at Mitten-
kote and a British Native Agent at Hurrekee Patten. The said
British officer is not to inter"e;e in any way with the affairs of
Bahawulpore.
October 5th, 1838. New treaty with Bahawulpore. Bri
tish Government engages to protect principality and territory.
Nuwab is to act in " subordinate co-operation" with British
Government, to acknowledge its supremacy, and have no con
nection with other States, or to enter into negotiation with them
without our sanction. All disputes to be submitted to British
arbitration. Nuwab will furnish British Government with
troops when required according to his means. Nuwab, his
heirs and successors shall be absolute rulers of their country,
and British jurisdiction shall not be introduced into that prin
cipality. Ratified, October 22d, 1838.
On 11th October, 1838, a detailed tariff of river tolls leviable
in the Bahawulpore territory was approved by the Governor
General. On 31st August, 1840, this tariff was revised. On
11th September, 1843, the duties on boats were reduced by one
 [ 87 ]
half, a revised scale of inland duties on merchandize was agreed
to, and the Government of Bahawulpore engaged to construct
pukka wells and serais on the road from Bahawulpore to Sirsa
towards Delhi.
Cachar, Upper. October 13th, 1834. An agreement with
Toola Ram Seenaputtee. Limits the boundaries of Upper
Cachar and fixes the tribute to be paid by Toola Ham. It
secures to the British Government the right of placing troops
in any part of Toola Ram's country, and of claiming carriage on
paying for the same. All persons guilty of heinous crimes shall
be made over to the nearest British Court. Toola Ram shall
establish no customs' chowkies on any of the rivers bounding tho
country. He shall not make war on his neighbours, but if at
tacked shall apply to the British authorities who will protect
him. He shall not prevent his ryots from emigrating, and if he
fail to abide by these conditions the British Government may
take possession of his country.
Guicrwar. 13//* April, 1840. Suttee prohibited by procla
mation throughout the dominions of the Guickwar, 31st Octo
ber, 1844. Vessels trading between Bombay and Sind forced
by stress of weather into any of the Guickwar's ports in Kattiy-
war exempted from duties.
Hill States. Koomharsain, June 28lh, 1840. The Thakoor
of Koomharsain agrees to pay the British Government Rs. 2,000
per annum —to maintain inviolate all Jagheers—to abolish all
oppressive cesses, such as taxes on justice and fines on the
slaughter of goats or musk deer,—to maintain truth and justice
throughout the territory, and to suppress infanticide. A Sche
dule of Jagheers, &c, is attached to this agreement.
Jhullawur. April 10th, 1838. A Treaty of Perpetual Friend
ship and Alliance concluded with the Raj Rana of Jhullawur ; on
the formation of that State into a separate Principality out of
the Kotah territory. The British Government is to protect the
Raj Rana, who in his turn is not to negotiate with any Chief or
State without the sanction of the British Government. The
Rana's troops are to be furnished at the requisition of the Bri
tish Government. The Rana and his heirs and successors shall
remain absolute rulers of the country, and the British Govern
ment shall not be introduced into the Principality. The Rana
agrees to pay all his debts as specified in Schedule. The tribute,
of the Rana to the British Government is fixed at Rs. 80,000
per annum.
Johanna. Treaty between Queen of England and Sultan
of Johanna. Concluded November, 8th, 1844. Ratified Decem
ber 10th, 1845. The Sultan abolishes his slave trade for ever.
All slavers to be seized and their crews to be punished as pirates.
 [ 88 ]

The owners of slaving vessels, if consenting, to be also punished.

Vessels provided with the implements of the slave trade to be
treated as if actually carrying slaves. British cruisers authorized
to seize slavers, and also to seize all vessels unprovided with the
Sultan's Port Clearance. All vessels so seized to be adjudicated
on by the nearest British Vice Admiralty Court. The slaves to
be liberated and the property to be divided equally between the
Sultan and the British Government.
June 3rd, 1850. Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship
between the Queen of Great Britain and the Sultan of Johanna.
Reciprocal freedom of commerce between the two potentates, the
subjects of one being entitled to reside in the dominions of the
other, to trade on the same terms as the natives, and to enjoy all
privileges which may be granted to other foreigners. Protection
shall be given to all vessels and their crews, wrecked on the
Coast of Johanna. Each contracting party may appoint consuls
to reside in the ports of the other. With reference to the for
mer treaty for the suppression of the slave trade the cruisers of
the Honourable E. I. C. shall be entitled to act in all respects
as the cruisers of Her Britannic Majesty.
Kattywar. November 22nd, 1834. A proclamation for the
suppression of Infanticide in the Kattywar States.
Joonagur. January 3rd, 1838. The Nuwab engages to sup
press Suttee within his dominions.
Bhownuggur. 8th September, 1840. The Thakoor in consi
deration of an annual payment of Rs. 6793-6-5, to himself and
heirs abandons all claim to land or sea customs, or any other
duties of any description at Gogo, and relinquishes the right of
coinage. In 1846-49 the Chiefs of Bhownuggur, Joonagur,
Nowanuggur, Parbunda, and Jafferabad agree to exempt from
duties all vessels putting into their ports from stress of weather.
Kelat. October 6th, 1841. Meer Nusseer Khan acknowledges
fealty to the throne of Cabul, concedes to British or to Cabul
troops the right of occupying positions in the territory, the Khan
will always be guided by the advice of the British Agent at the
Durbar ; will protect merchandize passing through his domi
nions, and charge no higher toll than the British Government may
agree to," and will hold no political communication with foreign
powers without consent of the British Government and of His
Majesty Shah Soojah of Cabul. The trade of Kutchee and
Moostung to be restored to the Khan, and the British Govern
ment engages to protect him against open enemies.
May 14/A, 1854. A new treaty. The above treaty is annull
ed. Perpetual Friendship between the British Government
and the Khan, his heirs, &c. The Khan, his heirs, &c. will oppose
to the utmost all enemies of the British Government and «'i1
 [ 89 ]
enter into no negotiations with foreign States without consent
of the British Government. British troops may be stationed in
any part of the Khan's territories. The Khan will protect all mer
chants passing through his territories between the British domini
ons and Afghanistan, whether by way of Scinde or by Sonmeanee
or other seaports of Mekran, and will levy no duties beyond those
agreed on by British Government. In consideration of these ser
vices the British Government binds itself to pay the Khan, his
heirs and successors an annual subsidy of Ks. 50,000, to be
withheld on the nonfulfilment of the conditions.
Ratified by Governor General in Council, June 2nd, 1854.
Kothapoor. March 11M, 1841. Proclamation from the Ra
jah prohibitory of Suttee.
Kotah. April IQth, 1838. Treaty with Rajah. The Maha
Rao assents to repeal an article in treaty of Delhi of 26th
December, 1817 which had secured to Raj Rana Mudun Singh
the administration of the Kotah territory. He cedes certain
pergunnahs to Raj Rana Mudun Singh, and agrees to fulfil the
pecuniary obligations arising out of the present arrangements of
separation and transfer. He agrees to pay the tribute hitherto
paid by the Kotah state minus Rs. 80,000 per annum to be
paid by Raj Rana Mudun Singh.
He agrees to maintain an auxiliary force to be commanded and
paid by British officers, at a maximum cost of three lakhs per
annum.* But the existence of this force shall not diminish the
Maha Rao's right to the internal administration of his dominions.
Kutch. September 20th, 1832. Former treaty of 21st May,
1822, modified. All arrears due to British Government under for
mer treaty remitted. Annual payment of 88,000 Ahmedabad
Siccas on account of Anjar also remitted. The Rao agrees to
pay regularly the sum appropriated by treaty of 1819 for support
of Kutch subsidiary force. Should the amount required for the
British force fall below 88,000 Ahmedabad Siccas, the Rao will
still keep his annual payments up to that sum. All former en
gagements unaffected by present treaty to remain.
July 5th, 1834. The minority of the Rao is to cease on the
8th July, 1854. The ex-Rao Bharmuljee is not to interfere in
any way with the Kutch Government.
February 6th, 1836. A proclamation prohibitory of the Slave
Trade in Kutch.
March 23rd, 1840. The Jhareeja Chiefs of Kutch enter into
a renewed engagement, renouncing Female Infanticide.
Oct. %th, 1851. The Rao of Kutch exempts vessels belong
ing to the ports of Bombay, of His Highness the Gaekwar and of
the Chiefs of Kattywar from payment of duty on goods when
" In September, 1844, reduced to two lakhs.
 [ 90 ]

driven into Mandvee or any other of the ports of Kutch by

stress of weather.
Mahee and Rewa Kanta. Ahmednuggur, 18/A February,
1836. The Maharajah on condition of the restoration of
his throne and kingdom engages to abide by the former
agreement of 1812, to renounce the ceremony of Suttee for
himself, his children and his posterity, to appoint a minister
to be approved of by the British Government, to pay the
tribute tl ue by him to the Gaekwar. To maintain no Arabs
or other armed retainers, to refer all internal disputes to the
British Political Agent, and to give no shelter to his late minister,
Madhajce Soobahoot, guilty in the late affair of the Suttee.
Loonawara. April and May, 1810. The Chief of Loonawara,
the Raja of Baria, the Chief of Bhadurwa, the Maharavulof Chota
Oodeypoor and the Rajah of Rajpeepla all sign agreements to
prohibit Suttee.
Kutch. August 1Zth, 1842. The Rajah of Rajpeepla issues
a proclamation prohibitory of Suttee.
Sonth. 12/A May, 1840. The Rajah promises to prohibit
Suttee.
Wanraneer. 1Wi May, 1816. The Thakoor makes similar
promise.
Lahore Treaty of 12th March, 1833 between Maharajah Run-
jeet Singh and Shah Soojah Ool Moolk. The Shall disclaims
all title to the territories on either bank of the Indus in pos
session of the Maharajah. The Khyberees to be restrained from
robberies, and all revenue defaulters on either side to be given op.
No one to cross the Indus or the Sutlej without a passport from
the Maharajah. The Shah will abide by any arrangements which
the Maharajah may make with the British Government regard
ing Shikarpore. The Shah and the Maharajah to interchange
presents and address one another on terms of equality. Each
sovereign to give protection to traders subjects of the other. When
the armies of the two States shall be assembled at the same place,
there shall be no slaughter of kine. Should the Maharajah lend the
Shah an auxiliary force, all booty to be equally divided. Should
the Maharajah need an auxiliary force the Shah shall supply it.
The friends and enemies of the one party shall be the friends and
enemies of the other. The treaty to be binding for ever.
21th January, 1835. Supplementary treaty between British
Government and Maharajah Runjeet Singh provides for a toll on
goods and boats passing up and down the Indus and Sutlej.
2Gth June, 1833. Tripartite treaty of Lahore between British
Government, Runjeet Singh aud Shah Soojah. This treaty
adds four Articles to the above noted treaty between Runjeet
Singh and Shah Soojah of March 12th, 1833; viz. Shah Soojah
 [ 91 1

engages after the attainment of his object to pay the Maharajah

two lakhs of Nanuk Shahee Rupees in consideration of a force of
5,000 Mussulman Cavalry and Infantry to be stationed by the
Maharajah in the Peshwa's territory for the support of the Shah,
and to be sent to the Shah's aid whenever the British Govern
ment shall deem it necessary. The annual payment of this sum
to be secured by the guarantee of the British Government.
Shah Soojah relinquishes for self and heirs all claim to Scinde,
on consideration of the payment to him by the Ameers of a sum
to be determined by the British Government. Fifteen lakhs of
snch sum to be made over by the Shah to the Maharajah. When
Shah Soojah is established in his Government he is not to mo
lest his nephew, the ruler of Herat. Shah Soojah will enter in
to no engagements with foreign states without knowledge of
British and Sikh Governments.
9th March, 1846. Treaty between British Government and
State of Lahore. Perpetual peace between British Government and
Maharajah Dhuleep Singh, his heirs and successors. The Mahara
jah renounces all claim to territories south of Sutlej. Cedes to
British Government in perpetual sovereignty the territories
between the Beas and Sutlej forming the Jullunder Doab, and be
tween the Beas and Indus, including Cashmere and Hazarah.
The Maharajah to pay to the British Government 50 lakhs of
Rupees. The mutinous troops of the Lahore army to be disarm
ed and disbanded. The regular regiments to be reorganized
according to Runjeet Singh's system. The army to be limited to
25 battalious of infantry of 800 men each and 12,000 cavalry. The
36 Guns used against the British troops and not captured at
Sobraon to be surrendered. The control of the ferries on the
Bceas, Sutlej and Lower Indus to rest with the British Govern
ment, but half the net profits of the ferries to be paid over to
the Lahore Government. The troops of the British Government
shall have right of way through any part of the Lahore terri
tories and shall receive supplies of every sort on paying for the
same. The Maharajah not to retain in his service any British
subject or subjects of any European or American State without
consent of the British Government. The Maharajah to recog
nize the sovereignty of Goolab Singh in such territories as may
be assigned to him by the British Government, and the British
Government in consideration of Goolab Singh's good conduct re
cognizes his independence in his own possessions, and admits him
to the benefit of a separate treaty. All disputes between the
Lahore State and Goolab Singh to be referred to the British Go
vernment for adjustment. The limits to the Lahore territories
not to be changed without the concurrence of the British Go
vernment. The British Government will not interfere in the
 [ ge }
internal administration of the Lahore State, but will give its ad
vice and good offices in all cases which may be referred to it.
The subjects of either State shall,, on visiting the territories of
the other, be on the footing of the subjects of the most favoured
nation.
11M March, 1856. Articles of agreement between British
Government and Lahore Durbar. The Lahore Government hav
ing asked the Governor General to station a British force at
Lahore for the protection of the Maharajah pending the reor
ganization of the Lahore army, and certain matters regarding
the territories, ceded in the fore noted treaty, requiring further
settlement, the British Government agrees to leave a British force
at Lahore till the close of the current year and no longer—this
force to be placed in full possession of the citadel of Lahore, and
provided with convenient quarters at the expense of the Lahore
Government, which Government shall also pay all other extra ex
penses incurred by the detention of the troops at Lahore. The
Lahore Government is to apply itself at once to the reorganiza
tion of the army, and should it fail to do so the British Govern
ment is any time at liberty to withdraw the British troops. The
British Government agrees to respect all bona fide jagheers be
longing to the families of the late Maharajah Runjeet Singh,
Kurruck Singh, and Shere Singh and lying in the territories
ceded by the treaty. The British Government will aid the La
hore Government in recovering the arrears of revenue due from
their Kardars and managers in these ceded territories. The
Lahore Government may remove from the forts in the ceded
territories all treasure and State property excepting guns, but
the British Government may retain any part of such property on
paying for it. Commissioners to be immediately appointed to
lay down the boundaries between the British and Lahore States.
Treaty at Umritsur, March 16th, 1846, between the British
Government and Maharajah Goolab Singh. The British Govern
ment in consideration of a payment of 75 lakhs " transfers and
makes over for ever in independent possession to Maharajah Go-
lab Singh and the heirs male of his body" the country east of
the Indus and west of the Ravee including Chumba and exclud
ing Lahoul. The eastern boundary of this territory to be laid
down by special Commissioners. The limits of the Maharajah's
territories not to be changed without the concurrence of the
British Government. The whole military force of the Mahara
jah to join with the British troops when employed in the hills.
The Maharajah never to employ any British subject or the sub
ject of any European or American State without the consent of
the British Government. The British Government will aid the
Maharajah in protecting his territory from external enemies. The
 [ 93 ]
Maharajah acknowledges the supremacy of the British Govern
ment and will testify such recognition by annual presents.
December 16/A, 1846. Agreement between British Govern
ment and the Lahore Durbar. The Durbar having solicited the
British Government to give its aid in the administration of the
Punjab during the minority of Dhuleep Singh, such aid is given
under new articles of agreement. The treaty of March 9th re
mains binding except as to the Clause which prohibits the British
Government from interfering in the internal administration of
the Lahore State. A British officer with supreme power is to
be stationed at Lahore. The administration shall be conducted
according to the national feelings and customs. Changes in de
tails of administration shall be avoided, except when necessary,
and all details shall be conducted by native officers, under a na
tive Council of Regency acting under the control of the British
Resident. This Council of Regency shall conduct the administra
tion of the country in consultation with the British Resident. A
British force, of strength to be fixed by the Governor General, to
remain at Lahore to protect the Maharajah and preserve peace.
The British Government may occupy any fort or post in the
Punjab deemed necessary for the security of the capital or the
maintenance of peace. The Lahore State shall pay the British
Government 22 lakhs of new Nanuck Shahee Rupees per annum
for the maintenance of this force. A lakh and fifty thousand
Rupees per annum placed at the disposal of the Maharanee,
Dhuleep Singh's mother. These provisions to have effect until
the 4th September, 1854, when Dhuleep Singh will attain the
age of 16 and no longer ; and the arrangement to cease before
that time if the Governor General and the Lahore Durbar shall
be satisfied that British interference is no longer necessary.
March 29th, 1849. Terms granted by the East India Com
pany to Maharajah Dhuleep Singh and accepted on his behalf by
the Council of Regency. The Maharajah resigns for himself and
heirs all claim to the sovereignty of the Punjab. All the pro
perty of the Lahore State is confiscated to the British Govern
ment. The Kohinoor diamond surrendered to the Queen of
England. His Highness Dhuleep Sing to receive from the Ho
nourable East India Company for the support ofhimself, his rela
tives and the servants of the State, a pension not exceeding four
and not less than five lakhs of Company's Rupees per annum.
He is to be treated with all respect and honor, to retain his title
of Maharajah Bahadoor and to continue to receive for life such
portion of the above named pension as may be allotted to him
personally, provided he shall remain obedient to the British Go
vernment and reside at such places as the Governor General may
select.
 [ 94 ]
Muscat. May 31s/, 1839 A treaty of commerce between
the Queen of England and the Sultan Imaum of Muscat. It
provides for mutual freedom of residence and trade. The houses
of British subjects in the Muscat territory shall not be entered or
be searched, without the consent of the occupier, or the cognizance
of the British Consul or Agent Each nation may appoint con
suls to reside in the other's dominions whenever the interests of
commerce may require it. The subjects of the Sultan in the ser
vice of British residents shall enjoy the same immunities as Bri
tish residents themselves, but if convicted of crime they shall be
discharged from British service, and made over to the Mus
cat authorities. The Muscat authorities shall not interfere in
disputes between British subjects, or between British subjects and
the subjects of other Christian nations. In disputes between a
subject of the Sultan and a British subject, if the former is the
complainant the case shall be heard by the British Consul or
Agent—if the latter, by an authority appointed by the Sultan ;
but in the presence of the British Consul or Agent or some one
appointed by him. The evidence of a convicted perjurer is never
to be received in any case. The property of a British subject
dying in the Muscat dominions to be made over to the British
Consul and vice versa. The property of a British subject become
bankrupt in the Muscat dominions to be seized by the British
Agent and paid to his creditors. Mutual aid to be given for the
recovery of debts from the subjects of either country. Five per
cent. tobethe maximum of duty leviable on British goods imported
into Muscat on British bottoms. This charge to cover all im
port, export and pilotage dues, and to secure the goods against
all inland transit duties or additional imposts of any kind. There
are to be no prohibitory duties on imports or exports, and no
monopolies except in the articles of ivory and gum copal. In
cases of dispute as to the value of the goods chargeable with
duty the Sultan may claim a twentieth part of the goods them
selves ; or if that be impracticable the point shall be referred to
an arbitrator on each side, who shall between them appoint an
umpire whose decision shall be final. Should the Queen of Eng
land or the Sultan be at war with another country their subjects
may pass to such country through the dominions of either power,
with all merchandize except warlike stores. But they shall not
enter any port or place actually blockaded or besieged. Mutual
assistance shall be given to vessels in distress and in the resto
ration of wrecked property. The Sultan renews his former
agreements for the suppression of the slave trade.
December 17th, 1839. A further agreement for the suppres-
sion of the slave trade.
July 22d, 1841. It was explained to the Imaum that in the
 [ 93 ]

limitation of all duties to five per cent., made in the convention

of May 31st, 1839, the words precluding " any other charge by
Government whatsoever, were understood by Her Majesty to
mean, any other charge whatever made by the Government or
by any local authority of the Government." This interpretation
was accepted in a counter-declaration made on the part of the
Imaum on the same day ; and on that day the ratifications of the
treaty were exchanged accordingly.
October 2nd, 1845. A further agreement with the Imaum of
Muscat was concluded at Zanzibar for the suppression from and
after January 1st, 1847, of the export of slaves from His High-
ness's African Dominions. The Sultan Imaum prohibits the
trade under the severest penalties, and authorizes the British Go
vernment to seize all Muscat slavers.
Nepaol. February 10th, 1855. An extradition treaty based
on a system of complete reciprocity. The persons to be surren
dered by either Government are those charged with " murder,
attempt to murder, rape, maiming, thuggee, dacoity, highway
robbery, poisoning, burglary and arson." The expenses of ex
tradition to be borne by the Government making the requisition.
Persons attached to the Residency who may commit crimes in
the Nepal territory and take refuge in the Residency are to be
given up. The treaty to continue in force until one or other of
the contracting parties signify a wish that it shall terminate.
Nizam. 21st May, 1853. The peace, union and friendship be
tween the East India Company and the Nizam's Government to
be perpetual and all the former treaties confirmed except as af
fected by this agreement. The subsidiary force hitherto furnish
ed by the East India Company to His Highness the Nizam to
be continued at its former strength and for the purpose of pro
tecting the person of His Highness and suppressing rebellion,
but not to be employed on trifling occasions or for the collection
of Revenue. The Honourable East India Company agrees to
maintain in lieu of His Highness's present contingent, an auxi
liary force to be styled the Hydrabad contingent, to consist of
not less than 5,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry with four field
batteries, to be commanded by British officers, and controlled by
the British Government through the Resident at Hyderabad.
The contingent shall be available when needed for the suppres
sion of disturbances in the Company's territory and the Compa
ny's troops shall in return assist in quelling disturbances in His
Highness's dominions. In the event of war the subsidiary force
and contingent shall be employed as the British Government
may determine, provided that 2 battalions shall always remain
near the Capital of Hyderabad. And beyond the said subsidiary
 [ 96 ]

and contigent forces the Nizam shall not be called on to furnish

any other troops.
The Nizam assigns to the exclusive management of the British
Government territory yielding an annual gross revenue of about
50 lakhs for the payment of the contingent, of the interest on
his debt, and other purposes. The British Government is annu
ally to account to the Nizam for the management of this territo
ry, and make over to the Nizam any surplus that may remain
after the payment of the contingent and the other items. A
schedule of the assigned districts is appended to the treaty.
Pahlunpoor. June 18/A and August 1oth, 1853. The Jhareja
Chiefs of Santulpore and Charchut engage to suppress Infanticide
in their districts.
Persia. June 12th, 1848. A firman addressed by the Shah,
at the instance of the British Government, to the Governor of
Fars and the Governor of Ispahan and Persian Arabia, prohibits
the export or import of slaves by sea. The slave trade by land is
not prohibited.
August 1851. Convention between British Government and
Persia, concedes to Her Majesty's and the Honourable East India
Company's cruisers the right to search Persian vessels for slaves.
The convention to be in force for 1 1 years from January 1st, 1852,
and no longer. Approved of by Her Majesty's Government in
October, 1851.
Rampore. August 21st., 1850. The Nuwab in order to pre
serve the harmony of his family agrees to settle certain specified
sums on each member.
Sattara. September 4>th, 1839. A treaty supplemental to the
treaty of September 25th, 1819. The Rajah abandons his claim
to certain territories, assigns others to be managed by the British
Government, and binds himself to make a suitable allowance for
the support of his brother.
September 23d, 1839. The Rajah prohibits Suttee and abo
lishes transit duties.
Punt Sucheo. February 3d, 1839. A treaty explanatory of the
treaty between the Punt Sucheo and the British Government of
April 22d, 1 830. The Punt agrees to maintain an efficient Po
lice and to aid in the extradition of criminal refugees, makes over
the administration of certain villages to the British Government,
abolishes transit dues, agrees to incur no debts without the sanc
tion of the British Government, to provide for the family of the
late Punt—and to adopt the Company's Rupee as the current
coin of his dominions.
Sawunt Warree. September 15th, 1838. The Sirdesaee sur
renders to the British Government all claim to land and sea cus
 [ 97 ]
toms in consideration of an annual payment by the British Go
vernment.
Sind. Treaty with Government of Hyderabad, July 2d, 1834,
regulates the tolls on the Indus.
Treaty with Ameers of Sind, April 20th, 1838. The British
Government agrees to restore friendship between the Ameers and
Runjeet Singh. A British Minister is to reside at Hyderabad,
and the Ameers may send a Vakeel to reside at the Court of
the British Government.
Khyrpooe. Treaty between the British Government and Meer
Roostum Khan, 24th December, 1838. Perpetual friendship be
tween the Honourable East India Company and Meer Roostum
and his heirs, &c. The British Government engages to protect
the principality. The Meer acknowledges supremacy of British
Government, will act in subordinate co-operation with it, and
will have no connection, or negotiation with other States. He
will commit no aggressions, but refer all disputes to the British
Government. He will furnish troops according to his means at
the requisition of the British Government, and the British Go
vernment will not covet a " dam or dirhum" of his territories.
The Ameer shall be absolute ruler of the country ; and the British
jurisdiction shall not be introduced. The Ameer will do all in his
power to promote trade on the Indus. A British Agent shall
reside at Khyrpoor, and the Ameer may send an Agent to reside
at the Court of the British Government. Ratified by the Go
vernor General, January 10th, 1839.
Separate Article. The British Government in time of war
may occupy the fort of Bukker as a depot for treasure and mu
nitions.
Hyderarad. Treaty with Ameers, March 11th, 1839. Lasting
friendship. A British force not exceeding 5,000 men to be main
tained in Sind. All the Meers, Sobdar Khan excepted, to pay
each a lakh of Rupees annually for the maintenance of the Bri
tish force. The British Government undertakes to protect the
territory of the Ameers from all foreign aggression. The Ameers
to remain absolute rulers in their principalities, and the British
jurisdiction not to be introduced. The Ameers will refer all
their disputes to the British Resident. They will not negotiate
with foreign States without consent of the British Government.
They will act in subordinate co-operation with the British Go
vernment, and furnish when required 3,000 troops, to be paid by
the British Government when employed under British officers
beyond the Sind Frontier. The Company's Rupee shall be cur
rent in the Sind territories. All tolls on $e Indus are abolish
ed, but goods when landed and sold to be subject to the usual
duties of the country, except when sold in a British camp or can
 [ 98 ]
tonment. Goods may be bonded at the mouths of the Indus till
the proper time arrives for sending them up the river.
Meerpoor. 18/A June, 1841. Lasting friendship and alliance
between the Honourable East India Company and Sher Maho
med Khan, Meer of Meerpoor. The Ameer to pay Rs. 50,000 per
annum towards support of British force in Sind. The British Go
vernment to protect the Meer from foreign aggression. The
Ameer to remain sole ruler in his principality, and the British
Government shall not be introduced. The Meer will refer to the
British Government all his disputes with the other Ameers. The
Meer will not treat with foreign States without consent of British
Government. The Meer will act in subordinate co-operation
with British Government for defensive purposes, and will furnish
a quota of troops. The Company's Rupee to be current in the
Meer's territory. Tolls on the Indus abolished. Goods landed
and sold may be taxed except when sold in a British camp or can
tonment. Goods may be bonded at the mouth of the Indus till
the period arrives for sending them up the river.
Ratified by Governor General in Council, August 16th, 1841.
Sindia. Treaty of 13th January, 1844, between British Go
vernment and Maharajah Jyajee Rao. Former treaties to remain
in force except as now altered. Revenue of certain additional
districts appropriated to support the contingent. Should the
revenues now and heretofore assigned exceed 18 lakhs, the
surplus to be paid to the Maharajah, but should the revenue fall
short of 18 lakhs the deficit to be made good by His Highness.
The Civil administration of the assigned districts to be conducted
by the British Government. His Highness to pay to the British
Government the sum of 26 lakhs within 14 days from date of
this treaty, partly for arrears ofcharges of contingent, and partly
as compensatiozi to British Government for expenses of the late
hostilities. As the British Government undertakes to defend
the Maharajah and his dominions, the Maharajah's military force
exclusive of the above contingent is never to exceed 9000 men,
and all troops now entertained in excess to be paid up in full and
disbanded, with a three months' gratuity. The minority of the
Maharajah to end, January 19th, 1853. The Government to he
administered in the interim by a Council of Regency according
to the advice of the British Resident. Three lakhs per annum
assigned to Her Highness Tara Baee. The British Government
shall as heretofore exert its influence and good offices to maintain
the territorial rights of the Maharajah, and the subjects of the
State of Sindia at present residing in the neighbouring and other
native States. < .
 [ 99 ]

HINDOSTAN AND THIBET ROADS.

India Records, No. XVI.

Report on (he Operations connected with the Hindoslan and Thi

bet Roads, from 1850 to 1855. By Capt. D. Briggs, Superin
tendent, Hill Roads.
Ix 1850, the attention of Lord Dalhousie was turned to the
practice of Begar or forced labour, which had prevailed in the Pro
tected Hill States from time immemorial. When the Hill Chiefs
depended solely on their subjects for defence against outside ag
gression, the subject was always at liberty to transfer the allegi
ance to a new master, and oppression was thus restrained. But the
British Government by protecting the Chiefs from danger from
abroad has made them too powerful at home, the natural check
on oppression has been removed, and Begar is enforced to an in
tolerable extent. In 1815, the Hill Chiefs engaged in return for
the aid afforded them against the Goorkas to supply the British
Government with labourers, whenever they should be required, and
to construct such hill roads within their Chiefships as the Bri
tish Government should desire. For many years this latter con
dition was a dead letter, but more recently the increase of Sani
taria in the hills around Simla occasioned an extraordinary de
mand for labour in the erection of buildings, the construction of
roads, and the conveyance of burdens. The whole of this duty
fell on the scanty population of the Hill States ; there was no
other labour to be had. The treaty of 1815 empowered us to de
mand the labour from the Chiefs, and though our Government al
ways in spite of that treaty paid the labourers liberally, yet the
wages so paid were always claimed by the Chief from his sept by
virtue of the right to " Begar." But the system of depending
on porterage for the conveyance of the enormous Government
establishments, invalids and their servants, supplies for troops,
merchandize, building materials, &c. was expensive as well as op
pressive, and Lord Dalhousie resolved to construct carriage roads
by which the necessity of employing human labour in the trans
port of baggage would be obviated. The first object was to
construct a road from the plains to Simla with branch lines to
the stations of Dngshaie, Kussowlie, and Subathoo. The line to
Simla was to be extended towards Thibet so as to open the
salubrious valley of Kuuawur, and afford direct commercial inter
course with Western China, and so direct into our own pro
vinces the trade at present monopolized by Russia. It was found
impossible to incorporate in the new line any portion of the ex
isting road from Kalka to Simla. The new road " leaves the
g2
 [ ioo ]
plains in the neighbourhood of Kalka, and gradually ascends,
for 14 miles, to a gorge in the extensive range of hills which
border the plains and extend from the Sutledge to the Jumna.
On the left lies Kussowlee, 6 miles distant, and nearer, and
overlooking the gorge, stands the Lawrence Asylum. To the
right is Dugshai, close under which the road winds to the low
neck of land which connects the long outer range, above mention
ed, with the main body of the Himalayas. Here an abrupt spur
thrown off to the eastward, at right angles to the desired direc
tion, renders a tunnel of 1,900 feet necessary, from this the
line runs to the next obligatory point near the rich valley of
Solon, which it enters at a spot eminently calculated for a large
European Settlement ; it then skirts the southern flank of the
Krole Mountain, and running through the next obligatory point
at Kundah, commences an ascent of 5 miles to Kearee Ghat,
passing above the tine valley of Bhagurree. From this it runs
nearly level, through the volcanic cliffs of Tara Devi, to an ob
ligatory point within 4 miles of Simla, to which it ascends at
a gradient of 1 in 25, steeper than any on the whole line, but
rendered necessary by the elevated position of the Sanatarinm.
Two and a half miles beyond Simla, after emerging from the
fifth obligatory neck, another rugged spur running to the South.
East renders a tunnel of 550 feet necessary; from which the line
runs at an imperceptible gradient, for 40 miles, to the Nagkun-
dah Pass, 9,300 feet above the level of tho sea. Prom this,
skirting the Northern face of the massive Huttoo Mountain, it
holds a level course to tho obligatory point under Bagee ; from
which an easy ascent brings it to the highest point on the line
at Kundrelah, which has an elevation of 9,660 feet. Descending
to the obligatory Soongree Pass, it turns Northward to avoid the
snow limit of the Himalayas, and seeks the valley of the Sut
ledge. Skirting this at a general elevation of 6,000 feet, (tem
porarily vitiated by the tremendous cliffs bordering the Noguree
torrent,) it crosses the Sutledge River above the old bridge of
Wangtoo, from which it ascends to the village of Chini, unrival
led for the beauty of its scenery and the salubrity of its climate.
Gently descending in order to avoid the deep inflections of the
snow-fed tributaries of the Sutledge, it runs through the rich
vineyards of Rarung and Akpah, until it again meets the Sut
ledge under the towns of Soongum and Kanum, renowned no
less in the ecclesiastical history than in the commercial estima
tion of Thibet and Western China. Under Sapooee the line
again crosses to the left bank of the Sutledge, now flowing at an
elevation of 8,300 feet, and taking advantage of an old bed ot
that most turbulent stream. 100 feet above its presen t level, it
emerges on the Highlands of Thibet near the Chinese village ot
 [ 101 J
Shipke, from which roads as old as the people themselves ran East,
We4, and North, traversed by baggage cattle of all descriptions."
Operations were commenced in July, 1850, in detached por
tions at a distance from each other. This plan was adopted in
order that the begarees from each Hill State should be employed at
that portion of the line which lay nearest their homes. It was boon
found that no reliance could be placed on the engagements of the
Hill Chiefs to supply labour. After various ineffectual attempts
to keep them to their engagements, the Government abandoned
its treaty rights, and adopted the system which has since been
adhered to of paying every labourer two annas per diem ; the full
market rate of the North West Provinces.
The most difficult undertaking on the road from Kalka to>
Simla was the reduction of the cliffs which line the Western
flank of the Tara Devi Mountain. One portion of 400 feet had
to be cut down to a depth of 150 feet to obtain sufficient breadth
of road way. The following is a statement of the work perform
ed in opening the road from Simla to Dugshaie to a breadth of
twelve feet :—
Cubic feet.
" 1st.—Of hard rock reduceable only by blasting, 57,34,663
2nd.—Of slate, shingle, stones, and earth, ... 1,41,70,417
3rd.—Of revetment walls, 8,23,89:3

Total Cubic Feet of work, . . . 2,07,28,973"

The execution of this required 3,48,912 days' work at a cost
for labourer's wages of Rs. 31,049, exclusive of the hire of
artificers, &c. The expenditure per mile was Rs. 1,237. There
is one viaduct of 260 feet across the face of a precipice, and there
are eight American lattice Bridges of from 30 to 50 feet span.
The whole was completed in 240 working days in 1850-51. Se
venty-two miles of 12 feet road on the same scientific principles
have been constructed between Dugshaie and Kussowlie, Dugshaie
and Subathoo, and the widening of the road from Simla to the
plains to 16 feet is now in progress, and masonry parapets are
under erection on the crest of every precipice. Captain Briggs es
timates the direct returns on the road (from tolls) at 15 per
cent, on the outlay, exclusive of the indirect return from the sav
ing to Government on the conveyance of stores and the march
ing of troops. Repairing expenses are estimated at Rs. 35-8 per
mile per annum.
On the line between Simla and the frontiers of China 116
miles of 6 feet road are completed save two short breaks, and 60
miles of unfinished work will shortly remain between Simla and
the frontier of China. The cost of these works, deducting Rs.
40,000 subscribed by four Native States, has been Rs. 77,685 or
 [ 102 ]

Rs. 706 per mile. Captain Briggs then discusses at length the
timber yielding capacity of the hills. At Nachar in Kunawar is
a forest of 2,000 sound trees at a distance of 20,000 yards from
the bed of the Sutlej, into which the trees could easily be convey
ed by a sliding trough. By this means Captain Briggs under
takes to lay down at Ferozepore three lakhs worth of Timber,
annually at a cost of four annas per cubic foot. He pro
poses before cutting the timber to secure it against insect and
decay by the infusion of some antiseptic into the growing
tree. It is also necessary to arrange for the purchase and pro
tection of the Deodur forests which the Hill Chiefs are rapidly
destroying, and for the planting of the hill sides with timber
trees.
At Shiel, nine miles east of Kundrelah in Kunawur and near the
Pabur river occurs magnetic iron ore of great richness and abun
dance. Millions of tons of charcoal could be procured from the
forests within a radins of ten miles, and judging from a series
of experiments (yet incomplete) Captain Briggs is confident
that the Shiel Iron can compete with Merthyr Tydvil and Glas
gow in cheapness, and beat them both in quality. The iron
might be brought down the Touse in flat bottomed barges. Cap
tain Brigg9 concludes with an elaborate detail of the system of
accounts employed. The Appendix to the Report contains tabular
statements the results of which are, as follows. The total popula
tion of the 19 " Hill States" by the Census of 1855, was 5,12,000,
Bussaher the most populous containing 1,50,000. The strength of
Deodur beams as compared with those of British oak is as 228
to 350. That of Pinus Longifolia or " Cheet" as 304 to 350. In a
Minute in Council, dated 6th July, 1852, Lord Dalhousie ex
presses the highest opinion of Captain (then Lieutenant) Briggs'
services on the Hindostan and Thibet Roads.

MADRAS POLICE RETURNS FOR 1855.

Mr. T. G. Clarke, Magistrate and Deputy Superintendent of

Police, on 4th June, submits to Lieutenant Col. J. C. Boulderson
twelve tables containing Statistics of the Madras Town Police.
Mr. Clarke gives a short analysis of these Returns, and of the more
heinous cases of crime. The following is the abstract of cases
summarily punished :—
 [ 103 ]
Arstract Statement of Cases summarily disposed of at the General and Town
Police Offices during the year 1855.

8.
£ "
Charges.

si si I

Aggravated Assaults, 4 4
Assaults, 2,735 7 1,048 3,860 4,915
Attempting to steal or suspected of
104 132 140
Breach of the Peace, 2,166 3,342 1,154 4,496
of Police Regulation, No. 4,
viz.. vending Liquor or Toddy
without License and smuggling
under Act XIX. of 1852, 24 21 12 33
of Police Regulation, No. 6
viz. using false weights and mea
sures, ... 16 4 IS 22
of Police Regulation, No. 10,
viz. furious and careless riding 108 97 50 147
and driving, 4c, ...
ofTrust, 87 33 35
Crimping, ... 5 9
Desertion, !".) 20 112
Drawing Lotteries not authorized
by Government in contravention
of Act V. of 1844, Section 2, ... r, l L0
Gambling, 17 22 7 29
Having in possession, purchasing
or receiving stolen property, 116 8 160 171
Injuring trees, public property, &c, 22 ■22 27 52
Misdemeanors, 853 780 642 1,435
Nuisances, 1,758 2,647 666 3,313
Refusing to work, neglect of duty
and disobedience
to maintainof order,
wife and chil ■l.; 20 10 25 65
dren, 37 40 40
Snatching away by force, or taking
forcible possession, 26 4 32 86
Swindling, cheating, and fraud, 2 1 2 8
Taking away or obtaining by false
pretences or undue means, 225 130 28 3 148 309
Threatening to assault or using
threatening language, 86 ■~< 26 28
Trespasses, 171 90 124 214
Vagrants, 154 145 79 280

Total, 8,763 343 69 ! 8,103 7,323 15,838

 [ 104 ]
There were 986 cases of simple larceny in which 1,213 persons
were arrested, 580 convicted, and 633 aquitted. The amount of
property alleged to have been stolen was Rs. 1,155-3-8, of which
Us. 1,004 was recovered. Under the General Merchant Seamen's
Act, and the Mercantile Marine Act, 46 cases were brought up,
involving 142 defendants. Of these 113 were imprisoned, 5 fined,
and 24 acquitted. Under the Boat Act there were 38 cases in
volving 104 defendants, of whom 31 were flogged, 17 fined, and
56 acquitted.
There were 1038 cases of offence among the Police, of which
897 were for neglect of duty, and 23 for corruption. O f the
whole, 7 were sent to the roads, 7 flogged, 907 fined, 18 dismiss
ed the service, 185 acquitted or 1124 in all. Of the 74 cases
involving 99 persons, there were
For Murder, 2
Shooting, &c. with intent to murder, ... ... 3
Carnal knowledge of a girl under 10, .. ... I
Uttering forged documents, .. .. ... 3
false coin, .. .. ... ... 1
Kidnapping children, ... ... ... .. 2
Burglary, ... .. ... .. ... ... 3
Larceny, ... .. .. .. ... ... 45
lteceiving stolen goods, ... ... ... ... 0
Stealing from person, ... ... .. ... 1
Embezzlement, ... .. ... ... ... 3
Breach of Trust, 3
Poisoning Cattle, ... .. .. ... ... 1
Aggravated Assault, ... .. .. ... 1
Obtaining on false pretences, ... ... .. 3
Concealing Truth, ... .. .. ... 1
Trespass and carrying away married woman by force, 1

74 •

Of the prisoners 73 were convicted. Rs. 7,476-13-3 was alleged

to have been stolen, and Rs. 3,570-6-5 was recovered.

Comparative Abstract.
1851. 1855.
Cases, ... 12,136 10,895
Prisoners, .. 20,633 18,520
Convicted, .. 11,702 10,295
Acquitted, 8,031 8,215
 [ 105 ]
Comparative Statement of Cases disposed of by Magistrates.
1854. 1855.
Cases, 10,997 970O
Prisoners, .. .. 19,022 17,049
Convicted, .. .. 10,423 9096
Acquitted, .. .. 8599 7953
Comparative Statement of Seamens' Cases.
185i. 1855.
Cases, 59 4G
Prisoners, .. .. 203 142
Convicted, .. .. 165 1 18
Acquitted, .... 38 24
Comparative Statement of Boatmen's Cases.
1854. 1855.
Cases, .... 22 38
Prisoners, .. .. 79 104
Convicted, .... 18 48
Acquitted, .... 61 56
Comparative Staleoient of Policeman's Offences.
1854. 1855. '
Cases, .. .. 1073 1038
Prisoners, .. .. 1177 1124
Convicted, .. .. 908 939
Acquitted, .. .. 179 185
Comparative Statement of Cases committed to the Supreme Court.
1854. 1855.
Cases, .... 80 74
Prisoners, .. .. 147 99
Convicted, .... 97 73
Acquitted, ... .. 50 26
Property stolen, Rs. 22,916 Rs. 7176
- recovered, 16,516 3570

BOMBAY POLICE RETURNS FOR 1855.

On 28th May, 1856, Mr. W. Crawford, Senior Magistrate of

Bombay, submits the Returns of Crime for the year, lie reviews
the cases, and notices with satisfaction the absence of gang or
highway robberies from the Returns. In the previous year it
appeared from the Returns that crime had increased faster than
population, or L200 per cent, in ten years. The present Returns
 [ 106 ]

shew a diminution in the amount of crime. The decrease in cases

before the Magistrates is 11 per cent., and of persons arrested
also eleven per cent. The amount of property stolen however
has increased, but this is entirely the result of one great robbery
of pearls.
1855. 1854.
Number of cases reported, 7986 8,009
Persons apprehended, 13,347 15,016
Cases left undisposed of in 185-1 12
Persons untried, ... 21
Convictions, 7,681 9,091
Acquittals, 5,668 5,938
Persons remaining untried, 42 45
Amouut reported as stolen, Rs. 1,45,435 Rs. 1,26,666
Believed to be stolen, 1 41 "37 1,22,998
Recovered, „ 35,234 „ 36,561
Comparative Statement of Heavy Offences
1855. 1854.
Murders, 6 8
Manslaughters, 5 3
Burglaries, 11 10
Robberies above Rs. 50, 253 253
Virlnir Tf" riO i r<r<fi 1495
Attempts to poison, 14 11
Shooting, &c. with intent, 7 7
Receiving stolen goods, 83 57
Embezzlement, 7 11
Fraud, ... 32 39
Forgeries, 2 11
Misbehaviour at Police,. . . 13 2
Coroner's Inquests.
There were 193 inquests in 1855, against 201 in 1S54. Of
these :—
Murders, ... ... ... .. .. 8*
Manslaughters, ... ... ... .. 1
Infants burned or exposed, ... ... ... 10
still-born, .. .. .. .. 2
Suicides, ... .. .. ... . ." 33
Justifiable Homicide,... ... .. ... 1
Lunatic Homicide, ... .. .. .. 1
Accidental Deaths, .. ... .. ... 84
Died from drinking, ... ... .. ... 5
Found drowned, .. ... .. 12
dead, .. ... .. 5
Natural death*, ... .. ... ... 39
 [ 107 ]

Cases disposed of by Petty Court.

1855. 1854.
Cases, ... 1,186 1,051
Persons, 1,970 1,912
Convicted, 1,529 1,446
Acquitted, ... 441 466
Inoffences for which persons of less than 1 1 were brought be
fore the Magistrates, 244 were apprehended, of whom 129 were
committed and 115 discharged. Of those committed 77 were
charged with robbery, 1 with possession of implements of house
breaking, and the remainder with trilling offences. Mr. Craw
ford gives a mortuary return, useless in presence of Dr. Lcith.

PURLA KIMEDY.
Madras Records.
This book contains a Report on Goomsoor, dated 12th August,
1836, by Mr. G. E. Russell, despatched as Special Commissioner
into that territory. It contains a sketch of the Province, an
abstract of its former history, a minute account 'of the rebellion
of 1835, and Mr. Russell's opinion as to the measures it was
necessary to have recourse to for the future. On the same date
the Governor in Council reviews the correspondence, but as the
Zemindaree was already declared forfeited only notices matters
of detail. On 3rd March, 1837, Mr. Russell submits a Report con
tinuing the former one, detailing events in the hilly tracts of the
Province, and recounting the local changes introduced. On 4th
March, the Government proposed publicly to thank Mr. Russell
and the troops. On 11th May, Mr. Russell once more recapi
tulates the facts of the rebellion, describes the country, and pro
poses measures calculated to secure its permanent tranquillity.
,He also furnishes accounts of his expenditure as Commissioner,
and lists of establishments existing and proposed. On the 2lst
November, 1837, the final orders are passed, in accordance with
Mr. Russell's Reports.

MORTUARY REPORT OF BOMBAY.

On 30th June, 1856, Dr. A. H. Leith submits Returns of the
mortality of the Island of Bombay during 1855. He observes
that of the Returns one. eighth only are written, the remainder
 L 108 ]
being received orally. The Return of the Causes of Death i^
unsatisfactory, the people declining to afford aid, and even the
Grant Medical College graduates displaying apathy. " The
deaths registered were 14,928, which is 3,082 less than in the
preceding year, and 295 above the average of the preceding
seven years. The reported still-births were 281, or in the ratio
of 1.88 to the whole. Of the 14,647 deaths that occurred after
birth, 8,064 were males, and 6,583 females, or in the ratio of
1225 males to 100 females, the mean proportion for the previ
ous years being about 124. There was a slight preponderance
of female deaths among the Parsees and among the Jews but
the latter race is here so few in number, that great fluctuations
are to be expected in it : the male deaths were in excess in every
other ethnological class of the population." The ages recorded
are only approximative. " Of the 14,647 deaths, exclusive of
still-born, that were registered, 2,753 were from epidemic causes
which number is in the ratio 18-8 per cent, and falls short of the
annual mean by 458. The Cholera deaths were 1,739 or 677
less than the average of the preceding seven years. The months
in which they chiefly occurred were April, May, June, and July "
As to the latter disease the sections with houses closely built in
dry streets, though closely peopled, are as usual freer from
the disease than where there is much water, or there are irrio-at
ed gardens. The number of deaths from fever is equal to 46*
per cent, of the total mortality. The entries however are some
what more numerous than they ought to be, disease attended
with lever being recorded as fever. The probable sources of
lever are the salt marshes between Trombay and the north end
ol Bombay, and the marshy soil of the flats. Dr. Leith proceeds
to notice the deaths, but without further reflections.
Causes of Death.
From Cholera, . . .. .. <■ 1739
Small-pox, ..... 1014
Measles,
Fever, ... ..... ' ■ ««oe •

JN'ervous System, 570

Vascular System,
Respiratory . . .,
System, ' ■ . . jq
1265
Alimentary System, 2924
Urinary System, ■ j q.
Sexual System, and Child-bearing, ... 77
Locomotive and Tegumentary Systems, . . 85
Cachexy and Debility, ... 976
Leprosy, "',. "" 40
Dropsy, 19
 [ 109 ]
Accident and Violence, ... ... ... 1 5 1
Other and unknown Cause, ... ... 14
Causes of Death anion// Europeans.
Cholera, ... ... ... ... 11
Small-pox, ... ... ... .. 3
Measles, ... .. ...
Fever, .. ... .. .. 10
Disease of Nervous System, .. ... 37
„ Vascular System, . . ... 1
„ Respiratory System, ... . . 26
„ Alimentary System, ... 65
„ Urinary System, ... ... 2
„ Sexual System and Child-bearing, 4
„ Locomotive and Tegumentary Sys
tems, ... ... ... 1
„ Cachexy and Debility, ... 10
„ Leprosy, .. .. •
„ Dropsy, ... .. ... 2
„ Accident, ... .. ... 9
Dr. Leith proceeds to detail the causes of death in each caste
in different months and quarters of the year, the number and
proportions of deaths from different causes, excluding epidemics,
and including epidemics, and the proportion of male to female
deaths. The proportion is 122-50 males to 100 females. Of
epidemics alone 139.39 males die to 100 females. Dr. Leith
enters into some minute details as to the months at which mor
tality is most prevalent, and gives the following as to the age of
deaths :—

All Causes Ages.

No. Prop.
1147 783 0 to 15 days.
73 •49 16 to 30 „
871 5 94 1 to 6 months.
1526 10-42 7 to 23 „
1704 11-03 2 to 6 years.
778 531 7 to 13 „
1529 10-44 •14 to 24 „
2436 16-63 25 to 34 „
1063 11-35 35 to 44 „
10C0 7-23 45 to 54 „
950 6-52 55 to 64 ,,
377 2-57 65 to 74 „
533 364 75 and above.

11,647 100. All Ages.

 [ no ]
He also describes the mortality of the different quarters of
Bombay, and gives a table of the mortality among castes and
employments. .
Occupation, or that of Family. Total, Exclusive of
Still-born.
Annuitant, Independent,
Auctioneer, ...
Baker, Grain-parcher, Cook, Confectioner, 198
Beggar, Vagrant, Pauper, ... 832
Bracelet-maker, dealer, 14
Bullock-driver, Dairy-man, 411
Butcher, ... ... ... HI
Cane-worker, Palm-leaf-worker, 46
Charcoal-dealer, 7
Clothier, Draper, Mercer, 500
Coppersmith, Brazier, ... ... 57.
Cotten-worker or Retailer, 10
Crockery, Glass-dealer, 3
Domestic Servant, Barber, 1413
Druggist, Perfumer, 9
Dyer, 103
Engineer (Civil), 8
Engine-driver, Stoker-maker, 18
Fisherman, Fishmonger, 277
Gardener, Greengrocer, Agriculturist, Hay and
Straw-dealer, 586
Gold-Silver-Smith, Jeweller, Watch-maker, 208
Grain dealer, or Grinder, 104
Grocer, 159
Gunpowder, Fireworks-maker, dealer, S
Hawker, 98
Hemp-Coir-worker, or dealer, 49
Hooka-Pipe-maker, dealer, 1
Horse-driver, dealer, Farrier, Groom, 266
Iron-worker, or dealer, 116
Labourer, ... 2719
Lawyer, and Coven. Civil Servant of Govt., 6
Leather-maker, worker or dealer, ... 231
Leechman, ... .. • 1
Liquor- sellor, Distiller, Palm-wine-drawer, 322
Marine-stores dealer,
Maritime-man, Boatman, 562
Mason, Quarry-man, Lime-stone-worker, or dealer, 363
Medical man, .38
Merchant, Banker, Broker, 677
Carried forward, 10,516
 [ in ]
Occupation, or that of Family. Total, Exclusive of
Still-born.
Brought forward, . . 10,516
Military man or Pensioner, . . .. ... 428
Money-changer, Assayer, .. ... .. 64
Musician, ... ... ... .. 48
Oil-drawer or dealer, Soap-maker, Candle- maker, 46
Painter, .. .. .. ... .. 26
Pitch,-Tar,-Rosin-dealer,
Plumber,
Policeman, Watchman, Messenger, Tax-gatherer, . 384
Porter, Palkee-bearer, .. ... .. 531
Potter, Brick, Tile maker, or dealer, .. .. 51
Poulterer, ... .. .. ... .. 21
Priest, .. .. .. ..191
Printer, Stationer, Book-binder, dealer, ... 67
Prostitute, . . .. .. .. .. 122
Salt-maker, dealer, . . • .. .. .. 12
Scavenger, Sweeper, . . .. .. .. 109
School-master, Teacher, .. ... ... 11
Silk-worker, dealer, ... .. .. .. 36
Tailor, Sempster, Embroiderer, Tent-maker, .. 365
Tavern-, Coffee-, Boarding-house-keeper, .. 8
Tin-, Tin-plate-worker, Glazier, .. .. 33
Tobacco-, Betel-, Opinm-, Gunja-dealer, ... 45
Toy-maker, dealer, . . .. ... ... 1
Washerman, .. .. ... .. 190
Water-carrier, .. .. .. ... 109
Wood-worker, dealer, .. ... ... 771
Wool-worker, dealer, ... .. ... ... 2
Writer, Accountant, . . ... .. ... 431
Unknown Occupation, ... ... .. 79

Total, ... 14,647

The number of still-born is 281. Dr. Leith concludes with a me
teorological table. The quantity of rain which fell in the year was
4180 inches on 91 days. On 5th July, 1856, Government ap
proves the Report, and directs the publication of an order
censuring the negligence of Medical Practitioners as to these
Returns.
REPORT ON THE PUBLIC WORKS OF MEERUT
COMPLETED IN 1854-55.
North West Provinces Records, No. XXVII.
On 7th August, 1855, Mr. E. M. Wylly, Magistrate of
Mecrut, reports to the Commissioner of the Division, and ex
 [ 112 ]

plains the Nuzzool Fund. This fund is derived from the sale of
Government property in land buildings, &c. within the Zillah.
The fund thus realized amounts to Rs. 31,217 devoted to public
works. Mr. Wylly describes the drainage capabilities of Meerut,
and the improvements introduced. The drainage has now been
made efficient at a cost of Rs. 17,059. The principle of the im
provements is the excavation of two deep drains which carry off
the surface water of the tanks. The water is carried rapidly and
freely into the neighbouring Nuddee. Half the money has been
paid from Cantonment Funds. The drainage of the city has
been commenced, and several roads repaired. The large grain
mundee has been metalled throughout, and the people have at
once undertaken to suit their shops to the improved condition of
the mundee. New shop fronts have been built, and all chuppers
are being removed. The official expense of these works has been
Rs. 7,478. Mr. Wylly enters into some further details, and pro
ceeds to notice the Dispensary. Rs. 6,210 for this building
were subscribed in the town, which is proceeding, as are houses
for the Sub-Assistant Surgeon and the servants. The daily at
tendance is from fifty to ninety, A gunge has been erected at
Bhagput, on land sold in lots. The shops are of brick and upper
storied. A serai at Moradnugger has been erected. F. Read,
Esq., Superintendent of the Upper Division, Ganges Canal, on
^rd August, describes the system of drainage, and gives detailed
accounts of the work done.

IIULKABUNDEE SCHOOLS.

N. W. P. Records, No. XXVII.

On 5th January, 1856, Mr. H. S. Reid reports on the Hulka-

bundee Schools of Pergunnah Kosee, Zillah Muttra. "They
are 14 in number. They are attended by 790 boys, of whom
492 are the sons or relatives of land-holders, 157 of cultivators,
12 of putwarees, and 129 of non-agriculturalists.
" It is, however, satisfactory to observe that not less than 248
boys, resident in other villages than those in which the Schools
are held, attend, being on the average 18 per School. The ordi
nary attendance at indigenous Schools does not exceed 10.
" The average attendance per School amounts to 56, and the
average salary of the Teachers to Rs. 550-11-9. The average
cost of each boy's education is somewhat less than one Rupee a
year ; in other words, the annual salaries of the Teachers amount
to Rh. 780, while the number of Scholars is 790.
 [ 113 ]

" The day His Honor inspected the Schools in the compound
of the Kosee Tehseeldaree, upwards of 700 boys were present. I
believe that not less than 200 or 250 of that number could solve
Questions in Rule of Three ; that a still larger number could calcu
late the area of fields.
" The boys are instructed in reading and 'writing the Nagree
character. They learn the History and Geography of India. In
several Schools they are reading Algebra and Geometry. They
learn the use of the Plane-table, and can in some instances survey
and measure land with considerable readiness.
" The Hulkabundee system has been introduced also into the
Areeng and Sahar pergunnahs. They contain 35 Schools at
tended by 1,04:8 boys, of whom 316 are the children of land
holders, 400 of cultivators, 27 of putwarees, and 305 of the
non-agricultural classes. The Scholars are not so far advanced as
those in Kosee, nor are the Schools so largely attended, the aver
age number of boys per School being 23 in Areeng, and 36.5 in
Sahar."

ROADS IN NIMAR.

2V. W. P. Records, No, XXVII.

Os 3rd January, 1856, R. H. Keatinge, Esq., Political

Agent in Nimar, reports to the Agent for Central India, on the
Nimar Roads. The receipts amount to 1,47,382. Of this sum
19,644 is derived from the one per cent, on the Settlement, Rs.
45,852 from road and ferry tolls, Rs. 25,767 from " Chittawun,"
and the remainder from State Grants and sources not detailed.
" Chittawun" was the fee paid for writing the pass. It is now an
ordinary toll. The people approve the tolls. The greater pro
portion of the money, Rs. 1,12,794, is spent on the great or In-
dorc and Boorhanpore road.
On 10th January, 1856, Sir R. Hamilton submitting this
Report observes that this road is ninety-seven miles long and has
cost, including the ascent of two ghauts, Rs. 1,100 a mile. It is
the direct line of communication between Upper India and the
Deccan. Repairs will cost Rs. 60 a mile per annum.
On 12th February, Mr. W. Muir, Secretary, North Western
Provinces, acknowledges the Report, and hints that three toll sta
tions on ninety- seven miles of road is too many.
On 24th March, 1856, Sir R. Hamilton explains that no
H
 [ 114 ]
other arrangement would protect the rights of those who levied
the old transit dues, and -that the people are satisfied. He en
closes a letter from Lieutenant P. H. Keatinge explaining far
ther. The tax on a two bullock cart of grain is only seven annas,
including the crossing of the Nerbudda. The Government on
the 10th April, replies that the tolls ought to be simplified.

THE SETTLEMENT OF PERGUNNAH BARRAII,

ZILLAH ALLAHABAD.
2V. W. P. Records, No. XXVII.
On 9th December, 1850, H. Temple, Officiating Collector, Alla
habad, reports on this Settlement. This Pcrgunnah once formed
part of Rewah, a principality exempted, probably by Humavoon,
from the land tax. Subsequently it was disunited from Rewah,
and became part of Oude. All this time the Talookdaree remained
in one family. A Rajpoot, named Prithee Cliand, obtained two
villages, gradually seized the whole pergunnah, and founded a great
family. The process appears to have been carried on in this wise :—
" First eleven other villages in the neighbourhood of Emilia were
allowed him, in order that he might sustain his State. Then he
obtained eleven more villages subordinate to Deora, in acknow
ledgment of services he rendered in collecting the Rajah's reve
nues in other parts of the pergunnah. A footing having been
thus established, he and his descendants addressed themselves to
the task of reducing the resident proprietors throughout the pcr
gunnah, and raising up for themselves a zemindaree position in
dependent of the Rewah Rajah. First they would stand security
for some proprietors, and when default occurred would possess
themselves of the estates With the same view they would grant
loans. Then they began to use force. Sharp resistance was,
however, met with in several conflicts, which are still remember
ed by the villagers. The Bunapurs of Tikree fought the usurper
to the last, and the ' chourah' (funeral pyre) which they raised
to the memory of their slain is still to be seen. At length, how
ever, these Bunapurs yielded when their leader Duljeet was seized
and put to death in the invader's stronghold at Nowrheya. The
Bais of Chilla Gowhanee were at feud with the Chowdrees of
Birwul. So fair an opportunity was not to be neglected by the
Lai. He fomented the dispute, interposed between the disputants
under pretence of aiding one of them, (the Chillah Gowhanee
people,) and thus possessed himself of the estates of both, includ
ing a circle of subordinate villages."
 [ 115 ]

The family still grew, and dispossessed almost all the ancient
Zemindars. They subsequently fell into arrears of revenue with
the Lucknow authorities and in 1801-02, when the territory
was ceded to the British Government the Talookdar was sold
up. The Rajah of Benares purchased the pergunnah, improved
it, and increased its revenue from Rs. 1,10,000 to Rs. 2,32,000.
In 1821, a son of the Talookdar contested the sale, and it was
upset. The Rajah appealed to England, and the pergunnah
was placed under the Court of Wards. It remains there. In
1832-33, Mr. Speirsmade a farming settlement, " a careful field
measurement was made, rent rates and cultivators' holdings
fixed, and all heritable rights possessed by the tenants were in
vestigated."
In 1848, Mr. Alexander conferred a moquddamee biswahdaree
title on many of the farmers. To the remainder farming leases
were granted. It was held by Mr. Alexander that all rights
sprung from the Talookdar either by gifts, service grants, " direct
allocation" mere sanctions, and blood relationship. " Whenever
occupation arising from any of the above causes was found to
have been continuous or nearly so since the accession of the
Company's rule, and the names of claimant's ancestors had
been recorded as Raees in the moazinah anterior to that period,
a biswahdaree settlement was made."
Mr. Temple proceeds to detail some anomalies in the Settle
ment, and his own proceedings. They involve no material change
in Mr. Alexander's plan. The number of khan estates is consider
able.

TENURES IN PERGUNNAH BUDOIIEE.

N. W. P. Records, No. XXVII.

Os 25th October, 1855, Mr. W. R. Moore, Ex-Joint

Magistrate of Mirzapore, reports on the tenures of this perguiw
nah. Their peculiarity is that the Zemindars are called Mun-
zoorcedars, and the Non-proprietors Namunzooreedars and that
the ryots have a prescriptive, proprietary right in the soil. Mr.
Moore briefly explains the historical origin of this anomaly

u 2
 [ 116 ]

PUBLIC WORKS IN THE PUNJAB.

Punjab Records, No. II.

Ox 14th December, 1854, R. Temple, Esq. Secretary to Chief

Commissioner, Punjab, writes to R. Montgomery, Esq. Judicial
Commissioner, and offers suggestions on the preparation of the
Annual Improvement Reports. Ihe Chief Commissioner desires
that these reports should embrace all improvements effected by
the district officer, and the state of all local funds. The official
year should be followed. Mr. Temple proceeds to detail the
imformation required under the heads of roads, buildings, ferries,
conservancy, Government buildings, and miscellaneous improve
ments. The reports should be brief. On 31st January, Mr.
Montgomery forwards a Report drawn up in accordance with
these instructions for 1854-55. " The first statement will show
that the amount at the credit of the local funds at the close of
the previous year's accounts, was Rupees 9,26,499-15-5, and
that the income during the year 1854-55, amounted to Rupees
5,10,696-15-3, making a total of Rupees 14,37,196-14-8, which
had to be debited with expenditure to the extent of Rupees
6,77,903-4-8£, leaving at the close of the past year an available
balance of Rupees 7,64,222-3-8J." The character of the ex
penditure is thus shown :—
From Local From General
Fundi. Jlevenuei. Total.
2,88,722 8 0 2,84,633 12 9 5,28,355 15 9
Ditto on account of Build
ings, Nuzool or otherwise, 1,08,284 14 9J 2,60,031 2 4 3,68,316 1 1J
Ditto on account of Wells, 19,764 7 5 4,040 12 9 23,805 4 2
Ditto on account of Tanks, 1,700 0 0 0 0 0 1,700 0 0
Ditto on account of Bridges
and Bunds, 54,604 4 5 48,284 9 11 97,888 14 4
Ditto do. Establishment,
appertaining to the Local
Funds only, 45,555 0 Hi 0 0 0 45,555 0 111
Miscellaneous Charges, 1,59,272 6 2 1,061 6 2 1,60,333 12 4

Total, ... 6,77,903 4 815,43,051111112,20,955 0 74

The word establishment includes a River Police, and some gar

deners, besides the regular establishment. The miscellaneous
charges are principally for ferries, and boat-bridges. The fol
lowing are the buildings and other public works constructed dur
ing the year :—
 [ 117 I
Description of Work. No. Cost.
Revenue Record Office, 1 500 0 0
Euglish Office, 1 400 0 0
Kutcherries, 4 71,932 12 2
Additions to ditto, 1 3,791 7 0
Jails, 4 41,603 9 10
Treasuries, 5 28,782 4 5
Treasury Office, 1 219 15 0
Jail Worksheds, 5 1,065 9 5
Jail Hospital and Barracks for
Guard, 3 1,088 15 8
Tehseels, 4 27,956 15 4
Additions to old ditto, 2 3,876 0 0
Kotwalee, 1 339 (i 0
Hawalat, 1 932 10 9
Thanahs, ... 12 19,578 0 !•
Additions to old ditto, 1 300 0 0
Tehseel and Thanah united, . . . 3 8,089 2 4
1 st Class Chowkees, ... 19 9,719 9 11
2nd Class ditto, 46 8,572 1 4
Police Lines,... I 86 4 0
Supply Depots, 27 31,774 2 9
Godown for Ferry Stores includ
ing Travellers' rest, 1 479 0 3
Scraiee, 21 31,070 0 0
Improvements to old ditto, ... 1 111 2 9
Bunecahs' Shops, 33 2,332 7 3
Wells constructed, 71 21,822 3 !,
Ditto repaired, 29 1,580 3 0
Cisterns and Water Troughs for
ditto, 3 116 7 3
Encamping Ground Pillars, ... IS 682 5 2
Ditto grounds cleared, 17 705 10 9
Tanks, I 1,259 11 3
Dispensaries, 8 8,902 3 1.
Bridges, 251 64,645 8 1
Ditto repaired, 1 19 1 1. 0
Dawk Bungalows, 2 2,720 0 0
School House, 0 0 0 0
Leper Asylum, 1 500 0 0
Bund,. . 1 2,78:5 11 5
Sowars' Lines, 1 1,377 (i 5
Post Office, 1 100 0 (t

Grand total for the Punjab, 603 4,02,416 12 6

 [ 118 ]

The No. of trees planted is 22,21,560 in the different districts.

This Return is not very accurate. Mr. Montgomery proceeds to
remark that the money raised by cess on the town population is
cheerfully paid. No objection has ever been made by the in
habitants. Mr. Montgomery proceeds to analyse the district
reports of which the following tables are summaries :—
Cis-Sutlej Trans- Lahore Jhelum , .
States. Sutlej. Division. Division. ^na'
Local fund income, Rb. 1,29,245 1,18,667 1,26,757 51,442 46,134
Plus balances, „ 4,09,266 8,27,580 2,89,613 1,65,342 1,77,408
Expenditure from
Local funds, „ 2,41,344 1,62,788 1,22,753 52,171 70,473
Expenditure on
Koads, ... „ 78,641 54,637 35,096 35,721 61,960
Buildings, ... 22,445 40,887 42,327 2,500
Wells 15,818 254 587 1,411 388
Tanks, 1,700
Bridges 19,062 22,517 '5,919 2,530 1,304
Establishment, ... 14,416 10,673 16,797 2.219 613
Miscellaneous, ... 89,261 33,818 22,022 7,758 3,209
Mooltan. Peshawur.
Local fund income, ... ... 16,542 21,907
Plus balances, 59,186 1,08,797
Expenditure from Local funds, . . 24,543 3,917
Expenditure on Roads, .. ... 18,919 744
Buildings, ... 28 95
Wells, 1,307
Bridges, 2,007 ' 1,263
Establishment, ... 735 68
Miscellaneous, . . 1,456 1,745

CLEANSING THE DRAINS OF BLACK TOWN.

Madras Records, No. XXXII.

On 25th November, 1851, a Committee was appointed to ex

amine and report upon a plan submitted by Captain Boulderson
for cleansing the drains of Black Town by sea water pumped up
by a steam engine. The Members were Major J. T. Smith,
Major F. C. C. Cotton, and Captain G. C. Collyer, Engineers.
The Committee on 9th February, 1852, report that they have
considered Captain Boulderson's plan and unanimously disap
prove it. Black Town is built on two ridges between which the
main sewer lies. The street drains run parallel with it, the se
condary drains run down the ridges. The evils to be removed
 [ 119 ]

are connected entirely with the main sewer. There is a want of

inclination in its bed, and of free outfall at its mouth. No
amount of pumping will even palliate these defects. They also
believe that the plan would involve evils in the way- of the in
creased decomposition of fetid matter greater than those which
at present exist. Those evils would not be removed by arch
ing over the drain. The true mode to improve the sewer is to
improve its slopes and outfall, and at the outfall if necessary use
a pump to discharge the contents. A new water supply is
also required, and the Committee conceive that both water
supply and drainage should be studied in all their details.
They conceive that at least one officer's entire time should be
devoted to this purpose. They decline to offer a broad scheme,
but allude to the following facts as established :—" It appears
that a scheme for improving the drainage of Black Town will
not benefit more than one-third of Madras, and that, as Mr.
Elliot, the Chief Magistrate states, the portion at present best
provided for already. That the pipe drainage so strongly re
commended by H. M. Sanftory Commissioners seems peculiarly
well suited to the chief portion of Black Town, and also to the
other low lying districts of Madras. That the discharge from
pipe drainage would be less impeded by the action of the surf
than that from large sewers. That an additional supply of good
water in all parts of Madras is a great desideratum. That some
additional supply may be had from, the present wells on the
north side of Black Town. That a large further supply of the
same excellent water might be had from wells sunk at a spot
three miles north of the present wells. That a liberal supply of
water brought into convenient positions for the benefit of the in
habitants of Madras, would lead, to its use by the people in such
quantity as to render the sewage sufficiently fluid for pipe
drains, if it be not so already. That fresh water to a consider
able extent might be collected in a tank formed in the valley of
the Adayar, the ground being peculiarly favourable. That the tract
of ground south of the Adayar would probably supply the adja
cent section of Madras with water of the same quality as is now
procured from the wells in the north of Black Town. That no
thing would so effectually secure Madras against the risk of an
insufficient supply of water as a tank in the neighbourhood sup
plied by a river. That the most certain river is the Palar, whose
waters already come to Madras in small quantities, by indirect
channels. That the Adayar river has never been a year, the
Committee believe, without water sufficient to fill such a tank
as is required, and there is reason to think that either in its bed,
or elsewhere in the neighbourhood of Madras, there would be
no difficulty in forming a tank of capacity sufficient to supply
 [ lao ]
Madras for two years if necessary." The Committee also doubt
the expediency of permitting the land North of the Monegar
Choultry, from which water is at present brought, to be covered
with habitations. They are also of opinion that the offensive
odour caused by the main sewer might be remedied at once by
raising the slope of the sewer. They conclude with an account
of Captain Boulderson's plan.
On 26th April, 1853, the Military Board report to Sir H.
Pottinger stating that the Court of Directors had sanctioned an
expenditure of Rs. 73,925 on the reconstruction of a portion of
the Main Sewer, and constructing a masonry channel in place
of the ditch as a surface drain for the part of the Esplanade.
The Board invited tenders for the work, but meanwhile discuss
ed the disposal of the sewerage during the time which the tunnel
would occupy in construction. The Board considered it dan
gerous to permit the sewerage to flow into the Cooum. To build
the new tunnel by the side of the old one would be expensive,
and they therefore determined to await the arrival of the new
Chief Engineer, Colonel A. Cotton. That officer assumed his
seat in June, 1852, and made a Memorandum on the subject,
the purport of which is briefly this.
Colonel Cotton considers that the scheme proposed by the
Committee for cleansing Madras by a reservoir formed by dam
ming up the Adayar above St. Thomas' Mount was feasible and sa
tisfactory. This work would secure a full and wholesome supply of
water for the whole of the Presidency town, suburbs, and out
villages included. It would clean it also, keep the rivers pure,
irrigate the gardens, render Cochrane's Canal always navigable,
and facilitate the distribution of commodities in every corner of
the Presidency Town. Granite could be brought from the Mount
into Madras at a cheap rate. The sources of income would be
payment for water used for irrigation, a toll on the canal, a
rate for the use of water power, and perhaps a payment for
water for domestic use.
The Board agreed with Colonel Cotton as to the necessity of
considering all these questions together, and with the view of
obtaining further reformation applied to the Medical Board.
That Board sent in six Reports. In one Mr. Cole calls atten
tions to the nullah north of Mount Thome, the stench
from which is so offensive that the road at times is barely pas
sable. Dr. Cleghorn speaking of Triplicane, and Mr. Kellie of
Vepery condemn the drainage as imperfect, the smells as most
injurious, and the tanks as receptacles for filth. Dr. Hunter be
lieves the drains the cause of much fever, and observes that
disease is more prevalent in the dry than the rainy season, be
 C 121 ]
cause in the latter the drains are flushed. The quantity of
water is insufficient, and the quality usually bad.
Subsequently the Board received another Memorandum from
Colonel Cotton, and on all this evidence they proceed to remark
that a new supply of water and more complete drainage for
Madras are urgently required. They observe that the internal
navigation will be improved, and the supply of water rendered
ample. Granite would be readily procurable and troops instead
of being located in unhealthy situations in the town could be
located outside, and brought down daily by the canal to change
guards, &c.
As to the financial aspect of the question Colonel Cotton es
timates the cost of his scheme at three lakhs of rupees. If it
costs six the improvement will, in the Board's opinion, be worth
the outlay. Of thissum theamount sanctioned for the new sewer, or
Rs. 74,000, and for the purchase land for a Regiment at Vepery, or
Rs. 80,000, together make one lakh and a half. Supposing the
works to cost 5 lakhs, the interests on that sum would be Rs.25,000
and repairs and superintendence as much more. The following
would be one Return : —
Saving at the Gun Powder Manufactory by the use of
water power, ••• ••• ••• ... Rs. 7,600
Irrigation for 3,000 acres of land at 5 Rs. an acre, ... ,, 15,000
House water rate, ... ... .. ... ,, 17,500
Carriage of 200 tons of goods and passengers 12 miles
on the Canal daily for 300 days, at 3 Pice per ton per
mile, ... ... ... ... ... „ 11,250
Total Es. 51,350
Then there are 1,40,000 houses in Madras. Of them 23,500
bear a rental exceeding Rs. 20 a year. Supposing all houses
below that rent exempted, there would remain, at rates graduat
ed from 4 to 12 annas per house according to rent, Rs. 20,193.
Houses in Madras now pay 5 per cent, on the rental for the
maintenance of roads, amounting to Rs. 1,28,610 a year. The
use of granite would cheapen these roads. The canal toll would
produce something, and the saving on the repairs of the Govern
ment roads from the use of granite a great deal more.
Madras it must be remembered contains 7,00,000 persons,
packed as only London, Paris and perhaps Constantinople are
packed. The outlay of 20, 30, or even 100 thousand pounds is
therefore insignificant, when compared with the advantage of
drainage and good water, for such a mass of human beings.
The Appendices to this paper contain Colonel Cotton's Memo
randum with his own description of the works. " I would then
propose, that a Tank should be made by damming up the Adayar
ucar the Mount, where there is an extensive plain almost im
 [ 122 ]

occupied, and on a level that would command all Madras ; it

should contain from 20 to 50 Millions of cubic yards of water,
and be of such a depth as to ensure a full supply for drinking
purposes through the second dry season ; from thence the water
should be led, a small part down the Adayar to improve the state
of that River, and the principal part by a Channel into the long
Tank, thence into the Nungumbaukum Tank, and then by a cut
into the Cooum ; a portion for the supply of Black Town should
be carried by the line of the Spur Tank and across the Black Town
Esplanade to the centre of Blaek Town, being carried across the
hollows in pipes so as to be delivered at the level required ; the
whole of this line of water from the Mount to the Cooum and
by the Black Town ditch, and a new Channel along the North
face of Black Town, to the Beach near Clive's Battery, should
be made navigable, the total fall of about 40 feet being provided
for by about 6 locks.
The cost of this would be about :—
Tank to hold 30 Millions cubic yards, . . 1 Lac.
Six locks at 12,000 Rupees,
Anicuts across the Cooum, J l<
New cuts cleaning Black Town ditch, &c., 4 <■<
Water pipes and sundries, 4 <'
3 Lacs."
The selection also comprises the reports, all the facts of which
are summarized above, aud also the result of a careful examina
tion of the Adayar basin. It proved satisfactory.

EDUCATION IN BENGAL.

Report of the Director of Public Instruction for the year 1855-56.

It deals with the year beginning May 1st, 1855.

The Director, Mr. Gordon Young, reports to the Secretary to

the Government of Bengal, on September l-ith, 1856.
There has been unavoidable delay in carrying out the pro
visions of the Great Educational Despatch of July, 185 1. To
this day the University scheme has not been finally approved. And
the machinery for the improvement of General Education has
not been completely organized. In many parts of the country
the new system has yet to be commenced upon. Still a full
Report on the University scheme was submitted to Government
on 7th of August, containing a scheme which if sanctioned cau
 [ 123 ]

at once be acted on. The Presidency College is already placed on

the improved footing sanctioned by the Despatch, and is a mo
del for the imitation of the Mofnssil Colleges, whose course of
instruction is undergoing assimilation to the standard involved in
the University test for the degree of B. A. for which degree it
is hoped that not only the students of Government but of pri
vate Colleges will compete. The examinations of the past ses
sion have been conducted by examiners unconnected with the
Colleges or the lads to be examined. The standard was higher
than in past years, and with regard to candidates for Senior
Scholarships the result as tested by this standard was not very
satisfactory, but the answers of the students leaving College
were with one exception admirable. A general failure in Che
mistry was attributed to the novelty of the subject. The Law
Department in the Presidency College has been placed on a
more satisfactory footing. The Medical College has surpassed
the results of former years, and when the Civil Engineering Col
lege is opened there will be the means open to all of obtaining
a degree in any of the four faculties of the University. The
Sanscrit College continues to work successfully ; the reduction
of the fees at the Calcutta Mudrissa has in two mouths increased
the number of students from 67 to 107. The Zillah Schools have
worked well, but a Committee has been appointed to report on the
requirements for their improvement. A uniform standard of
examination tests has been introduced. For the Junior Scholar
ships' examinations have been held annually at these Schools, and
though the test was high the Schools have stood it well. The Patna
School has been raised to the station of a High School or quasi
College. 60 Out Scholarships have been established in connec
tion with the Government Colleges to be competed for by boys
educated at private Schools. The Head Masters of the Zillah
Schools are generally well qualified and zealous, but this is not so
true ofthe inferior masters, and a training School may perhaps be
necessary for English as well as for Vernacular Teachers. It is also
most desirable that European Educational officers should qualify
in the Vernaculars. Normal Schools for native Vernacular Teach
ers have been established at Calcutta, Hooghly, Dacca and Gow-
hatty, and travelling Normal Teachers are employed in each dis
trict of Behar. But little can be done in Vernacular Education un
til good Teachers are available. All that has been done has been
based on the principle " that the people are to be if possible in
duced and assisted to educate themselves ; not to look to Go
vernment to do every thing for them." The principal measures
to this end have been the establishment of two Model Schools at
Government expense in each district of Behar, eight Schools in
each of the three districts of Dinagepore, Rungpore and Bograh,
 [ 124 ]
and five Schools of a superior kind in each of the districts of Nud-
deah, Burdwan, Hooghly and Midnapore. The old Government
Vernacular Schools have also been preserved where it was pos
sible. In many districts the indigenous Schools are periodically
examined, and stimulated to efficiency by loans of books and
money rewards. The most promising Schools in the 24-Per-
gunnahs, Baraset, Jessore, and Dacca have been formed into cir
cles each under an itinerant Normal Teacher ; in 17 districts a
Scholarship of 4 Rs. a month has been offered to the best pupils
of Vernacular Schools ; Grants in Aid amounting to 6,265 Rs.
have been given to 79 English and 140 Vernacular Schools,
chiefly situated in the districts near Calcutta and supported al
most exclusively by natives, one of whom, Baboo Joykissen
Mookerjea has with his brother established 24 English and
Vernacular Schools on their estates in Hooghly and Burdwan.
In districts distant from the capital private aid to Education is
obtained with such difficulty that it may be needful to relax in their
favour the conditions of the Grant in Aid Rules. The notifica
tion of July 9th, 1855, prohibiting persons who cannot read and
write from receiving Government appointments worth more than
Rs. 6 per mensem, is considered an important auxiliary to educa
tion.
In the publication of Educational Works, the department has
done little, this field being now nearly occupied by private in
dividuals, and by the School Book and Vernacular Literature
Societies ; all aided indirectly by the Department. The statis
tical returns of the Department are hereafter to be drawn up on
au improved form. The sum expended on English Schools and
Colleges in 1855-56 was Rs. 8,23,246 and on Vernacular
Schools Rs. 17,590. In conclusion Mr. Young says of the
officers of the Department : —
"It would not have been easy to find more able and enthu
siastic Inspectors of Schools, than those who have held these ap
pointments during the year, viz. Messrs. Pratt, Chapman,
Woodrow, and Robinson. To work with such men is both an
honor and a pleasure. The Principals of Colleges have discharg
ed their duties with the ability and unostentatious industry for
which, in former years, they have earned the acknowledgments
of Government, and of the Professors and School Teachers, with
but few exceptions, nearly the same may be said. The great
majority of the Local Committee have also rendered willing and
valuable aid to the Department, aid which is the more desiring
of acknowledgment, inasmuch as it entails upon persons whose
time is already well-occupied additional labour without addition
al emolument"
Appendix A. contains Extracts from the Reports of Inspectors
 [ 125 ]
of Schools, Principals of Colleges, and Local Committees of
Public Instruction.
Mr. Woodrow, Inspector of East Bengal, in his Report for the
quarter ending July, 1855, says that whereas the number of
boys at School in Bengal, ought to be 3,80,000 in order to
equal the English proportion of seven per cent, on the whole
population, the actual number is only 2,065. "Education for
the masses has therefore to be commenced in Bengal." Mr.
Woodrow after describing in detail his arrangements for the
Sub-Inspectorships, bears witness to the efficiency of the numer
ous private Schools near Calcutta, and to the general progress
of Education in Baraset. Mr. Woodrow remarks that the
Boarding School at Baraset receives but a fluctuating and limit
ed support, and that the attendance in the Agricultural Class
has fallen off. " The respectable castes of Hindus consider
manual labour disreputable, work in the garden is not popular
among the students, but it might be different if Agricultural
knowledge were made to " pay" in the marks for Junior Scholar
ships." Without such pecuniary reward the success of the
garden is impossible. The Baraset Female School '' is in ex
istence and that is all." The English Zillah Schools throughout
Mr. Woodrow's District are " all steadily increasing in number
and influence.
Mr. Chapman, Inspector in Behar, in his Report for the same
quarter says that from 1835 to 1845, the English School at
Patna with an annual average of 96 boys was the only one in
all Behar. There are now nine Government and three Private and
Missionary Schools with a total of 1,350 boys learning English.
This progress mainly is attributed to the impression which is
abroad that a knowledge of English is necessary to Government
employ, but there are other causes which Mr. Chapman specifies.
The condition of the Schools is satisfactory, though the educa
tion is but elementary. Mr. Chapman attaches great impor
tance to English instruction, but considers it only the accessary
of the more important Mission of Vernacular Education. But
to the spread of Education of this kind there are great obstacles in
Behar, arising chiefly from the bigotry of the Mussulman Moul-
avies and a general fear of proselytism exasperated at the mo
ment by the excitement caused by the attempt to deprive jail
convicts of their lotas. The Sonthal Insurrection also impeded
educational efforts throughout two entire districts. The diffi
culties have been increased by the fact that the School Books are
printed in the Deo Nagri character instead ofthe Kyasthi which is
in general use. Mr. Chapman thinks however that the intro
duction of Deo Nagri should be insisted on, and that this difficulty
'rill gradually vanish. The principal feature of the vernacular
 [ 126 ]
operations has lain in the recognition of the indigenous teachers.
The Sub-Inspectors have visited 498 Hindu and 33 4 Mussul
man Schools. Their reception has not been generally satisfac
tory as the native teachers are jealous, and alarmed. Some
thing has been done in the sale of School Books, and Model
Schools are in course of establishment.
Mr. Hodgson Pratt, Inspector in South Bengal in his Re
port for the same quarter describes in detail the system on
which his Sub-Inspectors have worked, the difficulties which
they have met with, chiefly owing to the jealousy of the pro
prietors and teachers of indigenous Schools and to the ambition
of the parents to give their children a smattering of English
in the hope of qualifying them for public employ ; he states what
has been done towards the preparation of school-books. Mr.
Pratt thinks that " the multiplication of English elementary
Schools is an evil to be avoided."
Mr. Chapman in the second Quarterly Report reports that
a private English School just established at Dinapore should
be adopted by Government. He reports a falling off in the
attendance at the public English Schools generally, and at
tributes it partly to the determination of Government to dis
pense with a knowledge of English as a requirement for can
didates for Government employ, and partly to the establish
ment of the private Schools ; the above mentioned total number
of English scholars in the district has increased to 1440. With
regard to vernacular Schools the jealousy of the teachers and
the religious suspicion of the people are still impediments. The
Local Committees as Committees show little zeal or energy, but
the contrary is true of their members acting individually.
Mr. Rorinson, Inspector in Assam and North Bengal in his
Report for the quarter ending October, 1855, finds the people
rather indifferent to education, but by no means absolutely op
posed to it. Efforts, to be hereafter extended, have been made
for the encouragement of indigenous Schools, fourteen of which
have been visited by the Sub- Inspectors and very favourably re
ported of. The Government Vernacular Schools will it is ex
pected benefit greatly by the Sub-Inspection system. The Eng
lish Schools continue to be well attended, and the Missionary
Schools among the Khassia and Cachar hillmen are efficient
and promising.
Mr. Woodrow, in his second Quarterly Report discusses at
length the state of the indigenous Gooroomohashoy Schools and
the means demanded for their improvement. At these Schools
the boys though taught to read and pronounce fluently do not
understand what they read. The Gooroomohashoys or teachers
themselves are frequently no wiser. But Mr. Woodrow would
 [ 127 ]
still retain these men as reading and writing masters. " The
Gooroomohashoy should still keep his School, collect the fees and
teach what he calls reading, writing, and arithmetic but should
leave to others the duties which he is himself unable to dis
charge." This plan has already been successfully adopted by
the Krishnaghur Missionaries. The Gooroomohashoys should
receive a small fee for each boy attaining a certain proficiency,
and the best boys in each School should receive a trifle to in
duce them to continue their studies. " The Gooroomohashoy
system can be maintained at one-fourth of the cost of the Go
vernment vernacular Schools."
Pu>'dit Eshub Chundee Surma reports on the Normal School
from its commencement to the 30th of November. The School
was opened on July 5th, 1855, to retain teachers for the model
vernacular Schools. It has a Head Master (native) on Rs. 150,
and a 2nd Master on Us. 50. The ages of admission are from
17 to 45 years. The School opened with 71 pupils of whom the
most deserving 60 received stipends. There are monthly ex
aminations at which those who pass are held qualified for teach-
erships in model Schools, and those who, are found lazy are dis
missed. 38 students have already passed. Low caste students
are for the present excluded. The test for admission is a familiar
acquaintance with " Nitibodha, Sacontalah, Bital Panchabinsati,
Introduction to Sanscrit Grammar."
Ma. Pratt's third Quarterly Report simply records general
progress. Mr. Chapman in his third Report speaks of having
previously visited a large portion of the district, he is able to
confirm from a strict observation all that he had formerly assert
ed of the existence of a deep rooted prejudice against the educa
tional measures of Government. The people are persuaded that
their conversion is aimed at. They believe that the Mission
aries are in the pay of the Government and it is almost impossible
to convince them of the contrary.
The consequence is that while a command to send their chil
dren to School " would be obeyed if not with intelligent assent,
at any rate as a decree of fate, our advice is despised and rarely
followed." Mr. Chapman therefore finds it most effectual " to
take for his starting point and to allow his subordinates to do
the same, that it is the order of Government that people should
now educate their children, and that the people ought to be
satisfied that Government would not command that which is
not good for them. Having laid down this principle we then
proceed to prove by every argument at our command, that in
so doing Government has no intention whatever to interfere with
the religion of its subjects." This is the mode of proceeding
which Mr. H. S. Reid has adopted in the North West Provinces.
 [ 128 ]
In spite of the existing prejudices the Sub-Inspectors in Mr.
Chapman's division have made some progress in introducing im
proved school books and modes of tuition, and in promoting the
establishment of new vernacular Schools. One Native Rajah
has shown much zeal in the cause of new Schools but the sale
of improved school-books has seriously fallen off. Especial mea
sures have been adopted for the improvement of the teachers of
the model Schools.
Mr. Woodrow in his third Quarterly Report complains that
the teachers of Zillah Schools show little interest in their duty,
do not keep up their own reading, and show great ignorance of
passing events. " Their idea of Europe is generally derived
from Addison and Goldsmith." To remedy this defect the
Illustrated London News has been ordered out. Several Verna
cular Libraries have been established by private exertion, but
the sale of school-books has been slow. The Sub-Inspectors
have been employed with some success in promoting the esta
blishment of Schools.
Mr. Rorinson in his Report for the quarter ending January,
1856, (which submits several applications for Grants in Aid) re
ports that village Schools in Assam are on the increase, and that
the English Schools are making progress. He reports at
some length on the Missionary Schools at Sylhet and Cherra
Poonjee.
Pundit Eshtjr Chdnder Surma in his Report for the same
quarter announces that there are 2,738 pupils in the 20 model
Schools authorized for the districts of Nuddea, Burdwan, Hooghly
and Midnapore. Their efficiency is creditable, that of the School
at Mohespore in Nuddea especially so. The boys in all the Schools
display great zeal, and those at Jowgong objected to a holiday
when it was offered them. The people take the greatest interest
in the Schools and the village elders visit them frequently. One
old gentleman at Gopalnuggur in Midnapore actually shed tears
of joy on hearing a boy read. The Normal School has made
good progress.
Mr. Pratt in his Report for the quarter ending April, 1856,
during which he visited the Berhampore and Kishnaghur Colleges,
and the most important English and Anglo Vernacular Schools,
finds that the boys generally resort to " superhuman efforts at
cramming at the end of the term" to make up for the want of
continuous exertion. He would also recommend measures by
which success at the examinations should be made to depend
upon the exeroise of the thinking and reasoning faculties, as well
upon that of mere memory. This object is attained at the Jonye
Training School but nowhere else. The pupils of all the Schools
are seldom able to talk good or intelligible English. Gymnastic
 C 129 ]
exercises and games are recommended. In some of the Schools
the progress of the classes was impeded by big boys who had
entered too late and studied too long. There are 51 Vernacular
and 19 Anglo-Vernacular Schools receiving Grants in Aid, and
much interest is shewn in the extension of aided Schools. Three
measures from which important results are expected have been
sanctioned by the Government, namely the establishment of
a superior Normal School, the assignment of Scholarships
to Vernacular Schools, and the establishment of a popular Ver
nacular newspaper. Inefficient Vernacular teachers have been
replaced. The Sub-Inspectors have given general satisfaction.
Attempts are on foot to establish Public Libraries at Soory and
Bancoorah.
Ma. Woodrow, in his Report for the same quarter after pre
mising that his district embracing an area of 33,607 square miles
with a population of 76,53,178, is larger and more populous
than Ireland, and that it is rendered ten times more vast by
the difficulties of transit, especially during and immediately after
the rains, says he has been compelled to confine his attention dur
ing the quarter chiefly to the 24-Pergunnahs and Baraset. He
considers the establishment of Bengalee Schools to be his great
business, although where Mussulmans reside in great numbers
Bengalee is in disrepute. " A Mussulman gentleman performs
his religious services in Arabic, writes in Persian, converses with
his equals in Urdu, and speaks to servants and women in Ben
galee." He speaks favourably of the Government Anglo-Ver
nacular Schools, and unfavourably of those supported by private
persons. He complains that games and physical training are not
attended to. Head Masters are above encouraging them, and
the system of Education stamps a sedentary impress on the cha
racter of the boys. Mr. Woodrow conducted the Teachership ex
amination at the Presidency College. The result was not satisfac
tory. The instruction in " common things" is neglected. At
the late Senior Scholarship examination for all the Colleges of
Bengal there was not a student who could tell why the Punkah
produced the sensation of cold. In short the system of education
represses the love of enquiry, and dulls the observant faculties.
Mr. Woodrow urges the importance of improved training Schools
on the " Pupil Teacher" system. He also points out abuses to
which the Grant in Aid system is liable.
" A son of a family, of a respectable caste, is fairly educated in
a Government or Missionary School. He cannot readily get a
situation, and as the expression is 'he sits at home without
work' and is supported by his friends. Not feeling comfort
able in this dependent state, he prevails on his friends to make
aa application for a Grant-in-Aid for an Anglo-Vernacular
 [ 130 ]
School. They agree to subscribe Rupees 25, Government gives
an equal amount—and the fees are about Rupees 15. Thus an
income of Rupees 65 is raised. He gets himself appointed as
Head-master on Rupees 40 ; and some other dependent of the
family as Second-master on Rupees 20, and leaves the rest for
contingencies. The family give Rupees 25, but receive back
Rupees 60. If these small Schools are carefully watched and
none but qualified Teachers are admitted, this private advantage
will tend to public good, and Schools will be established where
otherwise there would be none. If however the Teacher thus
appointed be inefficient, then he must be dismissed or the grant
stopped."
The aided Schools are all flourishing. Female education has
made some progress.
Mr. Robinson's Report for the quarter ending April, 1856, goes
into minute details regarding English and mixed and Vernacu
lar Schools both Government and private, but gives no new facts
of moment.
The remainder of Appendix A. consists of the separate Reports
by the Principals of Colleges and Schools on their respective
charges. They contain nothing calling for permanent record.
Appendix B. gives a selection of the more important Circulars,
&c. Issued during the year. Appendix C. contains reports and
papers connected with the Scholarship and Honor examinations
and is incapable of abridgment. Appendix D. among other miscel
laneous Tabular Statements, gives a detailed Return of students
in the Government Colleges and English Schools on the 30th
April, 1856, and detailed statements of the Receipts and charg
es of the Department.

2G JY 6?
 INDEX

TO THE

ANNALS OP

INDIAN ADMINISTRATION.

2(5 JY RJ
Bengal Coal and Iron, Mr. David
Smith on, 20.
Salt-Tax, Mr. Plowden on,
Act XI. of 1852. Abstracted, 8. 40.
Adjudication of Titles, 9. • monopoly introduced
Adoptions in the Decean, 59. by Warren Hastings, 40.
Agencies, Salt in Bengal, 42. Regulations enume
Alienations, Capt. Cowper on, 19. rated, 41.
—, total amount of, 5. Blaue, Mr. on Enam Titles, 2. 3.
Anderson, the Rev. Mr. on Poona Boileau, Capt. on P. W. in his Di
College, 50. vision, 65.
Anterkary, port of, its merits, 65. Bombay, crime in, 106.
Arcot, District Roads in, 53. Government, its plan for
Arracan Mountains, 25. 26. Enams, 7.
' , Salt Administration in, manufacture of Salt des
41. cribed, 33.
B duties on Salt in, 33.
amount of Salt manufac
Baker, Col. on Canals, 76. tured in, 34.
Barrah, Settlement of, 114. exports of Salt from, 34.
Barrool Iron Field described, 20. ——— Consumption of Salt in
1 probable ex Presidency, 35.
tent of, 21. — administration of Salt
Beatty, Mr. on Canals in Hydra- Revenue creditable to Govt., 35.
bad Collectorate, 63. Education, Report on
Begar System described, 99. Elphinstone College, 46.
Behera Department of Poona Govt, on Forced Labour
Duftur, 11. in Scinde, 56.
Mary, District Roads in, 53. Govt, its plan for pre
Bellasis, Mr. on Forced Labour in servingSalt,
Duftur,
History
12. of, 40.
Scinde, 56.
11 INDEX.

Briggs, Captain on H. and T. Concealment of Records discover

Roads, 99. ed, 17.
Broach, Alienations in, 4. Cope, Mr. on Punjab Flax, 29.
Budget for Madras P. W. for Coringa Harbour, 70.
1855-56, 69, 77. Coromandel Coast, Production of
Budohee, Tenures in, 115. Salt on, 38.
Court of Directors on Enams, 62.
Cowper, Capt. on Concealment of
Records, 15.
Canal, Samulcottah and Toonee, ——— —^— Nuggurkur Fa
69. mily, 15
Cocanada, 69. Capt. on Poona College,
Canals in Hydrabad Collectorate, 51.
63. • , his discoveries of
Canara, District Roads in, 53. Concealment of Records, 17, 18.
Public Works in, 64. Capt. on Adoptions ia
Chaplin, Mr. on Adoptions in the the Deccan, 60.
Deccan, 59. Lieut, on Forced Labour
Chapman, Mr. R. 1st Quarterly in Scinde, 55.
Report on Education in Ben Crime in Bombay, 106.
gal, 124. Madras, 103, 104, 105.
2nd ,125. Cuddapa, District Roads in, 52.
3rd ,126. Customs' Line in N. W. P., 45.
Chingleput, District Roads in, 53. Cutch, Salt procured from, 33.
Cholera in Bombay, 108.
Coal and Iron of Bengal, Mr. D
David Smith on, 20. Damoodah Valley, Coal of, 20.
at Palamow, 21. Davies, Mr. on Enams, 4.
Barrool. 20. Deccan, Adoptions in, 59.
of the Damooda Field, qua Drainage of Meerut, 112.
lity of. 20. and Water supply cost
Rajarah, 21. of, for Madras, 120.
Taldangah, 22. Means for providing, 120.
Coast Salt in the Madras Presi Plan for providing, 121.
dency, 38. Draper, Professor on Poona Col
Cocanada 70. lege, 51.
Coimbatore, District Roads in, Duftur Poona described, 11.
53. Duties on Salt at Bombay, 33,
Colaba, Alienations in, 5. 36.
Collectorates, Progress of Enam , Modifications of
Enquiry in, 3. in Bengal, 42.
College, Elphiustonc, Reports on, E
46. Education English, Results of, at
• Poona, Education at, 50. Bombay, 46.
Commission, Enam, 1. in Bengal, 122.
Common's Committee of 1836, on Edwards, Capt. Report on Jub-
Bengal Salt, 41. bulpore School of Industry, 22.
Concealment of Records, by Elphinstone College at Bombay,
Hereditary Officers, 15. Reports on, 46.
 INDEX. m
Enam Commission, 1 Act relating Hart, Mr. Report on Enam Com
to, 8. mission,
Mr. on
1, 6.Adoptions in the
— — Its results on
Revenue, 19. Deccan, 59.
extended in Hastings, Warren introduced Salt
1846 to S. M. C. 2. Monopoly
, Lord
into Bengal,
on Rent 40. Free
Commissioner's Duties, 9.
Committee of 1841, 2. Lands, 62.
Enams and Jaghires condemned Hereditary Officers, Concealment
by Sir T. Munro, 61. of Records by, 15.
Opinion of Court of Di Hill, Capt. on Poona College, 51.
rectors on, 62. Hilly Regions of Kurrachee, 57.
— Lord Hastings Hindostan and Thibet Roads, 99.
on, 62. Howard, Mr. on Education at
Erskine, Mr. on Education at Bombay, 49.
Bombay, 46. Hulkabundee Schools, Allahabad,
Examination of Elphinstone Col 112.
lege, 46. Hydrabad, Scinde Canals in, 63.
Eicise on Salt in Bombay, 33.
Expediency of In
troducing into Bengal, 42. Iron and Coal of Bengal, Mr. Da
vid Smith on, 20.
F at Barrool, 20.
Flax in Punjab, Report on, 29. atTaldangah. 21.
Ford, Lieutenant on Forced La Manufacture Indian, Mr.
bour in Scinde, 55. David Smith on prospects of,
Fraser, Mr. G. A. on Education at 21.
Bombay, 49. Himalayan, 102.
Frere, Mr. on Forced Labour in
Scinde, 54.
, Mr. on Hilly Eegions of Jacob, Colonel on Forced Labour
Kurrachee, 57. in Scinde, 54.
• iMr. on Canals in Hydra-
on Hilly Regions
bad Collectorate, 63. of Kurrachee, 57
Jaffier Ali. His Salt Tax in Ben
G gal, 40.
Ganjam, District Roads in, 52. Jaghires and Enams condemned
Godavery Anient, Cost of, 70. by Sir T. Munro, 61.
Goidsmid, Mr. discovers Frauds in Lord Hastings on, 62.
Management of Poona Dufter, Jubbnlpore School of Industry, 22.
14. Statistics of,
Govt. Bombay, its plan for Enams 24.
7. K
Guntoor, District Roads in, 52.
Khandeish, Alienations in, 5.
H Kistnah, Anicut Bridge, Cost of,
70.
Haines, Dr., on Elphinstone Col Kurnool, District Roads in, 53.
lege at Bombay, 48. Kurrachee, Hilly Regions of, 57.
 IV INDEX.

Labour, Forced in Seinde, 54. Officers, Hereditary Concealment

Leith, Dr. Mortality in Bombav, of Records by, 15.
100—111.
Linseed, Punjab, price, profit, &c, P
30. Palamow Coal, 21.
Experiments on, 31. Pegu, Survey of Central Districts,
Lumsden, Mr. on Education at •24.
Bombay, 50. Central Nullahs described,
M 24.
Northern Survey of, 26.
Madras, Salt Duties in, 37. Woods, 29.
System of Salt Manufac Mountains in, 25.
ture in, 37. Towns in, 25.
Exportation of Salt from Peishwa's Govt. Record of, 11.
Bengal, 38. Plowden, Mr. Report on Salt Mo.
Salt Manufacture, Sum nopoly,Mr.
32. Accounts for delays
mary of Results, 39.
District Roads in, 52. in production of Salt Report,
Public Works in, 63. 45.
Budget, 69 to 7<0. Poona Duftur described, 11.
Crime. 103, 104, 105. College, Education at, 50.
Madura, District Roads in, 53. Pope, Major on Elphinstone Col
Its condition as to Pub lege at Bombay, 47.
lic Works, 65. Pratt, Mr. Hodgson his 1st Quar
Malabar, District Roads in, 53. terly Report on Education in
Malcolm, Sir J. on Adoptions in Bengal, 125.
the Deccan, 60. 3rd, 126.
Manufacture of Salt in Madras, 37. 4th, 128.
, , in Bombay, 33. Preedy, Major on Hilly Regions of
Masulipatam, District Roads in, Kurrachee, 67.
52. Prinsep, Mr. His Experiments in
Monopoly, Salt introduced into Salt Manufacture at Narain
Bengal, by Warren Hastings, pore, 42.
40. Public Works in Madras, 63.
Mountains, the Arracan, 25. in Canara and Tan-
Munro, Sir Thomas on Enara A- jore, 64.
buses, 1. Tanjorc, 65.
Sir Thomas on Jaghires ■ Madura, 65.
andEnams, 61. , — 2nd Madras Divi-
N sion, 65.
Narainpore. Mr. Prinsep's unsuc • 3rd Division, 66.
cessful Salt Manufacture at, 42. • 4th Division, 67.
Ncllore, District Roads in, 52. 8th Division, 68.
Nimar, Roads in, 113. ■ 9th Division, 68.
Noomreeas of the Hilly Regions •of Meerut, 111.
of Kurrachee, 58. in Punjab, 115.
North-West Provinces, Salt in, 44. how to be written,
Nuzzool Fund described, 112. 115.
 INDEX.
Public Works, extent of, in '54-55, Salt Manufacture of, in Bombay,
116. 33.
Punjab Flax, 29. described in Cutch, 33.
Salt, 44. Modification of Duties on, in
——— Range, 45. Bengal, 42.
Monopoly introduced into
B Bengal, by Warren Hastings,
40.
Railway from Negapatam and Mr. Plowden's Reasons for
Trichinopoly, 65. delay of Report, 45.
— from Parvattipore to Mr. Prinsep's unsuccessful
Bimlipatam, 68. attempt at manufacture at Na-
Rajahmundrv, District Roads in, rainpore and Goordah, 42.
52. Range in Punjab, 45.
Rajarah Coal Field, 21. — Regulations in Bengal enu
Rajpootana Salt, 44. merated, 41.
Raneegunge, its Coal. 20. — Report, Mr. Plowden's, 32.
Records, Concealment of, by Here — System of Manufacture in
ditary Officers, 15. Madras, 37.
Discovery of 1,000 Bun results of, 39.
dles of, 17. Tax at Bombay, is it oppres
Regulations on Bengal Salt. 41. sive ? 36.
Reid, Mr. on Hulkabundee Sambhur Salt, 44.
Schools, 112. School of Industry at Jubbulpore,
Revenue Salt, Mr. Plowden on, 32. 22.
Riversin Central District of Pegu, Schools, Hulkabundee in Allaha
24. bad, 112.
Northern 26. Scinde, Forced Labour in, 54.
Capt. on Elphinstone Col Hilly Regions near Kur-
lege at Bombay, 48. rachee, 57.
Roads, Hiudostan and Thibet, Re Salt Duties in, 36.
port on, 99. Sedasheghur, Harbour, Descrip
■ ■ described, 100. tion of, 66.
, cost of, 101. Settlement af Barrab, 114.
, District at Madras, 52. Shaw, Mr. on Enams, 5.
in Nimar, 113. Mr. his Plan for Commis
Rohilcund, Survey Operations in, sion, 6.
77. Sleeman, Col. establishes School
S of Industry, 22.
Smith, Mr. David on Coal and
Salem, District Roads in, 53. Iron of Bengal, 20.
Salt Amount manufactured in Statistics of Alienations, 6.
Bombay, 34. of Jubbulpore School, 24.
— Bengal History of Tax on, 40. of Madras Crime,
— Duty in Bombay, 32. 103, 104, 105.
— Duties at Madras, 37. Punjab P. W., 116, 117.
— from Punjab, 44. of Works sanctioned in
— in Arracan, 44, Madras,new74,works,
75. -
— inN. W. P., 44. -77.
VI INDEX.
Stewart, Major on Forced Labour Treaties, Kolhapore, 89.
in Scinde, 55. Kotah, 89.
Superintendents of Pooua Duftur, Kutch, 90.
their proceedings, 13. Lahore, 90.
Surinjam Records, Concealment 1 Loonwara, 90.
of, 15. , Mahee and Rewa Kanta
Survey of Central Districts of 90.
Pegu, 24. Muscat, 94.
of Northern „ of „ 26. Nepal, 95.
Operations in Rohilcund Nizam, 95.
ordered, 77. ■ — Persia, 96.
in 1848, 77. Phalunpoor. 96.
prosecuted in 1 8-19, 78. — Rampore, 96.
1849-50, 79. Sattara,96-
1S50-51, 80. Sawuut Waree, 96.
1851-52, 81. Sind, 96.
1852-53, 82. Sindia, 98.
1853-54, 83. Sonth, 90.
Sucheo Punt, 96.
Wankaneer, 90.
Trees of N. dist. of Pegu, 29.
Taldangah Coal Field, 21.
Trichinopoly, District Roads in,
Tanjore and Negapatam Road,
53.
Traffic on, 65. Turner, Lt. Col. on Canals in Hy-
District Roads in, 53. drabad Collectorate, 63.
Public Works in, 64.
Taylor, Mr. on Enams, 3.
Tenures in Budohee, 115.
Thug's Education of at Jubbul- Valleys of N. District of Pegu, 27.
pore School, 22. Vizagapatam, District Roads in,
Tinnevelly, District Roads in, 53. 52.
Titles, Rules for adjudicating un
der Enam Commission, 9. W
Town, Central Dist. of Pegu, 25. Warden, Mr. his Opinion on
Townsend, Mr. on Enams, 3. Poona Dufter, 15.
Transit Dues on Salt abolished in Williams, Mr. his history, 28.
Madras, 37. Woods of Pegu, 29.
Treaties, Indian made since 1834, Woodrow, Mr. on Grants in Aid,
84. 135.
■ Arabs, 84.
— 1st Quarterly Rept. for
Bahawulpore, 85. 1855-56, 124.
13hownuggur, 88.
2nd , 126.
. Cachar, 87. ■ 3rd , 127.
G'uickwar, 87. 4th , 128.
. Hill States. 87.
Jhullawur, 87.
Johanna, 87. V. . , : ; o
Joonagur, 88. Young, Mr. on Education in Ben
Kattywar. 88. gal, 122.
Khclat, 89. On his Officers, 124.
 March. 1«57. Paht II1 [PnrcK i E,-. a Qpartbr.

x
x X
x TUt X
X
X
X
ANNALS X
X
X
x OK X
X
X
X
x INDIAN ADMINISTRATION.
x EDITED BV
i---.
:•;
-x X
x MEREDITH TOWNSEXD X
x X
x X
x
x
x CONTENTS OF PART II.
-x X
X
X Poor- X
X Imperial. P<tK >'. W\ P. Records. X
x Transactions of the Government of Payment of Village Police, 181 X
x India., ... 242 Jails of the N. W. Provinces, mr, X
Y.
X Universities in India, ... 196 Revenue Report of the N. W. P., 190
:< The Port Office, ... 291 The N. W. Provinces in 1850-56, S78 X
X The Electric Telegraph, ... ... 295 Bengal Records. X
X X
X Annual Report of Bengal for X
V
Indian Records. 1855-56, 265
Jails of Bengal, 163 X
X
Madrah Records. X
Third Punjab Report, 138 X
Report on the Madras Presidency
X Communication between Calcutta •.'17 X
*,' and Dacca, ... ... ... 150
for 1855-56, X
x Annual Heport on Cochin, 255 X
The Dacca and Arraran Road, ... 158
x Creek Navigation from Akyab to
Travancore, 256 X
x Toungoop, ... ... ... 1 60 Bombay Records. X
X X
x Toungoop Mountain Road, ... 161 The Ford Wall, 1 68 X
The Geography of Pegu, 167 Wet and Dry Docks, . . 177 X
The Pegu Survey Department, ... 171 History of Sind, 1 »3
Report on the Tounghoo District of Report on the Collectorate of
the Survey, ,•, •,•
Journal of a Tour from Tounghoo
to the .Sal ween, ... ...
...

..
171

172
Ahmedabad,
A short account of the Choota tribe,
Report on the Provinces of Katty-
223
229
i
X
x Major Jacob vertui Punjab Admi war, 230 and 295 >;
x
* f
nistration, ... ... ... 174 Annual Report on Bombay for X
Flax in the Punjab 176 1855-56, ... 259 X
The Mineral Deposits of Kumnon, 182 Report on the Hydrabad Assigned X
The Administration of Pegu in 287
X
Districts in 1855-56, X
4855-56 ' ... 282 Infanticide in Kattvwar, 303 X
X The Strait* Settlements, 289 I Index, X
X
1 X
X
1 SERAMPORE.
X

1857.
X
X
 THE

ANNALS

INDIAN ADMINISTRATION.
EDITED BY

MEREDITH TOWNS END.

CONTENTS OP PAET II.

Pagt. Page.
IMPERIAL N. W. P. Records.
Transactions of the Government of Payment of Village Police, ... 131
India, 242 Jails of the N. W. Provinces, ... 165
Universities in India, 196 Revenue Report of the N.W. P.,... 190
The Post Office, 291 The N. W. Provinces, in 1855-56, 273
The Electric Telegraph, 295 Bengal Records.
Annual Report of Bengal for
Indian Records. 1855-56, 265
Jails of Bengal, 1G3
Madras Records.
Third Punjab Report, 133 Report on the Madras Presidency
Communication between Calcutta for 1855-56, ... , 247
and Dacca, 150 Annual Report on Cochin, ... 255
The Dacca and Arracan Road, ... 158 Travancore, ... ... ... 256
Creek Navigation from Akyab to Bomrav Records.
Toungoop, 160 The Ford Wah, 166
Tuungoop Mountain Road, ... 161 Wet and Dry Docks, 177
The Geography of Pegu, 167 History of Sind, 193
The Pegu Survey Department, ... 171 Report on the Collectorate of
Report on the Tounghoo District of Ahmedabad, 223
the Survey, 171 A short account of the Choota
Journal of a Tour from Tounghoo Tribe, 229
to the Salween, ... 172 Report on the Provinces of Katty-
Major Jacob verms Punjab Admi war, 230 and 295
nistration, ... ... ... 174 Annual Report on Bombay for
Flax in the Punjab, 176 1855-56, 259
The Mineral Deposits of Eumaon, 182 Report on the Hydrabad Assigned
The Administration of Pegu in ' districts in 1855-56, 287
1855-56, 282 Infanticide in Kattywar, 303
The Straits Settlements, 289 Index, i

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PRINTED BY J. C. MURRAY.
1857.
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INDIAN ADMINISTRATION.

PAYMENT OF VILLAGE POLICE.

JV. W. P. Records, Part XXVIII.
On the 23rd February, 1855, Mr. C. P. Carmichael, Assistant
Secretary, North-Western Provinces, submits aNote ou the remu
neration of the Rural Police. The first correspondence on record
is a letter from the Board of Revenue of the 9th April, 1839. In
it the Board direct the Settlement Officers to allow to each village
policeman 5 beeghas in jaghire. Subsequently, at a conference
presided over by Lord Auckland, an opinion was expressed in
favour of a fixed money payment. It was held that a salary
made the policeman more independent, while the jaghire compell
ed him to work, and devote his time to cultivation instead of his
proper duties. In time of drought the land might yield nothing,
and the policeman would be driven to illegitimate sources of
gain. It happened thus in 1837-38. Lord Auckland therefore
resolved that one rupee per mensem should be the remuneration
of a Gorait, but a Chowkeedar should have enough to give him
three seers of wheat a day. Where land had been assigned no
machinery was required to fix the Police dues. Where money
was to be paid the amount should be included by the Collector
in the jumma, and paid by the Magistrate half-yearly. This
resolution was carried out.
Subsequently the Board re-opene