The Quark Model

•  Isospin Symmetry
•  Quark model and eightfold way
•  Baryon decuplet
•  Baryon octet
•  Quark spin and color
•  Baryon magnetic moments
•  Pseudoscalar mesons
•  Vector mesons
•  Other tests of the quark model
•  Mass relations and hyperfine splitting
•  EM mass differences and isospin symmetry
•  Heavy quark mesons
•  The top quarks
•  EXTRA – Group Theory of Multiplets
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 1
 Isospin Symmetry
•  The nuclear force of the neutron is nearly the
same as the nuclear force of the proton
•  1932 - Heisenberg - think of the proton and the
neutron as two charge states of the nucleon
•  In analogy to spin, the nucleon has isospin 1/2
  I3 = 1/2 proton
  I3 = -1/2 neutron

  Q = (I3 + 1/2) e

•  Isospin turns out to be a conserved quantity of

the strong interaction
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 2
 Isospin Symmetry
•  The notion that the neutron and the proton might
be two different states of the same particle (the
nucleon) came from the near equality of the n-p,
n-n, and p-p nuclear forces (once Coulomb
effects were subtracted)

•  Within the quark model, we can think of this

symmetry as being a symmetry between the u and
d quarks:
  p=duu I3 (u) = ½
  n=ddu I3 (d) = -½

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 3

 Isospin Symmetry
•  Example from the meson sector:
–  the pion (an isospin triplet, I=1)

  π+ = ud (I3 = +1)
  π- = du (I3 = -1)
  π0 = (dd - uu)/√2 (I3 = 0)

  The masses of the pions are similar,

  M (π±) = 140 MeV M (π0) = 135 MeV,
  reflecting the similar masses of the u and d
quark
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 4
 Isospin in Two-nucleon System
•  Consider the possible two nucleon systems
–  pp I3 = 1 ⇒ I = 1
–  pn I3 = 0 ⇒ I = 0 or 1
–  nn I3 = -1 ⇒ I = 1

•  This is completely analogous to the combination of

two spin 1/2 states
–  p is I3 = 1/2
–  n is I3 = -1/2

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 5

 Isospin in Two-nucleon System
•  Combining these doublets yields a triplet plus a
singlet
  2⊗2=3⊕1
•  Total wavefunction for the two-nucleon state:
  ψ(total) = φ(space) α(spin) χ(isospin)
•  Deuteron = pn
  spin = 1 ⇒ α is symmetric
  L=0 ⇒ φ is symmetric [(-1)L]
  Therefore, Fermi statistics required χ be antisymmetric
  I = 0, singlet state without related pp or nn states

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 6

 Isospin in Two-nucleon System
•  Consider an application of isospin conservation
–  (i) p + p → d + π+ (isospin of the final state is 1)
–  (ii) p + n → d + π0 (isospin of the final state is 1)

–  initial state:
•  (i) I = 1
•  (ii) I = 0 or 1 (CG coeff say 50%, 50%)

–  Therefore σ(ii)/ σ(i) = 1/2

–  which is experimentally confirmed

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 7

 Isospin in Pion-nucleon System
•  Consider pion-nucleon scattering:
–  three reactions are of interest for the contributions of
the I=1/2 and I=3/2 amplitudes
  (a) π+ p → π+ p (elastic scattering)
  (b) π- p → π- p (elastic scattering)
  (c) π- p → π0 n (charge exchange)

–  σ ∝ | 〈ψf|H|ψi 〉 |2 = Mif2

  M1 = 〈ψf (1/2) |H1|ψi (1/2)〉

  M3 = 〈ψf (3/2) |H3|ψi (3/2)〉

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 8

Clebsch-Gordon Coefficients

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 9

Isospin in Pion-nucleon System
–  (a) π+ p → π+ p (elastic scattering)
  (b) π- p → π- p (elastic scattering)
  (c) π- p → π0 n (charge exchange)

–  (a) is purely I=3/2

•  σa = K |M3|2
–  (b) is a mixture of I = 1/2 and 3/2
  |ψi〉 = |ψf〉 = √ 1/3 |χ(3/2,-1/2)〉 - √ 2/3 |χ(1/2,-1/2)〉
  σb = K |〈ψf|H1+H3|ψi 〉|2
  = K |(1/3)M3 + (2/3)M1|2

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 10

 Isospin in Pion-nucleon System
–  (a) π+ p → π+ p (elastic scattering)
  (b) π- p → π- p (elastic scattering)
  (c) π- p → π0 n (charge exchange)

–  (c) is a mixture of I = 1/2 and 3/2

  |ψi〉 = √ 1/3 |χ(3/2,-1/2)〉 - √ 2/3 |χ(1/2,-1/2)〉
  |ψf〉 = √ 2/3 |χ(3/2,-1/2)〉 + √ 1/3 |χ(1/2,-1/2)〉
  σc = K |〈ψf|H1+H3|ψi 〉|2
  = K | √(2/9)M3 - √(2/9)M1|2

  Therefore:
σa: σb: σc = |M3|2 :(1/9)|M3 + 2M1|2 :(2/9)|M3 - M1|2

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 11

 Isospin in Pion-nucleon System
σa: σb: σc = |M3|2 :(1/9)|M3 + 2M1|2 :(2/9)|M3 - M1|2

Limiting situations:
M3 >> M1
σa: σb: σc = 9 : 1 : 2
M1 >> M3
σa: σb: σc = 0 : 2 : 1

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 12

Isospin in Pion-nucleon System

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 13

Isospin, Strangeness and Hypercharge
•  Q = [I3 + (B+S)/2] e = (I3 + Y/2)e
–  B = baryon number
–  S = strangeness

–  Y = B+S = hypercharge

•  Example, u and d quark

  u) I3 = 1/2, B = 1/3, S = 0, Q = [ 1/2 + 1/6]e = 2/3 e
  d) I3 = -1/2, B = 1/3, S = 0, Q = [-1/2 + 1/6]e = -1/3 e
  Beyond strangeness
∼
  Y=B+S+C+B+T
  = baryon # + strangeness + charm + bottom + top
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 14
 Δ+ Decays

From M. John, http://www-pnp.physics.ox.ac.uk/~mjohn/Lecture3.pdf

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 15

 Quark Model
•  Patterns of observed particles led to proposal in
early 1960’s that hadrons were composed of quarks
–  u, d, and s (at that time)

•  Were quarks real?

–  exhaustive searches for free quarks were unsuccessful

•  With the discovery of “confined” quarks in the

1970’s it was realized that quarks truly exist, but
cannot be freed

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 16

 Eightfold Way - 1961
Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne’eman

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 17

 Internal Structure - 1964
•  SU(3)
•  Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 18

 Baryon Decuplet
•  Lightest spin 3/2 baryons

strangeness
isospin (3rd comp.)

Before the Ω- was discovered, it (and its properties) were

predicted by this pattern
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 19
 Discovery of the Ω-

Three, sequential decays

of the strange quark

Ω- = sss
Ξ0 = ssu
Λ = sud
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 20
 Baryon Decuplet
•  Notice the masses
M(Δ) = 1232
M(Σ) = 1384
= M(Δ) + 152
M(Ξ) = 1533
= M(Σ) + 149
M(Ω) = 1672
= M(Ξ) + 139

We see an orderly increase of mass with

number of strange quarks
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 21
 Baryon Octet

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 22

 Mass Splittings

From L. Spogli, http://webusers.fis.uniroma3.it/~spogli/Isospin.pdf

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 23

 Quark Spin and Color
•  Consider the Δ++
–  spin 3/2 (uuu)
–  therefore u↑u↑u↑
•  now, this appears to violate the Pauli principle
–  two or more identical fermions cannot exist in the same
quantum state
•  resolution, another quantum number (color) and each
of the u quarks have a different value:
u↑(red)u↑(green)u↑(blue)
and we have to aniti-symmetrize the color
u↑u↑u↑ (rgb-rbg+brg-bgr+gbr-grb)

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 24

 π0 Lifetime and Color
•  We also know from the rate of decay of the π0
that there are three colors

Γ(π0→γγ) = 7.73 eV (Nc/3)2

Γ(observed) = 7.76 ± 0.6 eV
Nc = 2.99 ± 0.12

•  Also the rate of e+e-→ hadrons tells us Nc = 3

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 25
 π0 Lifetime and color
•  Theory: Γ(π0 → γγ) = 7.73 eV (Nc/3)2

τ = h/Γ = 197 MeV-fm/(3 x 1023 fm/s Γ)

  = 6.6 x 10-16 s / Γ(eV)
  = 8.5 x 10-17 s (3/Nc)2

  d = γ β c τ = 2.6 x 10-2 µm (p/m) (3/Nc)2

  Suppose p = 5 GeV, then d ≈ 1 µm (3/Nc)2

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 26

 
 π0 Lifetime Experiment

p + A → π0 + X
γγ

γ
Proton beam π0
γ
d

d ~ 1 µm for p = 5 GeV and Nc=3

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 27
 π0 Lifetime Experiment
Technique – use thin foils for target,
convert photons into e+e- pairs,
and count as function of target thickness (t)

x γ
Proton beam π0 e-
γ
y

e+

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 28

 π0 Lifetime Experiment
1.  Production rate of π0 is K dx
2.  Then, π0s decay with decay length λ
3.  Pairs are produced immediately as Dalitz
pairs in fraction B of decays, or appear in
conversion with prob dy/X0
4.  Prob. that either photon converts in the
foil is then (t-y-x)/X
Pair Production Rate
R(t) = Kt{ B
+ 1/X0[t/2-λ+λ2/t(1-e-t/λ)] }
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 29
 π0 Lifetime Experiment
R(t) = Kt{ B + 1/X0[t/2-λ+λ2/t(1-e-t/λ)] }

Thin foil ⇒ t ≪ λ

and λ/x ~ 1 µm/1 cm < B ~ 10-2

R(t) ≈ Kt (B + t2/6λX0)

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 30

 π0 Lifetime Experiment
R(t) ≈ Kt (B + t2/6λX0)

t = 3, 4, 18, 58 µm
(platinum)
p = 5 GeV/c

G. Von Dardel et al.,

Phy. Lett. 4, 51 (1963)

Also Atherton et al.,

Phy. Lett. 158B, 81 (1985)

Part. Data Group τ = 8.52 ± 0.18 x 10-17 sec ⇒ NC = 3

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 31
 Baryon Octet

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 32

 Baryon Octet
•  Multiplet including the neutron and proton
–  lightest spin 1/2 baryons
–  wavefunction symmetric under simultaneous
interchange of flavor and spin

–  total wave-function must be anti-symmetric

•  (flavor)(spin)(color)(space)
•  color is anti-symmetric for all hadrons because they
are color-neutral, singlet states
•  space is symmetric because L=0
•  ∴ (flavor)(spin) is symmetric

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 33

 Baryon Octet
•  Consider the proton (uud)
–  two quarks in the spin singlet state
•  (↑↓-↓↑)/ √ 2 (anti-symmetric)

–  these quarks must also be in an anti-symmetric

flavor state for an overall symmetric flavor-
spin wavefunction
•  (ud-du)/ √ 2 (anti-symmetric)

–  Third Quark is spin up

(u↑d↓ - u↓d↑ - d↑u↓ + d↓u↑) u↑

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 34

 Baryon Octet
•  Now symmetrize by making cyclic
permutation
(2u↑u↑d↓ + 2d↓u↑u↑ + 2u↑d↓u↑
- u↓d↑u↑ - u↑u↓d↑ - u↓u↑d↑
- d↑u↓u↑ - u↑d↑u↓ - d↑u↑u↓) / √ 18

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 35

 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
•  Magnetic moments of the nucleons
–  proton 2.793 nuclear magnetons
–  neutron - 1.913 nuclear magnetons
–  [ nuclear magneton = eh/(2Mc)]

•  Recall the proton wave function:

(2u↑u↑d↓ + 2d↓u↑u↑ + 2u↑d↓u↑
- u↓d↑u↑ - u↑u↓d↑ - u↓u↑d↑
- d↑u↓u↑ - u↑d↑u↓ - d↑u↑u↓) / √ 18

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 36

 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
proton:(2u↑u↑d↓ + 2d↓u↑u↑ + 2u↑d↓u↑
- u↓d↑u↑ - u↑u↓d↑ - u↓u↑d↑
- d↑u↓u↑ - u↑d↑u↓ - d↑u↑u↓) / √ 18

µp = 12/18 (2µu-µd) + 6/18 (µd)

= 4/3 µu - 1/3 µd
µn = 4/3 µd - 1/3 µu

µu = - 2 µd

µp = 4/3 µu - 1/3(-1/2 µu) = 3/2 µu

µn = 4/3(-1/2 µu) - 1/3 µu = - µu = -2/3 µp
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 37
 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
proton:(2u↑u↑d↓ + 2d↓u↑u↑ + 2u↑d↓u↑
- u↓d↑u↑ - u↑u↓d↑ - u↓u↑d↑
- d↑u↓u↑ - u↑d↑u↓ - d↑u↑u↓) / √ 18

µp = 4/3 µu – 1/3 µd = 3/2 µu

µn = 4/3 µd - 1/3 µu = - µu = -2/3 µp

Consider other octet baryons –

Easiest are those with two identical quarks:
Σ− (dds), Σ+ (uus), Ξ−(dss), Ξ0 (uss)

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 38

 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
consider Σ+ (uus) - replace d in proton with s
proton: (2u↑u↑d↓ + 2d↓u↑u↑ + 2u↑d↓u↑
- u↓d↑u↑ - u↑u↓d↑ - u↓u↑d↑
- d↑u↓u↑ - u↑d↑u↓ - d↑u↑u↓) / √ 18
Σ+ : (2u↑u↑s↓ + 2s↓u↑u↑ + 2u↑s↓u↑
- u↓s↑u↑ - u↑u↓s↑ - u↓u↑s↑
- s↑u↓u↑ - u↑s↑u↓ - s↑u↑u↓) / √ 18

µp = 4/3 µu – 1/3 µd = 3/2 µu

µ(Σ+) = 4/3 µu – 1/3 µs

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 39

 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
With similar arguments, we find for the other
baryons with two identical quarks:

µ(Σ-) = 4/3 µd – 1/3 µs

µ(Ξ0) = 4/3 µs – 1/3 µu

µ(Ξ-) = 4/3 µs – 1/3 µd

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 40

 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
consider Σ0 (uds)
get Σ0 from I-(Σ+) [I-(u) = d/√2 , I-(d) = 0 ]
Ι-(Σ+) = I-(2u↑u↑s↓ + 2s↓u↑u↑ + 2u↑s↓u↑
- u↓s↑u↑ - u↑u↓s↑ - u↓u↑s↑
- s↑u↓u↑ - u↑s↑u↓ - s↑u↑u↓) / √ 18
  = (2d↑u↑s↓ + 2u↑d↑s↓ + 2s↓d↑u↑ + 2s↓u↑d↑
  + 2d↑s↓u↑ + 2u↑s↓d↑ - d↓s↑u↑ - u↓s↑d↑
  - d↑u↓s↑ - u↑d↓s↑ - d↓u↑s↑ -u↓d↑s↑
- s↑d↓u↑ - s↑u↓d↑ - d↑s↑u↓ - u↑s↑d↓
- s↑d↑u↓ - s↑u↑d↓) / √ 36
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 41
 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
Σ0 = (2d↑u↑s↓ + 2u↑d↑s↓ + 2s↓d↑u↑ + 2s↓u↑d↑
  + 2d↑s↓u↑ + 2u↑s↓d↑ - d↓s↑u↑ - u↓s↑d↑
  - d↑u↓s↑ - u↑d↓s↑ - d↓u↑s↑ -u↓d↑s↑
- s↑d↓u↑ - s↑u↓d↑ - d↑s↑u↓ - u↑s↑d↓
- s↑d↑u↓ - s↑u↑d↓) / √ 36

µ(Σ0) = [6 x 4 (µu + µd – µs) + 12 x µs]/36

= [2 µu + 2 µd – µs]/3

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 42

Magnetic Moments of Baryons

mn (= mu = md) = 336 MeV ms = 509 MeV

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 43
 Magnetic
Moments
of
Baryons
Dirac:
•  µ = qS/m
for spin ½ :
•  = q/2m
up: qu =2/3 e mu ≈ 1/3 mN
so µu ≈ 2 µN & µd ≈ -µN
Particle Data Group 2010

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 44

 Light Pseudoscalar Mesons
•  Combine a quark and an antiquark
–  3 ⊗ 3 = 8 ⊕ 1

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 45

 Light Pseudoscalar Mesons
•  Combine a quark and an antiquark
–  3 ⊗ 3 = 8 ⊕ 1

The strangeless mesons

This table ignores the strange quarks

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 46

 Light Pseudoscalar Mesons
•  C operation on quarks
–  (Condon-Shortly convention)

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 47

Light Pseudoscalar Mesons

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 48

Light Pseudoscalar Mesons

Gell-Mann Okubo Mass Formula

4(MK)2 = Mπ2 + 3 Mη2

0.988 GeV2 = 0.924 GeV2

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 49

The light vector mesons

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 50

The light vector mesons

(excluding π0γ)

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 51

 The light vector mesons
•  “ideal mixing”
φ8 = (uu + dd – 2ss) / √6
φ0 = (uu + dd + ss) / √3

φ = (φ0 - √2 φ8) / √3 = ss
ω = (φ8 + √2 φ0) / √3 = (dd + uu)/ √2

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 52

The light vector mesons

Suppressed like J/ψ, because

of unconnected quark lines
(OZI rule)
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 53
σ(mb) Pion-nucleon cross-sections

σ(πp) = 2/3 σ(pp)

Additive quark model

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 54

Lepton Pair Production on Isoscalar Targets

•  Drell-Yan production

σ(π-C → µ+µ- + . . . ) ~ 18 Qu2 = 18(4/9)

σ(π+C → µ+µ- + . . . ) ~ 18 Qd2 = 18(1/9)
since π- = ud
π+ = du
C = 18u + 18d
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 55
Vector Meson Decay to Leptons

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 56

 Baryon Octet

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 57

 Baryon Octet
•  Notice the masses
M(Ν) = 939
M(Σ) = 1193
= M(Ν) + 254
M(Λ) = 1116
= M(Ν) + 177
M(Ξ) = 1318
= M(Σ) + 125
= M(Λ) + 202

Pattern is more complicated than for decuplet

hyperfine splitting
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 58
 Mass Relations and Hyperfine Splitting

•  ΔE(QQ) = 8παs |ψ(0)|2 σi • σj / 9mimj = 2K σi • σj / mimj

•  ΔE(QQ) = 4παs |ψ(0)|2 σi • σj / 9mimj = K σi • σj / mimj

due to color field – analogous to, but stronger than, EM hyperfine splitting
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 59
Electromagnetic Mass Differences and Isospin Symmetry

M(hadron) = Mbare + ΔMEM

Mbare = constituents plus S.I. (incl. hfs)
Expect the ΔMEM for multiplet to be same for like
charge particles:
ΔM(p) = ΔM(Σ+)
ΔM(Σ-) = ΔM(Ξ-)
ΔM(Ξ0) = ΔM(n)
With bare masses:
M(p) + M(Σ-) + M(Ξ0) = M(Σ+) + M(Ξ-) + M(n)
M(p) - M(n) = M(Σ+) - M(Σ-) + M(Ξ-) - M(Ξ0)
-1.3 MeV = -8,0 MeV + 6.4 MeV = -1.6 MeV
Md –Mu ≈ 2 MeV
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 60
 Color
•  3 different color states Hadrons are combinations
–  χC = r, g, b of quarks with YC = 0 and
•  Color hypercharge I 3C = 0
–  YC so baryons = r g b
& mesons = r anti-r, etc.
•  Color isospin
–  I3C

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 61

 Quarkonium
•  Similar energy levels to positronium
n 2S+1 L J

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 62

 Quarkonium
•  Different potential:
–  positronium -> Coulomb
–  V = - α / r

–  quarkonium -> potential from QCD

–  expected potential of the form
–  V = -(4/3) αs / r + kr

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 63

 Quarkonium
•  αs = 0.2
•  k ≈ 1 GeV fm-1

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 64

 Quarkonium
•  For the heavy quarks, a non-relativistic
approximation is valid:
–  p/m ~ 0.13

•  Fine structure is of order αs, and therefore

coarser than for positronium, as observed

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 65

Charmonium

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 66

Bottomonium

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 67

 Mesons Built of Light and Heavy Quarks

Pseudoscalar
mesons in SU(4)

•  D+ (=cd)
•  D0 (=cu)
•  D+s (=cs)

Particle Data Group

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 68

 Mesons Built of Light and Heavy Quarks

Vector mesons
in SU(4)

•  D*+ (=cd)
•  D*0 (=cu)
•  D*+s (=cs)

Particle Data Group

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 69

 Mesons Built of Light and Heavy Quarks

Charmed pseudoscalar mesons decay via ΔC = ±1 weak

interactions with lifetimes of ~ 10-12 sec largely to
final states containing strange particles

eg. D0 →K−π+

or c → s

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 70

Mesons Built of Light and Heavy Quarks

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 71

 Mesons Built of Light and Heavy Quarks

•  In heavy quark-light quark system, heavy quark has small

effect on energy levels ~ Λ/M ~ 0.2 Gev/M
•  Hyperfine splitting smaller than for light quark mesons -
~1/M

~ 1/M independent of M
(color magnetic int.)

•  Mass difference for pseudoscalar states only weakly

depends on heavy quark mass
–  M(Ds+)-M(D+) = 1968-1870 = 98 MeV
–  M(Bs0) – M(B0) = 5366 – 5280 = 86 MeV
J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 72
 Charmed Baryons
•  SU(4)

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 73

 Top Quark
•  First observed in 1995 at Fermilab
•  M = 175 GeV
•  pp → t t + X (1/1010 collisions)
→ W+b W-b

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 Top quark
production

Also q + g →J. Brau

q+Q+Q Physics 661, The Quark Model 75
 Top Quark Decay

b
t

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 Top Quark Decay
•  Top quark is very short lived, not long
enough for bound states to form
•  Particle Data Group:
Γ= 1.99 (+0.69 -0.55) GeV
τ = h/Γ= 197 MeV-fm/3 x 1023 fm/sec/1990MeV
~ 3 x 10-25 sec
b
t

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 EXTRAS

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 Group Theory
•  Quarks are fundamental representations of the
group SU(3)

3⊗3 =6⊕3 3⊗3 =8⊕1

3 ⊗ 3 ⊗ 3 = 1 ⊕ 8 ⊕ 8 ⊕ 10

1 is anti-symmetric under interchange of two quarks

10 is symmetric under interchange of two quarks
8’s are mixed under interchange of two quarks

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 Group Theory – Combining Multiplets
•  Multiplet Labels
–  SU(n) -> (n-1) non negative integers
(α, β, γ, …)
so for SU(3) (α, β) (lengths of top,
and bottom)

(1,0) (1,1) (3,0) (0,1)

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 Group Theory – Combining Multiplets
•  Number of Particles in the Multiplet
–  For SU(3)
N = (α+1) (β+1) (α+β+2)/2
(1,1) (3,0)

N=8 N=10

N=3 N=3
(1,0) (0,1)

J. Brau Physics 661, The Quark Model 81

 Group Theory – Combining Multiplets
•  Young’s diagrams
–  Top row is α boxes past end of 2nd row
–  2nd row is β boxes past end of 3rd row

(1,0)

(1,1)

(3,0)

(0,1)
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 Group Theory – Combining Multiplets
•  Coupling multiplets
–  Sequence of letters okay if everywhere at least
as many of an early letter (eg. a) has occurred
as a later letter (eg. b)
–  In one diagram, replace boxes by a’s (1st row),
b’s (2nd row), etc.
–  So becomes a

becomes a a
b

becomes a a a

becomes a
b

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Group Theory – Combining Multiplets

3x3= x a = a + = (2,0) + (0,1) = 6 + 3

a

3x3=6+3

x = +

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Group Theory – Combining Multiplets

3x3= x a =( a + )
b a b

= a + = (1,1) + (0,0) = 8 + 1
b a
b

+ = +

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Group Theory – Combining Multiplets

3 x 3 x 3 = (6 + 3) x 3 = ( + )x a

= a + + a +
a
a

= (3,0) + (1,1) + (1,1) + (0,0) = 10 + 8 + 8 + 1

x x = + + +

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