American Journal of Mobile Systems, Applications and Services

Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-12

[Link]

Bandwidth Management and Loop Prevention in

Redundant Networks
Isiaka A. Alimi*

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure,
Nigeria

Abstract
The current multimedia applications and services effective functionalities require reliable network connectivity that can be
achieved with the implementation of network redundancy. However, the redundancy may cause broadcast storm which results in
an unstable and congested network because of the network loop. Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) is a feasible technology for loop
prevention in switched networks. It employs the IEEE 802.1D algorithm to exchange the bridge protocol data unit (BPDU)
messages to detect and prevent the loops by blocking certain redundant interfaces. However, the associated bandwidths of the
blocked interfaces are not being utilized in the network. Therefore, to enhance system performance, physical redundant links can
be logically grouped into one in order to exploit the available bandwidth with the aid of EtherChannel. This paper presents STP
concepts and its implementations in switched networks. Furthermore, how the root bridge election process can be managed in a
network is demonstrated and finally, practical application of an EtherChannel for bandwidth aggregation is presented.

Keywords
STP, BPDU, Protocol, EtherChannel, Bridge ID, Root Bridge

Received: September 10, 2015 / Accepted: October 18, 2015 / Published online: January 11, 2016
@ 2016 The Authors. Published by American Institute of Science. This Open Access article is under the CC BY-NC license.
[Link]

It has been observed in [1] that, high availability is the

1. Introduction principal service requirement in designing an enterprise
Computer network is an integral part of communication network. Also, system availability can be considerably
system development and also enables timely access to various enhanced in hierarchical networks by the implementation of
information. Similarly, the significant transformations in redundancy. Network redundancy is a fault-tolerant approach
multimedia applications and services such as e-commerce, in which additional network components and links are
e-government, e-banking, e-business, e-learning, real-time employed in a network to improve system reliability [3]. This
images or video and telemedicine have made the internet, approach ensures network availability in case of network
which is a massive network of networks the most prominent components and links failure and also protects the network
tool for information dissemination worldwide [1]. To harness against a single point of failure (SPOF) which may render the
the advantages of these applications and services, there is need entire system unavailable or unreliable. The internet, as the
for high availability and reliable network connectivity [2]. To network of networks is made up of redundant resources such
achieve the required availability, appropriate level of as standby routers, switches and additional links, which can be
redundancy is essential for near immediate data-flow recovery used to improve network robustness and protect the network
by quickly swapping the network operations onto redundant against SPOF. Therefore, when the primary network
infrastructure in case of any network component or link failure component or link is inaccessible, then, the standby or
[1]. alternate one can be employed instead to ensure minimal

* Corresponding author
E-mail address: compeasywalus2@[Link]
2 Isiaka A. Alimi: Bandwidth Management and Loop Prevention in Redundant Networks

downtime and continuity in the network services [4]. implementation of STP and a practical means of managing the
The continuity of network services in switched networks can root bridge election process are presented. Furthermore, it
demonstrates the application of EtherChannels for bandwidth
be achieved by having redundant links between switches.
aggregation. Some concluding remarks are given in Section 6.
However, the redundancy may result in layer 2 technical
issues such as mislearning MAC addresses, multiple frame
copies, and broadcast storm which is a condition in which the 2. Spanning Tree Protocol
broadcasts continuously circling the network [5]. This results
in network loop in which network frame cycles around the One of the major challenges of a switched network is the way
network infinitely causing a huge volume of traffic from the by which the network loop can be prevented. The loop
broadcast frame and consumes almost all of the possible avoidance approach is a means of preventing the network
network bandwidth. This situation is due to the fact that there frame from cycling around the network as well as optimizing
is more than one active path between two network devices and the network bandwidth. The fundamental approach to prevent
occurrence of multiple active paths results in an unstable and loops is to have a single path between switches in the entire
congested network. The loop can be prevented in a switched network. Conversely, this approach prevents network
network with the aid of Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP). The scalability. Therefore, deployment of redundant paths is
STP is a layer 2 link management protocol that helps in required in a large switched networks. In this type of network,
maintaining network efficiency and preventing network loops the main challenge is controlling the potential loops that could
occurrence when infrastructure devices such as switches and be caused by the redundant paths. The Spanning Tree Protocol
bridges are interconnected via multiple paths [6], [7]. The loop (STP) addresses the issue of potential loops in the entire
avoidance is realized by employing the IEEE 802.1D switched network. To achieve this, redundant paths between
algorithm to exchange the bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) switches are temporarily blocked in a normal operation.
messages between adjacent switches at regular intervals to However, the redundant paths are automatically activated
detect loops in the network and removes the loop by blocking when the primary path goes down [9], [10]. Therefore, the
the selected interfaces [6], [8]. However, the algorithm STP helps in creating fault-tolerant and high availability
permits redundant paths to be automatically activated when internetworks which are the principal service requirement in
the primary path goes down or becomes congested to ensure designing an enterprise network. The plug-and-play property
system availability [9]. as well as ease of configuration of STP have been part of the
fundamental success of the Ethernet [11], [12]. Nonetheless,
This paper investigates loop prevention algorithms and the timer based property of STP results in low convergence
bandwidth management in redundant networks by the time and consequently affects network performance. To
implementation of spanning tree and EtherChannel. The STP achieve faster convergence, there have been several revisions
concepts for switched networks and the standard variants are to the original STP such as, the Rapid Spanning Tree protocol
discussed in the subsequent Section. Moreover, root bridge (RSTP) and the Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP) [7],
election process as well as port roles and states are presented [12], [13], [14], [15]. Table 1 presents different STP standards
in Section 3. Section 4 focusses on the EtherChannels and the and protocols.
associated aggregation protocols. In Section 5,
Table 1. STP Standard Variants (Adapted from [16]).

Protocol Standard Description Calculation

STP 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol. Provides a loop-free topology. All VLANs
RSTP 802.1w Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol. Provides faster convergence than STP. All VLANs
IEEE Standard CST 802.1Q Common Spanning Tree. One spanning-tree instance for the entire network. All VLANs
Multiple (Instance) Spanning Tree Protocol. Inspired by the earlier Cisco
MSTP or MISTP 802.1s Per instance
proprietary MISTP. Maps multiple VLANs to a reduced number of instances.
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus. Provides a separate STP instance for each
PVST PVST+ Cisco Per VLAN
VLAN. It has the ability to load balance traffic at layer-2.
Cisco Proprietary
Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus. Cisco enhancement of RSTP that uses
PVRST+ RPVST+ Cisco Per VLAN
PVST+.

2.1. STP Concepts determine the best loop-free path through the switched
network. Through the information, the root bridge election can
The fundamental purpose of implementing the STP is to offer
be accomplished. The election process is determined by the
a loop-free switched network. To achieve this objective, the
bridge priority and the root bridge is the central point in a
topology information of all participating STP switches is first
switched network to determine the best route through the
created and the acquired information is then employed to
network [10]. By this means, the STP defines a specific tree
 American Journal of Mobile Systems, Applications and Services Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-12 3

with a root bridge and also offers a loop-free path from the the bridge discards it. Furthermore, if the bridge is a
root to all infrastructure devices in the network [6]. designated bridge for the LAN from which the inferior BPDU
Furthermore, to determine which port will be in forwarding was received, then the bridge will send a BPDU containing the
up-to-date information stored for that port to that LAN in
state or in the blocking state in a situation where there are two
order to propagate superior information on the network [6].
interfaces on a bridge that are part of a loop, the spanning-tree
port priority and path cost settings are employed [8]. The port 2.3. Bridge ID, Bridge Priority and System
priority value signifies the location of an interface in the ID Extension
network topology while the path cost value represents the
media speed. The redundant data paths in the network are The bridge identity in a network is called the bridge ID. The
forced into a standby (blocked) state by the STP. However, bridge ID is an 8 byte field which consist of a 2-byte bridge
when a network segment in the spanning tree fails, the priority field and a 6-byte MAC address field [17]. Each bridge
algorithm determines the spanning-tree topology again and in a network has unique MAC address, however, the bridge
activates the standby path in the network [6]. priority is configurable. These components of the bridge ID
enable each switch to have a unique bridge ID in a network. The
2.2. STP Topology analysis is illustrated in the upper part of Figure 1.
The spanning-tree topology is determined by elements such as The illustration is for a condition in which a spanning tree
the unique bridge ID which is made up of the bridge priority instance runs for the entire network and it is called Common
and MAC address; the spanning-tree path cost to the Spanning-Tree (CST). However, for a large network that
spanning-tree root bridge and the port identifier which is also implements VLAN, it is essential to run multiple instances of
made up of port priority and MAC address. By default, each STP in order to accommodate each logical and physical
bridge in the network functions as the STP root when the network. The multiple instances of the STP are called Multiple
bridges are powered up. Then, to compute the spanning-tree Spanning Tree (MST), Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) and
topology, the bridges send configuration BPDUs through the Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+). Therefore, when the
Ethernet and the radio ports. The BPDUs contain information network is segmented with VLAN, there is need to include
that helps in computing the spanning-tree topology [6], [12]. information about the VLAN in the bridge ID. This is
The superiority of configuration BPDU is determined by accomplished by the Extended System ID field which is 12
lower values of parameters such as the bridge ID and path cost bits of the original bridge priority that accounts for the
[6]. Therefore, when a bridge receives a configuration BPDU respective VLAN participating in the STP [17]. Therefore,
that contains superior information, then the information is summation of the new bridge priority value and the System ID
stored for that port and also forwarded with an update message extension is the original bridge priority that is vital in the Root
to all attached LANs for which it is the designated bridge if the Bridge election process. The analysis is depicted in the lower
BPDU is received on the root port of the bridge. However, part of Figure 1 in which the original format has been
when the received configuration BPDU contains inferior redefined.
information compare to the existing one stored for that port,

Figure 1. IEEE 802.1D Bridge ID Formats [Adapted from [17]].

each bridge in the network functions as the STP root when the
3. Root Bridge Election Process bridges are powered up. Therefore, each of them claims to be
the root bridge in their advertisement. The bridges
The spanning-tree root is the logical center of the topology.
participating in STP gather information about other bridges in
All undesirable paths to the spanning-tree root from any part
the network through the exchange of BPDU data messages.
of the network are placed in the blocking mode. By default,
This messages exchange leads to actions such as the election
4 Isiaka A. Alimi: Bandwidth Management and Loop Prevention in Redundant Networks

of a unique spanning-tree root for each spanning-tree instance, elected as the root bridge can be manipulated by changing the
the election of a designated bridge for every Local Area bridge priority value for it to have a better chance and higher
Network (LAN) segment and the removal of loops in the probability of being the root if a lower priority value is
network by blocking redundant Layer 2 interfaces. configure on it [6].
Bridges that are initially claiming to be the root bridge will 3.1. STP Port Roles
eventually change their status on receiving a Hello BPDU
with a lower BID. This Hello BPDU then becomes a superior In a switched network, after the election of the root bridge,
BPDU. Consequently, the bridge with the lowest numerical each port of the switches in the network is assigned a role
priority value and lowest BID is elected as the spanning-tree depending on its location within the STP topology. According
root for each VLAN in a segmented network [12]. However, to the 802.1D, roles such as Root Port, Designated Port and
in a situation where there is a tie between two switches having Blocked Port can be played by the ports. However, the 802.1w
the same priority value, then the bridge with the lowest MAC splits the Blocked Port role into Alternate and Backup port
address in the VLAN will eventually become the roles. After the selection of the best path and the allocation of
spanning-tree root bridge [6]. port roles, all ports with the alternate or backup STP roles will
be blocked to prevent loops [10], [13], [18]. Figure 2 depicts
Furthermore, the bridge can be managed by configuring the
the port roles and Table 2 describes different available port
required lower bridge ID on it in order to make it the root. The roles.
bridge priority value is positioned at the most significant bits
of the bridge ID. Hence, the probability of the bridge being

Figure 2. RSTP Bridge Port Roles.

Table 2. RSTP Port Roles.

Port Description
The root port is the one that receives the best BPDU on each bridge and it is the selected best path to reach the root bridge by non–root ones in
Root
the network. Moreover, it should be noted that the root bridge is the only bridge that does not have a root port.
According to the 802.1D, designated port is chosen because it can send the best BPDU on a specific switched segment. Therefore, it is
Designated considered as the best path to the segment. Also, there can only be one designated port per network segment and all the ports on the root bridge
are designated.
According to its name, it is the alternate path to the root bridge. The alternative port transits to the forwarding state when there is a failure on
Alternate
the root port in order to become the new root port. Furthermore, it receives more useful BPDUs from another bridge than the one that it is on.
The backup port provides another path to the designated port and take over the designated port role if the current designated port fails.
Backup
Additionally, it receives more useful BPDUs from the same bridge it is on.
 American Journal of Mobile Systems, Applications and Services Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-12 5

3.2. STP Port States forwarding or blocking state [6]. However, there are only three
port states in Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) - IEEE
The ports that are enabled on the network switches participate 802.1w that correspond to the three possible operational states.
in spanning-tree topology and they go through a process of The 802.1D disabled, blocking, and listening states are
interface states before being allowed to forward traffic [10]. merged into a unique 802.1w discarding state. The sequence
This is due to the fact that interface transition directly from of 802.1D interface states is shown in Figure 3 while Table 3
nonparticipation in the spanning-tree topology to the compares the 802.1D and 802.1w port states. It should be
forwarding state creates temporary data loops. Consequently, noted that STP removes redundant links by disabling the ports
switch interfaces have to wait for new topology information to which the redundant links are connected and to bring the
propagation through the LAN before starting to forward links up in case of failure leads to convergence issues. Also,
frames. In essence, they have to let the frame lifetime expires the associated bandwidths of the blocked ports are not being
for forwarded frames that have used the old topology [6]. utilized in the network. Therefore, to enhance system
When the 802.1D STP standard is enabled on the bridge, the performance, physical redundant links can be logically
Ethernet as well as the radio interfaces pass through the grouped into one, thereby, exploiting the available bandwidth
blocking state and the transitory states of listening and with the aid of EtherChannel [5].
learning. The STP then stabilizes each interface at the

Figure 3. Spanning Tree States (802.1D) [adapted from 6].

Table 3. Comparison of Port States in the 802.1D and 802.1w (Adapted from [18], [19]).

STP (802.1D) Port State RSTP (802.1w) Port State Is the Port Included in Active Topology? Is the Port Learning MAC Addresses?
Blocking Discarding
No
Listening Discarding
Learning Learning
Yes
Forwarding Forwarding
Disabled Discarding No

compatibly configured Ethernet interfaces with the same

4. EtherChannel characteristics such as VLAN definition, speed and duplex
settings and STP configurations. Therefore, typically, the
EtherChannel is a technology that offers fault-tolerant as well
EtherChannel supports full-duplex bandwidth up to 800 Mbps
as high-speed links between network components such as
for the Fast EtherChannel or 8 Gbps for the Gigabit
switches, routers, and servers and can be employed to increase
EtherChannel between a switch and another switch or host
the bandwidth between the wiring closets and the data center.
[20]. It should be noted that STP does not block redundant
Furthermore, it provides automatic recovery for a failed link in
links when EtherChannel is employed, because, it sees the
the redundant network by redistributing the load across the
logical link as a single link. Consequently, EtherChannel
remaining links. Consequently, when link failure occurs,
implementation helps in bandwidth aggregation by creating a
EtherChannel transmits the traffic automatically from the
single virtual link that supports the bandwidth sum of each
failed link to the other links in the channel [20]. In essence, to
physical link [5]. Hence, it boosts the performance between
realize a fault-tolerant network, multiple physical Ethernet
the two connected network devices. Figure 4 (a) illustrates
links such as Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet links of the
system without EtherChannel while (b) depicts system that
switch can be bundled into a single logical link to form an
implements EtherChannel. Furthermore, EtherChannel is able
EtherChannel [20], [21].
to achieve its objective by employing aggregation protocols.
Each EtherChannel consist of minimum of 2 to maximum of 8
6 Isiaka A. Alimi: Bandwidth Management and Loop Prevention in Redundant Networks

Figure 4. (a) System with Bandwidth Aggregation, (b) System without Bandwidth Aggregation.

4.1. Port Aggregation Protocol and Link such as the hardware, administrative, and port parameter
Aggregation Protocol constraints [20]. Moreover, for channel establishment, switch
interfaces have to be in compatible modes.
The Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) and Link Aggregation
Control Protocol (LACP) enable automatic creation of 4.2. PAgP and LACP Modes
EtherChannels through dynamic exchange of packets between
the switch Ethernet interfaces. PAgP is a Cisco-proprietary The switch interfaces exchange either the PAgP packets with
protocol while LACP is defined in IEEE 802.3AD which is the partner interfaces configured in the auto or desirable modes
industry standard implementation [5]. Besides, PAgP and only or LACP packets with partner interfaces configured in
LACP are not compatible, so, both ends of a channel must use the active or passive modes only. This enables the interfaces to
the same protocol for a functional EtherChannel establishment. determine EtherChannel establishment based on criteria such
Furthermore, another way of configuring the Etherchannel is as interface speed, trunking state and VLAN numbers for
through the manual channel configuration without using any Layer 2 (L2) EtherChannels. Therefore, an EtherChannel can
form of negotiation. be established between interfaces in as much as they are in
compatible modes. However, interfaces that are configured in
With the aid of PAgP and LACP, the switch is able to learn the ON mode do not exchange PAgP or LACP packets [20].
about the identity of partners that are capable of supporting Table 4 shows the EtherChannel Modes and their descriptions
either of the protocol as well as the capabilities of their while Table 5 illustrates conditions for channel establishment.
interfaces. Subsequently, similarly configured interfaces are
dynamically groups into a single logical link based on factors

Table 4. EtherChannel Modes (Adapted from [20]).

Mode Protocol Description

It places an interface in an active negotiating state by sending LACP packets to other LACP devices and channel is formed if the
Active LACP
other side is in Passive or Active mode.
This mode does not start LACP packet negotiation. Thus, it sets the interface into a passive negotiating state but responds to LACP
Passive LACP
packets received. Channel forms only if the other end is set to Active mode.
Auto mode is a default mode and does not start PAgP packet negotiation. Thus, it sets the interface into a passive negotiating state
Auto PAgP
but responds to PAgP packets received. A channel is formed only if the interface on the other end is set to Desirable mode.
It places an interface in an active negotiating state by sending PAgP packets to other PAgP devices and channel is formed if the
Desirable PAgP
other side is in Auto or Desirable mode.
Forces the interface into an EtherChannel without any aggregation protocol for negotiation. A functional EtherChannel occurs only
On -
when an interface group in the on mode is connected to another group in the on mode.
 American Journal of Mobile Systems, Applications and Services Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-12 7

Table 5. Conditions for Channel Establishment.

Switch 1
Will an EtherChannel be established?
Desirable Auto Active Passive ON
Desirable Yes Yes No No No
Auto Yes No No No No
Switch 2 Active No No Yes Yes No
Passive No No Yes No No
ON No No No No Yes

5. Experimental Implementation Results and Analysis

This section comprises three sub-section in which the first sub-section presents practical application of PVST to show different
STP port roles. Furthermore, the second sub-section illustrates how the root bridge can be managed in a network while the last
sub-section shows the implementation of an EtherChannel for bandwidth aggregation. The network is made up of four multilayer
switches, two L2-switches, a hub and four PC. For simplicity, only the analyses for part of these devices are presented. The
employed network topology shown in Figure 5 is simulated using Cisco Packet Tracer, a graphical network simulator.

Figure 5. Experimental Network Architecture.

5.1. Experiment 1: Implementation of PVST

This sub-section demonstrates how to realize different STP port roles with RPVST protocol. Figure 6 highlighted parts show how
RPVST can be enabled on a switch and how to confirm that it is running. Also, the highlighted parts of Figures 6 – 8 show
different available STP port roles and states. Each of the switch depicts the Bridge ID which represent the actual switch ID and
the Root ID which signify the root bridge ID. According to Figures 6 – 8, Switch E is the root bridge. This is also highlighted in
Figure 7.
8 Isiaka A. Alimi: Bandwidth Management and Loop Prevention in Redundant Networks

Figure 6. Switch D RPVST Configuration with Port Role and State.

Figure 7. Switch E RPVST Configuration with Port Role and State.

 American Journal of Mobile Systems, Applications and Services Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-12 9

Figure 8. Switch F RPVST Configuration with Port Role and State.

5.2. Experiment 2: Root Bridge Management

The implementation of RPVST on the topology presented in Figure 5 in the previous experiment makes L2 Switch E the STP root
because the priority of all the bridges is set to the default value and Switch E has the lowest MAC address. In a real-life scenario,
because of traffic patterns and the link types, this might not be practicable as there are other high-capacity multilayer switches in
the network that can offer better performance. Therefore, this sub-section demonstrates a means of controlling the STP root
bridge election. To achieve this, Switch D is selected as the ideal bridge for the topology by setting its Bridge Priority to 4096.
The highligted part of Figure 9 indicates how to set the Bridge Priority on the switch. Moreover, it shows that Switch D is the new
STP root bridge and all of its ports are now playing designated roles and are in forwarding states. Additionally, the highligted
parts of Figure 10 shows that the old root bridge, Switch E, has accepted Switch D as the new STP root bridge.

Figure 9. Switch D Bridge Priority Configuration with Port Role and State.
10 Isiaka A. Alimi: Bandwidth Management and Loop Prevention in Redundant Networks

Figure 10. Switch E Port Role and State.

5.3. Experiment 3: Implementation of EtherChannel

This sub-section illustrates the implementation of an EtherChannel for bandwidth aggregation. The redundant links that connect
to the root bridge are combined using the EtherChannel configuration as highlighted in Figure 11. Moreover, Figure 12 presents
information about the channel-group which includes the protocol employed, the number of ports and maximum number of ports.
In the setup, LACP configures the maximum number of LACP-compatible ports in a channel which is up to a maximum of 16
ports. However, only eight LACP links can be active simultaneously. All other additional links are in hot standby in case of
failure of the active links. Figure 13 shows that redundant links that connect to the root bridge are in forwarding state and STP
does not block them, because, it sees the logical link as a single link. Consequently, EtherChannel implementation helps in
bandwidth aggregation.

Figure 11. Switch D EtherChannel Configuration.

American Journal of Mobile Systems, Applications and Services Vol. 2, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-12 11

Figure 12. Confirmation of EtherChannel on Switch D.

Figure 13. Network Architecture after the EtherChannel Configuration.

12 Isiaka A. Alimi: Bandwidth Management and Loop Prevention in Redundant Networks

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Biography
[5] Y.N. Krishnan, C.N. Bhagwat and A.P. Utpat, "Optimizing
Spanning Tree Protocol using Port Channel," 2014 Isiaka Ajewale Alimi
International Conference on Electronics and Communication Isiaka Ajewale Alimi earns [Link]. (Hons)
Systems, pp.1-5. and [Link]. in Electrical and Electronics
[6] Cisco Systems, Cisco 3200 Series Wireless MIC Software Engineering (Communication) from Ladoke
Configuration Guide, Cisco System, 2009. Akintola University of Technology,
Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2001, and the Federal
[7] L.S. Carmichael, N. Ghani, P.K. Rajan, K. O' Donoghue and R.
Hott, "Characterization and Comparison of Modern Layer-2 University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria in
Ethernet Survivability Protocols," 2005 Proceedings of the 2010 respectively. He is a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical
Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, pp.124-129. and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology,
Akure, Nigeria. He has published 3 refereed international journals.
[8] Cisco Systems, LAN Switching Configuration Guide (Cisco
ASR 920 Series), 2nd Edition, Cisco System, 2015. He has extensive experience in radio transmission as well as
Computer Networking. His research interests include network
[9] A. Bruno, J. Kim, CCDA Exam Certification Guide, 1st Edition, security, advanced signal processing and wireless communication
Cisco Press, 2000. systems with emphasis on multiple-antenna (MIMO) systems. He
[10] D. Hucaby, D. Donohue and S. Wilkins, CCNP Switch 642-813 is a COREN registered engineer.
Cert Kit, 1st Ed., Cisco Press, 2010.
[11] E. Bonada, D. Sala, "RSTP-SP: Shortest Path Extensions to
RSTP," 2012 IEEE International Conference on High
Performance Switching and Routing, pp.223-228.