Statistics (Questions-Answers) Eyer) celia Ce) mae Ve Ve U Premier12‘Copyright © 2003 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Second Edition : 2003 Reprint : 2005 NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS. 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, ‘New Delhi - 110 002 Visit us at : www.newagepublishers.com Offices at: Bangalore, Chennai, Cochin, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jalandhar, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai and Ranchi. ‘This book or-any part thereof may nob be-reprodiiced in'any form without the written permission of the publisher. This book cannot be sold outside the country to which it is consigned by the publisher without the prior permission of the publisher. Rs. 275.00 ISBN : 81-224-1458-3 . 345678910 Published by New Ago International (P) Ltd., 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002 and printed in India at Taj Press, New Delhi-110 064 typesetted at Pagetek, Delhi-110 092.Contents Preface to the Second Editian v Preface ta the First Edition vii Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Statistics 1 Short essay type questions on: Definitions of = s istics Statistical prospective 2 Divi oT 2 Funeti f statist Methods of collection of data _3 Types of statistical data 3 Statistical survey 3 (Questionnaire and schedule 3 Kinds of statistical investigation 4 Erors_4 Laws_¢ Approxitmayoncofvalues 5. ‘Printary ‘and setondary data 5. Editing of data_ 5 Bilin the blanks 6 Multiple choice questions 7 Answers JO Suggested reading Classification, Tabulation and Frequency Distribution 12 Short essay type questions on: Classification 12 Grouping of data_/3 Grouping error 13 Tabulation _/4 Frequency J/5Cumulative frequency 15 ‘Types of series {5 Stem and leaf display of data_15 Fill in the blanks 15 Multiple choice questions 17 Answers 20 Suggested reading 20 ‘Chapter 3 Diagramatic and Graphical Representation 21 Short essay type questions on: Advantages of diagrams _2/ Bar di 24 Sub-divided bar diagram 27 Multiple bar diagram _22 Deviation bar diagram 22 Duo-directional bar diagram 22 Paired bar diagram 23 ‘Sliding bar diagram 23 Broken bar diagram 23 Line diagram 24 Pic chart 24 Histogram 25 Frequency polygon _25 Frequency curve 25 Semi ‘ithmic 26 us B26 World, Pictograms _27 woes Voice of India WW eas Bre OE 7S WENworld Overlapping bar chart_28 Fillin the blanks 29 Multiple choice questions 30 Answers 35 Suggested reading 35 ‘Chapter 4 Measures of Central Tendency 36 Properties of central tendency _36 Classification of averages 36 Functions 26 Arithmetic mean 37 Weighted mean 38 Moving average 38 Progressive average 38 Urheberrechtlich geschitztes MaterialChapter 5 ‘Composite average 38 Pooled mean 39 Harmonic mean 40 Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M. 4! Quadratic mean__ 47 Median 42 Mode 42 Quartiles 43 Deciles 43 Percentiles 43 EilLin the blanks 44 Multiple choice questions 47 Answers $4 Suggested reading 59 Measures of Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis ‘Concept and statements 60 Requisites of a good measure 6 Uses 61 Range 6) Coefficient of range 61 Interquartile range 6 Percentile range 6/ ust wartile deviation 6 World: Chapter 6 Voice of India rg/SWENworld Probable error 65 . Empirical relation between §.D..Q.D. and M.D._ 65 Skewness 66 Kurtosis 67 Sheppard's corrections _68 Ellin the banks 69 Multiple choice questions 72 Answers 8 Suggested reading 8? Elementary Probability Short essay type questions on: Concept 83 . 83 Urheberrechtlich geschitztes Material‘Chapter 7 CONTENTS Events 84 complementary 83 simple 84 equal 84 compound 84 mutually exclusive 84 primary 4 derived 84 Impossible event _ 85 Exhaustive 25 Pairwise independent events 85 Definitions of probability: classical 85 statistical _86 Additive law of probability 86 Conditional probability 86 Bayes" probability 87 D’ Alembert’s paradox _87 Fillin the blanks 88 Multiple choice questions 90 Answers /OJ Suggested reading 105 Random Variable, Mathematical Expectation andProbability Distributions) SOT tg Random variable 106 istics L207. continuous 107 Distribution function 107, Cumulative distribution function 107 Probability mass function _/07 Step function _J07 Probability density function 107 Probability density curve _/07 Mathematical expectation _/08 Cauchy-Schwartz inequality /09 109 Gurland’s inequality on expectation 109 Moment generating function 109 Characteristic function 109 Probability generating function 110 uniform__2/0‘CONTENTS ‘Chapter 8 Bernoulli //0 Binomial //0 Poisson H12 Negative 113 Geometric {14 Polya's JIS Hypergeometric 15 —— Continuous distributions: uniform or rectangular 1/7 exponential 1/8 Laplace or double exponential 1/9 normal //9 lognormal 423 Cauchy 123 beta distributions of Land Hkind 123 gamma J25 logistic 126 Pareto 126 Weibull 126 Circular 126 Pearsonian 126 Sampling distributions: Chi-square /27 Student’s-t 128 Pearson's Chi-square 128 Chi 128 Fisher's-z 131 Fil, oni the bl inks) 10% Multiple choice questions 138 Answers 160 Suggested reading 162 Bivariate Random Variable and Distributions Short essay type questions on: Bivari jahle: 163 discrete 163 continuous J65 int distribution funetis 6 Joint probability mass function /64 Joint probability density function /64 Marginal probability functions 164 Conditional variable 165 Conditional probability density function 165 Independence of random variables /65 163Chapter 9 Conditional expectation 165, Conditional variance 166. Conditional covariance 167, Joint moment generating function _/67 Joint raw moments _/67 Joint central moments _/67 Fill in the banks 172 Multiple choice questions 174 Answers {82 Suggested reading /83 Sampling Methods Short essay type questions on: Sampling vs. Complete enumeration _/84 Population /84 finite 185 infinite 185 teal [85 hypothetical /85 Sampling frame _/85 Random sampling /85 Simple random sampling 486 Principles of sampling methods _/86 “Sampling and non-sampling errors 186 usieneeS VV" World, Voice of India wwii one.o jane.arg/ SWE Nao nd Sample size /87 Sample mean 18 mean 188 Sample variance _/88 Standard error _J59 Finite population correction _J89 Sampling fraction _/89 sample size _J9F sampling procedure _/9F Allocation: equal_/91 Proportional 197 CONTENTS 184 Urheberrechtlich geschitztes Material‘Chapter 10 optimum 197 Neyman 197 Formulae for mean and variance _/92 ‘Two way stratification _/93 Controlled selection 193 Systematic sampling 193 linear 104 circular _J94 Formulae for mean and variance 194 Double sampling 195 Cluster or area sampling _/95, Multistage sampling _/96 ‘Two stage sampling /96 Inverse sampling 196 Sampling with probability proportional to size /98 Non-response_/98 Multiple chaice questions 202 Answers 2/2 Suggested reading 213 Theory of Estimation 214 Short Short camay type type questions on: Urabe as S., World) ‘consistency 2/5 sss Voice of India www.aiittadd. erg /SWENWworld mean squared consistency 2/6 Crammer-Rao inequality 2/6 Best asymptotically normal estimator _ 2/7 Efficiency 2/7 Sufficiency 2/7 Fisher-Neyman factorization theorem 2/8 Completeness 2/8 Rao-Blackwell theorem 2/3 Invariance property of estimators 2/9 Admissibility of an estimator 2/9 maximum likelihood estimation 2/9 least square estimation 2/9 tncthod of moments 2/9 Best fi " Urheberrechtlich geschitztes Material‘Chapter 11 Minimum variance quadratic estimator 224 Gauss-Markov theorem _224 Method of Minimum Chi-squares 225 Bayes’ estimators 227 Mini - 27 Confidence region 237 One sided confidence interval 23 Fill 232 Multiple choice questions 236 Answers 247 Suggested reading 248 Testing Parametric Hypotheses Short essay type question on: Hypothesis 249 nullalternative 250 simple» 250 composite 250 ‘Types of errors: type Leeror 250: type Terror 250 Power of atest 250 Level of significance 250 Size of atest 25/ Best critical region 257 One and two tailed test 257 Nonrandomized and randomized test 251 Degrees of freedom 251 Critical function 257 Optimum test 252 Most powerful test 252 Neyman-Pearson lemma 252 Minimax test 254 Unbiased test 254 Uniformly most powerful unbiased test 255 Admissible west 255 Likelihood ratio test 256CONTENTS Chapter 12 xvii Student's rest 257 Cochran's approximate t-test 258 Paired rest 260 Z-test for properties iation_258 Chi-square test in multinomial distribution 264 Contingency table 265 Incomplete contingency table _ 265 Structural and random zeros 265, Explanatory variable 266 ‘Test of independence of attributes _266 Yates’ correction _ 266 Fisher's exact test 268 Coefficient of contingency 268 Bartletts’ test 269 Fatest 269 Test of equality af wo population variances 269 test of equality of several population means 269 Analysis of variance 270 Bayes’ test 270 Sequential probability ratio test 270 Fill in the blanks | 27/ Multiple choice questions \ 277, Answers 289 Suggested reading | 290 Nonparametric Statistical Methods 292 Short essay type_questioas om: General discussion 292 Asymplotic relative efficiency 293 Power efficiency 293 Tied observations 293 Kolmogorov-Smimov test for one sample _295 ordinary sign test_ 295 Wilcoxon's signed rank test_296 Run test 297 Kolmogorov-Smirnov two sample test 298 Wilcoxon's test for matched pairs 298 Median test 298 Wald-Wolfowitz run test 307 Mann-Whitney U-test JO/ Mcnemar’s test 303 Mood's test 304xviii ‘Chapter 13 CONTENTS Moses’ test. 305 Cochran's Q-test 306 Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis 307 Friedman's two way analysis of variance 309 Multiple comparisons in Friedmans’ test 309 Jonckheere-Terpstra test 3/0 Page’s test 321 Spearman's rank correlation 3/2 Kendall's rank correlation 3/2 Coefficient of concordance 3/4 Nonparametric approach in regression analysis 316 Brown and Mood’s test 3/7 Confidence band 3/9 Fill in the blanks 3/9 Multiple choice questions 323 Answers 335 Suggested reading 336 Regression and Correlation Methods 338 Short essay type questions on; General discussion 333 Regression model 348 Scatter dideram 339 Estimation of parameters of a regreassion line 340 Properties of regression coefficients 340 Two regression tines: Point otimleséectiGns BIT angle between two regression lines 34/ Coding 342 ‘Test of significance of regression coefficient 342 ‘Test of significance of the intercept 342 Regression function 343 confidence limits of Band a 343 Test of linearity of regression 344 ‘Weighted regression 345 ‘Curvilinear regression 346 ing of orthogonal polynomial 347 “ Correlation 347CONTENTS Chapter 4, Properties of correlation coefficient_ 350 Probable error 351 Confidence limits for P_352 ‘Test of significance of: come Miclent 252 aspecified value of P_ 352 Equality of two corr. cocffs. 352 Equality of more than two corr cocffs 352 Coefficient af concurrent deviation 353 Correlation coefficient using variance of the difference 355, Correlation cocfficient by the method of Icast squares 356 Correlation ratio 357 Intraclass correlation 357 Biserial correlation 358 Tetrachoric correlation 358 Multiple linear regression 359 ‘Test of significance of partial regression coefficient(s) 361 Regression in trivariate population 363 Partial correlation 364 Past correlation 365 Spurious correlation 366 Fill in the blanks 366 MullipleichiGite questions 372 Answers 387 Suggested reading 388 Measures of Associasion of Attributes, Short essay type questions on: General discussion and notations 390 Order of a class 390 Class frequency 392 Inconsistency of data 392 Kinds of association 392 Methods of measuring association: Proportion methad 393 Method of probability 393 Yule's coefficient of association 394 Coefficient of colligation 394 Partial association 394 Ilusory association 394 Coefficient of contingency 395 Tschuprow’s cocfficient 395 Fill in the banks 395 390Chapter 15- Chapter 16 Muhiple choice questions 393 Answers 404 Suggested reading 404 Interpolation and Extrapolation 405 Short essay type questions on: a ii 7 0S Assumptions and uses 405 Interpolation methods: graphical method 406 binomial expansion method 406 parabolic curve method 406 Finite differences 408 Divided differences 408 Diagonal difference table 408 ‘Central difference table 408 Divided difference table 409 Newton's formula of advancing differences 4/0 Newton's backward formula 41] Newton-Gauss forward formula 4// Newton-Gauss backward formula 4#// Newton's method of backward differences 42 Newton's method of divided differences #/2 Lagrange’s interpolation formula 4/2 Inverse interpolation: Lagrange’s interpolation formula 412 Central interpolation 4/3 Sterling's formula 4/3 Besseljsformuia_ 4/4 Tnverse interpolation: Lagrange’s method 415 Iterative method 4/5 Successive approximation method 4/5 Fill in the blanks 4/6 Multiple choice questions 478 Answers 42¢ Suggested reading 424 Time Series Analysis - 425 Short essay type questions on: Defini F Editing of data_426 Secular trend 426 Segsonal variation 427 Cyclic variation 427 Irregular variations 427CONTENTS Chapter 17 ; Methods of measuring linear trend: graphic method 428 semi-average method 428 Moving average method 428 Least square method 429 Shift of origin 430 Curvilinear end 434 Methods of measuring seasonal variations: simple average method 433 ratio to trend method 433 ratio to moving average method 433 specific and typical seasonals 434 link relative method 434 Methods of measuring cyclic variations: residual method 435 first difference method 435 percentage ratio method 435 direct method 435 reference cycle analysis 435 harmonic analysis 435 Measurement of irregular variations 436 Fill in the blanks 437 Multiple choice questions 440. Answers, 446 Stiggested reading 447 Index Numbers Short essay) type questidns(Gny Definitions 448 Uses 449 Limitations and lecunae 449 Price index numbers 450 Value and diffusion index 450 Problems involved in the construction of index numbers 450 Laspeyre’s index number 45/ Paasche's index number 452 Drobish-Bowley index number 452 Walsh (Fisher's ideal) index number 452 Marshall and Edgeworth index number 452° Kelly's fixed weight formula 453 Eonmula error 453 Homogeneity error 454 Time reversal test 454 Factor reversal test 454 Circular test_455,Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chain base method 455 Base shifting 456 Splicing 457 Consumer price index 459 Explicit and implicit weights_ 467 ‘Whole-sale price index 46 Index of industrial production 462 Gross national product_ 462 Eillin the blanks 464 Multiple choice questions 467 Answers 474 Suggested reading 475 Business Forecasting Short essay type questions on: ‘Definitions 426 Historical analysis 476, Analysis of current economic conditions 477 Methods of forecasting: Naive method 477 specific historical analogy method 477 lead-lag relationship 477 Diffusion index 478 action-reaction theory 478 factor listing method 479 ¢ross-cut analysis theary 479 opinion polling 480 exponential smoothing 480 econometric method 481 Poredasting agencies! @8y' Fill in the blanks 482 Multiple choice questions 483 Answers 486 Suggested reading 487 Statistical Techniques in Quality Control Short essay type questions on: Chance factor 48:9 Assignable causes 488 Shewhart control charts: X-charr 490 o-chan 490 R=chari_ #97 Control charts for fraction defectives (p-chart)_ 495 ‘ontral s for efects (c- 496, 476 488CONTENTS ‘Chaptey/20, Advantages of statistical quality control 499 —— Specification limits _ 499 Acceptance sampling plan 500 Inspection by attributes 50/ Inspection by variables 50/ Definitions and explanations for: major defect 50f minor defect S507 P * tisk 50 ci "s tisk 502 Acceptance quality level_502 Lot tolerance percentage defective 502 Average outgoing quality 502 Blind sampling 502 Average sample number and curve 502 Operating characteristic function and curve 503 Single sampling inspection plan 503 Dodge and Roming OC curves 504 Double sampling inspection plan 505 Sequential sampling plan 505 Sequential probability ratio test 505 EilLin.the blanks 303 MaltiplélctiGite questions S17 Answers 512 Suggested reading 518 Nitahand P6pulatows tatistics Short essay type questions on: Uses_$20 Collection of vi istics 520 registration method 52 census enumeration method 522 survey method 522 sampling registration system 522 Formulae for estimation of population 523 Mital rates $24 Crude death rate "52.5 Specific death rate 525 Standardised death rate 525 Crude birth rate 527 Age specific fertility rate 528 General marital fertility rate 528 ood 519