Switch技术：Building Redundant

Switched Topologies

Ender.joe(周亚军)
RS CCIE,SP CCIE,思科认证讲师#34708
RS & SP CCIE讲师，Yeslab（上海）

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 •A redundant topology eliminates single points of failure.
•A redundant switch topology causes broadcast storms, multiple frame copies, and MAC address table
instability problems冗余带来的问题是广播风暴、多点帧的拷贝以及MAC地址表不稳定等问题
•A loop-avoidance mechanism is required.

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Loop resolution with Spanning Tree Protocol:
•Provides a loop-free redundant network topology by placing certain ports into a blocking state解决环路的途
径是在逻辑上把某些点解置于block状态
•Published in the IEEE 802.1D specification.

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The spanning-tree algorithm follows these steps:
1.Elects a root bridge
2.Elects a root port for each non-root switch
3.Elects a designated port for each segment
4.Ports transition to forwarding or blocking state

Bridge ID
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Step 1: Elect a root bridge.
•Decision based on lowest BID（交换机B）

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Step 2: Elect a root port for each non-root switch.
•Decision based on lowest root path cost.到达根的最小的cost指
•If necessary, ties are broken by upstream BID and port ID values. Bridge ID和端口ID作为候选

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Step 3: Elect a designated port for each segment.
•Decision is based on the lowest root path cost-到达根的最小的cost值
If necessary, ties are broken by upstream BID and port ID. Bridge ID和端口ID作为候选

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Step 4: The ports transition to the forwarding or blocking state.
•Root ports and designated ports transition to the forwarding state.
•Other ports stay in the blocking state.

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Spanning-tree standards:
•IEEE 802.1D: The legacy standard for bridging and STP
–CST: Assumes one spanning-tree instance for the entire bridged network, regardless of the number of VLANs
•PVST+: A Cisco enhancement of STP that provides a separate 802.1D spanning-tree instance for each
VLAN configured in the network
•802.1w (RSTP): Improves convergence over 1998 STP by adding roles to ports and enhancing BPDU
exchanges
•Rapid PVST+: A Cisco enhancement of RSTP using PVST+

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Protocol Standard Resources Convergence Number of Trees
Needed
STP 802.1D Low Slow One
PVST+ Cisco High Slow One for every VLAN
RSTP 802.1w Medium Fast One
Rapid PVST+ Cisco Very high Fast One for every VLAN

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Default spanning tree configuration for Cisco Catalyst switches:
•PVST
•Enabled on all ports
•Slower convergence after topology change than with RSTP.

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System ID = VLAN

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 • SW1#show spanning-tree vlan 1
•
• VLAN0001
• Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
• Root ID Priority 28673
• Address 001e.145e.4980
• Cost 19
• Port 3 (FastEthernet0/3)
• <output omitted>

• SW1 is not the root bridge for VLAN1. This is the switch that is connected to FastEthernet0/3 on SW1.

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 • SW1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary

• Configures SW1 as the root bridge for VLAN 1

• SW1#show spanning-tree vlan 1

•
• VLAN0001
• Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
• Root ID Priority 24577
• Address 001e.147c.6f00
• This bridge is the root
• <output omitted>

• After modification, SW1 is the root bridge for VLAN1.

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Thank you.