Lecture No: 05 Engineering Geology
OVERVIEW
Being located close to the collision boundary of the Indian and Eurasian plates,
Pakistan lies in a seismically active zone. Owing to high population density near
seismically active areas, it is imperative that buildings should withstand the
seismic hazard to which these may be exposed during their life time.
Seismic Zoning map is prepared on a rigorous exercise based on compilation of
geological, tectonic and seismicity data from Pakistan and its immediate
surroundings. Only a brief account of salient seism tectonic features, seismicity
and methodology adopted for seismic hazard zonation are mentioned here.
Major Faults of Pakistan
Major active faults of Pakistan and surrounding areas that strongly influence
the seismic hazard are listed below:
➢ Main Karakoram Thrust
➢ Raikot Fault
➢ Panjal-Khairabad Thrust
➢ Riasi Thrust
➢ Salt Range Thrust
➢ Bannu Fault
➢ Chaman Transform Fault
➢ Quetta-Chiltan Fault
➢ Pab Fault
➢ Allah Bund Fault
➢ Hoshab Fault
➢ Makran Coastal Fault
➢ Main Mantle Thrust
➢ Main Boundary Thrust
➢ Himalayan Frontal Thrust
➢ Jhelum Fault
➢ Kalabagh Fault
➢ Kurram Fault
➢ Kutch Mainland Fault
➢ Nagar Parkar Fault
➢ Nai Rud Fault
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Source Modeling
For seismic sources entire area of Pakistan has been divided into seventeen area source zones based
on their homogeneous tectonic and seismic characteristics, keeping in view the geology, tectonics
and seismicity of each area source zone.
Eight area seismic source zones in the northern part of Pakistan
➢ Hindukush,
➢ Pamir,
➢ Kohistan,
➢ Hazara,
➢ Himalayas,
➢ Salt RangePotwar,
➢ Bannu
➢ Punjab.
Nine area source zones in southern part
➢ Suleiman,
➢ Sibbi,
➢ Kirthar,
➢ Kurram-Chaman,
➢ Indus plateform,
➢ Rann of Kutch,
➢ Cholistan-Thar desert,
➢ Chagai and Makran
Seismic Zoning
On the basis of PGA values, Pakistan has been divided into five seismic zones in line with UBC97.
The boundaries of these zones are defined on the following basis:
Zone 1 0.05 to 0.08g
Zone 2A 0.08 to 0.16g
Zone 2B 0.16 to 0.24g
Zone 3 0.24 to 0.32g
Zone 4 > 0.32g
The seismic zoning map of Pakistan on this basis is shown in Fig.
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SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF PAKISTAN
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Table: Expected Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in [m/s 2] for the different cities
against annual exceedance probabilities and return periods .
Expected PGA (m/s2) for the
cities of
0.02 50 1.50 1.35 1.91 0.54 0.53 2.04 2.93 0.97 0.71 1.34
0.01 100 2.25 2.40 2.90 0.95 0.88 3.23 4.42 1.69 1.22 2.26
0.005 200 3.33 3.19 3.59 1.28 1.15 4.02 5.28 2.24 1.61 2.96
0.002 500 3.65 3.49 3.85 1.42 1.25 4.31 5.55 2.46 1.78 3.24
0.001 1000 3.71 3.55 3.90 1.45 1.28 4.36 5.60 2.51 1.81 3.30
Table: Expected spectral acceleration [m/s2] for different cities and an
annual exceedance probability of 0.002.
Period
Islamabad Peshawar Quetta Karachi Gwadar Muzaffarabad
T [s]
PGA 3.65 3.49 3.85 1.42 1.25 4.31
0.1 5.07 5.59 14.28 2.86 5.75 7.03
0.2 5.57 6.11 15.75 3.54 6.35 8.06
0.5 3.12 3.32 9.17 2.57 3.48 4.75
1.0 1.42 1.45 4.37 1.08 1.37 2.24
1.5 0.84 0.84 5.56 0.64 0.75 1.31
2.0 0.75 0.75 2.20 0.57 0.65 1.15
2.5 0.45 0.45 1.67 0.34 0.43 0.75
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Table-Seismic Zones
Seismic Zone Peak Horizontal
Ground
Acceleration
1 0.05 to 0.08g
2A 0.08 to 0.16g
2B 0.16 to 0.24g
3 0.24 to 0.32g
4 > 0.32g
Where “g” is the acceleration due to gravity.
Table- Seismic Zones of Tehsils of Pakistan
Tehsil Seismic Tehsil Seismic Tehsil Seismic
Zone Zone Zone
Punjab
Attock 2B Shorkot 2A Multan City 2A
Hassanabdal 2B Toba Tek 2A Multan 2A
Singh Saddar
Fateh Jang 2B Kamalia 2A Shujabad 2A
Pindi Gheb 2B Gojra 2A Jalalpur 2A
Pirwala
Jand 2B Gujranwala 2A Lodhran 2A
City
Rawalpindi 2B Wazirabad 2A Kahror Pacca 2A
Taxila 2B Gujranwala 2A Dunyapur 2A
Saddar
Kahuta 2B Nowshera 2A Khanewal 2A
Virkan
Murree 3 Kamoki 2A Jehanian 2A
Kotli Sattian 3 Hafizabad 2A Main Channu 2A
Gujar Khan 2B Pindi 2A Kabirwala 2A
Bhattian
Jhelum 2B Gujrat 2B Dera Ghazi 2A
Khan
Sohawa 2B Kharian 2B Taunsa 2B
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Pind Dadan 2B Sarai 2B [Link] of 2B
Khan Alamgir [Link]
Dina 2B Mandi 2B Rajanpur 2A
Bahauddin
Chakwal 2B Malikwal 2B Rojhan 2A
Talagang 2B Phalia 2A Jampur 2A
Choa Saidan 2B Sialkot 2B [Link] of 2B
Shah Rajanpur
Sargodha 2A Daska 2B Leiah 2A
Sillanwali 2A Pasrur 2B Chaubara 2A
Bhalwal 2A Narowal 2B Karor Lal 2A
Esan
Shahpur 2B Shakargarh 2B Muzaffargarh 2A
Sahiwal 2A Lahore City 2A Alipur 2A
Kot Momin 2A Lahore 2A Jatoi 2A
Cantt
Bhakkar 2A Kasur 2A Kot Addu 2A
Kalur Kot 2B Chunian 2A Bahawalpur 2A
Mankera 2A Pattoki 2A Hasilpur 2A
Darya Khan 2A Okara 2A Yazman 2A
Khushab 2B Depalpur 2A Ahmadpur 2A
East
Nurpur 2A Renala 2A Khairpur 2A
Khurd Tamewali
Mianwali 2B Sheikhupura 2A Bahawalnagar 2A
Isa Khel 2B Nankana 2A Minchinabad 2A
Sahib
Piplan 2B Ferozwala 2A Fort Abbas 1
Faisalabad City 2A Safdarabad 2A Haroonabad 2A
Faisalabad 2A Vehari 2A Chishtian 2A
Saddar
Chak Jhumra 2A Burewala 2A Rahim Yar 2A
Khan
Sammundri 2A Mailsi 2A Khanpur 2A
Jaranwala 2A Sahiwal 2A Liaquatpur 2A
Tandlianwala 2A Chichawatni 2A Sadiqabad 2A
Jhang 2A Pakpattan 2A
Chiniot 2A Arifwala 2A
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Tehsil Seismi Tehsil Seismi Tehsil Seismi
c Zone c Zone c Zone
Balochistan
Quetta 3 Dera Bugti 3 Aranji (S/T) 2B
Panjpai 3 Sangsillah (S/T) 3 Awaran 2B
(S/T)
Pishin 4 Sui 3 Mshki (S/T) 3
Hurramzai 4 Loti 3 Jhal Jao 3
(S/T)
Barshore 3 Phelawagh 3 Kharan 3
(S/T)
Karezat 4 Malam (S/T) 3 Besima (S/T) 2B
(S/T)
Bostan 4 Baiker (S/T) 3 Nag (S/T) 2B
(S/T)
Killa 3 Pir Koh (S/T) 3 Wasuk (S/T) 2B
Abdullah
Gulistan 3 Jaffarabad/Jhat 2B Mashkhel (S/T) 2A
(S/T) Pat
Chaman 3 Panhwar (S/T) 2B Bela 2B
Dobandi 3 Usta Mohammad 2B Uthal 2B
(S/T)
Chagai 2A Gandaka (S/T) 2B Lakhra 2B
(S/T)
Dalbandin 2A Nasirabad/Chatt 3 Liari (S/T) 2B
ar
Nushki 4 Tamboo 3 Hub 2B
Nokundi 2A [Link] 2B Gadani (S/T) 2B
S/T
Taftan 2A Bolan/Dhadar 3 Sonmiani/Wind 2B
er
Loralai/Bo 3 Bhag 3 Dureji 2B
ri
Mekhtar 3 Balanari (S/T) 3 Kanraj 2B
(S/T)
Duki 3 Sani (S/T) 3 Kech 2B
Barkhan 3 Khattan (S/T) 3 Buleda (S/T) 2B
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Musakhel 3 Mach 3 Zamuran (S/T) 2B
Kingri 3 Kachhi/Gandawa 2B Hoshab (S/T) 2B
(S/T)
Killa 3 Mirpur (S/T) 2B Balnigor (S/T) 2B
Saifullah
Muslim 4 Jhal Magsi 2B Dasht (S/T) 3
Bagh
Loiband 3 Kalat 3 Tump 2B
(S/T)
Baddini 3 Mangochar (S/T) 3 Mand (S/T) 2B
(S/T)
Zhob 3 Johan (S/T) 3 Gwadar 3
Sambaza 3 Surab 2B Jiwani 2B
(S/T)
Sherani 3 Gazg (S/T) 3 Suntsar (S/T) 2B
(S/T)
Qamar Din 2B Mastung 3 Pasni 3
Karez
Ashwat 2B Kirdgap (S/T) 3 Ormara 3
(S/T)
Sibi 3 Dasht 3 Panjgur 2B
Kutmandai 3 Khad Koocha 3 Parome (S/T) 2B
(S/T) (S/T)
Sangan 3 Khuzdar 2B Gichk (S/T) 2B
(S/T)
Lehri 3 Zehri 2B Gowargo 2A
Ziarat 4 Moola (S/T) 2B
Harnai 3 Karakh (S/T) 2B
Sinjawi 4 Nal (S/T) 3
(S/T)
Kohllu 3 Wadh (S/T) 2B
Kahan 3 Ornach (S/T) 3
Mawand 3 Saroona (S/T) 2B
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Tehsil Seismic Tehsil Seismic Tehsil Seismic
Zone Zone Zone
NWFP
Chitral 4 Swabi 2B Kurram
Drosh 3 Lahore 2B Lower 2B
Kurram
Lutkoh 3 Charsadda 2B Upper 2B
Kurram
Mastuj 3 Tangi 3 Kurram 2B
F.R.
Turkoh 3 Peshawar 2B Orakzai
Mulkoh 3 Nowshera 2B Central 2B
Orakzai
Dir 3 Kohat 2B Lower 2B
Orkzai
Barawal 3 Lachi 2B Upper 2B
Orkzai
Kohistan 3 Hangu 2B Ismailzai 2B
Wari 3 Karak 2B South
Waziristan
Khall 3 Banda Daud 2B Ladha 2B
Shah
Temergara 3 Takht-E- 2B Makin 2B
Nasrati (Charlai)
Balambat 3 Bannu 2B Sararogha 2B
Lalqila 3 Lakki 2B Sarwekai 2B
Marwat
Adenzai 3 Dera Ismail 2A Tiarza 2B
Khan
Munda 3 Daraban 3 Wana 2B
Samarbagh 3 Paharpur 2B Toi 2B
(Barwa) Khullah
Swat Kulachi 2B Birmal 2B
Matta 3 Tank 2B North
Waziristan
Shangla/Alpuri 3 Bajaur Datta Khel 2B
Besham 3 Barang 3 Dossali 2B
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Chakesar 3 Charmang 3 Garyum 2B
Martung 3 Khar Bajaur 3 Ghulam 2B
Khan
Puran 2B Mamund 3 Mir Ali 2B
Buner/Daggar 2B Salarzai 3 Miran 2B
Shah
Malakand/Swat 3 Utmankhel 3 Razmak 2B
Ranizai (Qzafi)
Sam Ranizai 2B Nawagai 3 Spinwam 2B
Dassu 3 Mohmand Shewa 2B
Pattan 3 Halimzai 3
Palas 3 Pindiali 3
Mansehra 3 Safi 3
Balakot 4 Upper 3
Mohmand
Oghi 2B Utman 3
Khel(Ambar)
[Link] 3 Yake Ghund 3
Distt
Batagram 3 Pringhar 3
Allai 3 Khyber
Abbottabad 3 Bara 2B
Haripur 2B Jamurd 2B
Ghazi 2B Landi Kotal 3
Mardan 2B Mula Ghori 3
Takht Bhai 2B
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Tehsil Seismic Tehsil Seismic Tehsil Seismic
Zone Zone Zone
Sindh
Jacobabad 2A Khairpur 2B Tharparkar/Chachro 2A
Nathan
Shah
Garhi Khairo 2A Sehwan 2A Nagar Parkar 2B
Thul 2A Mehar 2A Diplo 3
Kandhkot 2A Johi 2B Mithi 2B
Kashmor 2A Kotri 2A Karachi East 2B
Shikarpur 2A Thano Bula 2A Karachi West 2B
Khan
Khanpur 2A Hyderabad 2A Karachi South 2B
City
Garhi Yasin 2A Matiari 2A Karachi Central 2B
Lakhi 2A Tando 2A Malir 2B
Allahyar
Larkana 2A Hala 2A
Miro Khan 2A Latifabad 2A FEDERAL AREA
Rato Dero 2A Hyderabad 2A Islamabad 2B
Shahdadkot 2B Qasimabad 2A
Dokri 2A Tando 2A AJK
Mohd Khan
Kambar 2B Badin 2B Bagh 4
Warah 2A Golarchi 2A Bhimbar 2B
Sukkur 2A Matli 2A Hajira 4
Rohri 2A Tando 2B Kotli 3
Bagho
Pano Aqil 2A Talhar Muzaffarabad 4
Salehpat 2A Thatta 2A New Mirpur 2B
Ghotki 2A Mirpur 2A Palandri 3
Sakro
Khangarh 2A Keti Bunder 2A Rawalakot 3
Mirpur 2A Ghorabari 2A
Mathelo
Ubauro 2A Sujawal 2A NORTHERN AREA
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Daharki 2A Mirpur 2A Chilas 3
Bathoro
Khairpur 2A Jati 2A Dasu 3
Kingri 2A Shah 2A Gakuch 3
Bunder
Sobhodero 2A Kharo 2A Gilgit 3
Chan
Gambat 2A Sanghar 2A Ishkuman 2B
Kot Diji 2A Sinjhoro 2A Skardu 3
Mirwah 2A Khipro 2A Yasin 3
Faiz Ganj 2A Shahdadpur 2A
Nara 2A Jam Nawaz 2A
Ali
Naushahro 2A Tando 2A
Feroze Adam
Kandioro 2A Mirpur 2A
Khas
Bhiria 2A Digri 2A
Moro 2A Kot 2A
Ghulam
Moh
Nawab Shah 2A Umerkot 2A
Skrand 2A Samaro 2A
Daulatpur 2A Kunri 2A
Dadu 2A Pithoro 2A
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Active Faults in Pakistan
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Seismic Hazard Map of Pakistan
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Broadband Seismic Network of Pakistan
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Guralp Sensors (CMG-3T, 120s) and Digitizer (24bit) Wave form out put from Guralp instrument
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