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3045 NegativeSequence GS 20160122-Reduced

Negative Sequence

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146 views54 pages

3045 NegativeSequence GS 20160122-Reduced

Negative Sequence

Uploaded by

SSD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Negative Sequence:

How to Use It
Greg Smelich
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.

Copyright © SEL 2016


Negative-Sequence Quantities

• Include voltage, current, and impedance


• Can be used for overcurrent, differential,
directional, and fault location elements
Negative-Sequence
Overcurrent Element
Long Clearing Time
February 2014
Long Clearing Time
February 2014
The Perfect Storm

• Phase-to-phase fault was right at pickup of


phase time-overcurrent element (512 A)
• Fault time was long enough to burn line
down (43 seconds)
• Phase-to-phase fault current was
approximately 0.86 pu of three-phase fault
Three-Phase Fault

I2 , Ip

Z1
Ip  I1  E / Z1
I1 I2  0
E
Phase-to-Phase Fault

I2 , Ip

Z1  Z2
Z1

I1   I2  E / 2Z1 
E
I1  
Ip  a  a2 • I2  j1.732 • I2
Ip  1.732 • I1  E • 1.732 / 2 • Z1
Z2 Ip  1.732 / 2 • E / Z1
Ip  0.866 • E / Z1
I2 Iphase-to-phase  0.866 • Ithree-phase
Traditional Versus Enhanced
Distribution Protection

• Traditional protection
 Time-delayed backup
 Limited protection features

• Enhanced protection
 High-speed backup
 High-speed bus protection
 No additional relays
Traditional Distribution Protection
Enhanced Feeder Protection
Traditional Overcurrent Protection
Traditional Overcurrent Protection
Phase Overcurrent Protection
Phase and Ground Overcurrent
Protection Three-Line Diagram
Ground Overcurrent Protection
Not a Complete Solution

• Advantages
 Is more sensitive than phase overcurrent
protection for ground faults
 Is easy to make connection to detect
ground current
 Improves protection for most common fault type

• Disadvantage – no protection for


phase-to-phase or three-phase faults
Introduction to Negative-Sequence
Overcurrent Elements
Phase, Ground, Negative-Sequence
Overcurrent Protection

2
2
2

2
Phase-to-Phase Fault Detector
Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Element

• Advantages
 Is more sensitive than phase overcurrent
protection for phase-to-phase faults
 Is easy to calculate negative sequence in relay
 Improves protection for second most
common fault type
• Disadvantage – not sensitive to
three-phase faults
Setting Negative-Sequence
Overcurrent Elements
Step 1: Find Downstream
Phase Overcurrent Device of
Greatest Coordination Concern
• Usually next downstream overcurrent device
• Typically no downstream negative-sequence
overcurrent device
Step 2: Think of
Negative-Sequence Element

• As equivalent phase time-overcurrent


element backup
• As being located at downstream device
Step 3: Perform Typical Phase
Coordination With Downstream
Phase Overcurrent Device
• Same curve shape
• Coordination margin of 12 to 30 cycles
• Same pickup plus 10%
Step 4: Transform Equivalent Element
Settings to Negative-Sequence
Overcurrent Settings

Negative-sequence = 3 • (equivalent
element pickup element pickup)

Time dial and curve type are unchanged


Equivalent Phase Overcurrent Element
Time (seconds)
Negative-Sequence
Overcurrent Element
Time (seconds)
Enhanced Overcurrent Protection
Negative-Sequence Elements

• Are immune to balanced load conditions


• Improve sensitivity to phase-to-phase faults
• Can be easily implemented in
microprocessor-based relays
• Are easy to set
Customer Negative-Sequence
Settings Coordination
p
p

p
Customer Solution
Add Negative-Sequence Protection

51QP = 5.00 51QC = U3


51QTD = 3.00 51QRS = N
51QCT = 0.00 51QMR = 0.00
Customer Solution
Add Negative-Sequence Protection

• Old TR = 50P1 + 51P1T + (51G1T + 50G1) *


LT1 + OC + 81D2T + (51P1 + 51G1) * !LT5 +
(PB8 * SV2T)
• New TR = 50P1 + 51P1T + (51G1T + 50G1
+ 51QT) * LT1 + OC * LT3 + (51P1+ 51G1) *
!LT5 + (PB8 * SV2T)
Déjà Vu in March 2014
Déjà Vu in March 2014
Noticeable Improvement

• 51QT clearing time of 4 seconds


Line was not damaged
• Phase fault current
540 A (1.125 multiples of pickup)
• Negative-sequence fault current
3I2 = 981 A (2.45 multiples of pickup)
Negative-Sequence
Differential Element
87Q Principle

1Q 2Q

• Sensitive
• Fast
• Inherently secure
The Secret to Sensitivity
Differential Current?

DIF Q
 1Q
 2Q
  N Q
I1A
IDIF(A)

I1A I2A
I1B ABC I1Q
I1C
Q I1B
IDIF(Q) Mathematically IDIF(B) ABC IDIF(Q)

I2A Equivalent I2B Q


I2B ABC I2Q
I2C
Q I1C

I2C IDIF(C)

No 87P differential = no 87Q differential


The Secret to Sensitivity
Restraining Current?

RST Q
 1Q
 2Q
  N Q

87P 87Q
DIF(Q)

RST(Q)

Lower restraint provides sensitivity but challenges security


Restraining Current Purpose

Reflect the stress on protection system


components, CTs in particular, that can cause
spurious differential current

Negative-sequence restraining current


does not meet this requirement for
balanced faults / events
The Secret to Sensitivity
Addressing CT Saturation

• Security problems under CT saturation


• Need for external fault detection logic
Negative-Sequence Differential

• Is excellent for protecting lines


and transformers
• Needs security for CT saturation
Negative-Sequence
Directional Element
Negative-Sequence Equations
Voltage and Current

3V2  VA  a 2VB  aVC


3I 2  I A  a I B  aI C
2

where a  1120
and a  1240
2
Traditional Negative-Sequence
Directional Element
 2 2  2  2  
• Positive torque indicates forward direction
• Negative torque indicates reverse direction
Phasor Diagram Shows Maximum
Torque Angles for Traditional Negative-
Sequence Directional Element

3I2 Reverse
Boundary
3V2

3I2 Forward MTA


Traditional Negative-Sequence
Directional Element Limitations
 2 2  2  2  
• Torque produced is proportional to
magnitude of V2 and I2, limits sensitivity
of directional element
• Direction of very short phasor is difficult
to determine, incorrect directional
declarations may result
Negative-Sequence Impedance
Directional Element

2
 2
 2

2 2

• Negative impedance indicates


forward direction
• Positive impedance indicates
reverse direction
• Forward and reverse thresholds can be
applied for security
Negative-Sequence Impedance
Directional Element

3V2
Z2 
3I2

2

2
Negative-Sequence Impedance
Directional Element

2
 2
 2

2 2

• Direction can be determined for faults with


essentially zero negative-sequence voltage
• Directional element has greater sensitivity
Negative Sequence
for Fault Location
Negative
Sequence
for Fault
Location
Double-
Ended
Negative Sequence for Fault Location
Double-Ended

2S 2R

2S 2R
2F
2S m 2L m) 2L 2R

2S
 2R
 2R 2L

2L 2S
 2R
Negative-Sequence Quantities

• Include voltage, current, and impedance


• Can be used for overcurrent, differential,
directional, and fault location elements
• Are already built in to many digital relays;
just need to be enabled

Understand elements and associated


settings before applying
Questions?

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