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Analog & Digital Electronics-14 PDF

This document outlines 13 experiments for an analog electronics lab manual. The first experiment teaches how to use a multimeter to check and identify electronic components like resistors, capacitors, diodes and transistors. The following experiments study the behavior and parameters of BJT and MOSFET amplifiers, switches, and multivibrator circuits. The final experiment examines multivibrator circuits using integrated circuits.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

120 views68 pages

Analog & Digital Electronics-14 PDF

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anuth

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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2014

Analog Electronic Circuits

Lab-manual

Prof. Dr Tahir Izhar

University of Engineering & Technology
LAHORE
1/09/2014
Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Contents

Experiment-1: ..........................................................................................................................................4
Learning to use the multimeter for checking and indentifying the electronic components..........................4
Experiment-2: ..........................................................................................................................................7
To study the behavior of a BJT as an amplifier. .........................................................................................7
Experiment-3: ........................................................................................................................................11
To study the behavior of the change of BJT parameters on DC biasing of BJT amplifier circuits. ................11
Experiment-4: ........................................................................................................................................14
To study the Bias stabilization of BJT amplifier circuits. ...........................................................................14
Experiment-5: ........................................................................................................................................18
To study the amplifier parameters (voltage gain, current gain, input resistance output resistance) of BJT
CE, CB and CC amplifiers.............................................................................................................18
Experiment-6: ........................................................................................................................................24
To study the frequency response of BJT CE, CB and CC amplifiers. ...........................................................24
Experiment-7: ........................................................................................................................................28
To study the operation of Direct Coupled two stage amplifier. ................................................................28
Experiment-8: ........................................................................................................................................31
To Study the Behavior of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch. .................................................31
Experiment-9: ........................................................................................................................................35
To Study the Behavior of a MOSFET as a Switch. .....................................................................................35
Experiment-10: ......................................................................................................................................39
To study the operation and measure the parameters of a transistor Schmitt Trigger Circuit. ....................39
Experiment-11: ......................................................................................................................................42
To study the operation and measure the parameters of a IC Schmitt Trigger Circuit. ................................42
Experiment-12: ......................................................................................................................................45
To study the operation of transistor Multi-Vibrator Circuits. ...................................................................45
Bistable Multivibrator Circuit .................................................................................................................. 45
Bistable Multivibrator Waveform............................................................................................................ 46
Sequential Switching Bistable Multivibrator........................................................................................... 47
Basic Astable Multivibrator Circuit .......................................................................................................... 50
Astable Multivibrators Periodic Time...................................................................................................... 52

2 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Frequency of Oscillation ...........................................................................................................................52

Astable Multivibrator Waveforms ........................................................................................................... 53
Monostable Multivibrator Circuit ............................................................................................................ 57
Monostable Multivibrator Waveforms.................................................................................................... 58
Experiment-13:.......................................................................................................................................63
To study the operation of Multi-Vibrator Circuits using ICs......................................................................63

3 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-1:

Learning to use the multimeter for checking and indentifying the

electronic components.

Apparatus:
Analog Multimeter,
Digital Multimeter,
Transistors 3 numbers
resistors 3 numbers
capacitors 3 numbers,
and diodes 3 numbers.
Procedure:
Resistor Check
1. Set the selector switch of the analog multi-meter at RX100 range.
2. Short the leads and set the zero with zero-adjust knob.
3. Connect the resistor across the lead and observe the movement
4. Adjust the selector switch such that the pointer is near the half scale deflection
5. Note the value and record
_______________
6. Now calculate the value of the resistor from the color code and record
_______________
7. Repeat procedure steps 3-6 for two other resistors.

Capacitor Check
1. Set the selector switch of the analog multi-meter at RX100 range.
2. Short the leads and set the zero with zero-adjust knob.
3. Connect the Capacitor across the leads and observe the movement.
4. Adjust the selector switch such that the pointer jumps near the half scale deflection.
5. Interchange the leads and observe the deflection.
6. Check all the three capacitors of different values and observe the difference of
deflection and record your observation.

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Diode Check
1. Set the selector switch of the analog multi-meter at RX100 range.
2. Short the leads and set the zero with zero-adjust knob.
3. Connect the Diode across the lead.
4. Observe the movement.
5. Interchange the leads, and again observe the movement.
6. Repeat the above procedure for other two diodes
7. Identify the diode terminals and Sketch the diode and mark the observed terminals.

Transistor Check
1. Set the selector switch of the analog multi-meter at RX100 range.
2. Short the leads and set the zero with zero-adjust knob.
3. Connect two leads of the transistor across the lead.
4. By interchanging the leads find the base and the type of the transistor i.e. PNP or NPN.
(Hint: if black lead is connected to the base and the red to the collector or emitter of
NPN transistor, the meter will show deflection.)
5. Identify the collector terminal of the transistor by biasing the base from collector and
comparing the deflection.

(Hint: connect the collector and emitter across the meter and touch your finger across
black lead and base in case of NPN transistor and observe deflection. Repeat this after
interchanging the leads. In case of larger deflection the black lead is connected to the
collector. In case of PNP transistor bias the base with red lead, in case of larger
deflection the red lead is connected to the collector.)
6. Repeat the above procedure of tow more transistors.
7. Sketch the transistors and mark the leads as indentified.

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Conclusions:
Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment. (You can attach more sheets if required)

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Name_______________
Regd. No.____________
Instructor ____________
Date________________

6 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

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Experiment-2:

To study the behavior of a BJT as an amplifier.

Apparatus:
Laptop computer
Bread Board,
Oscilloscope,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Digital Multi-meter,
Connecting leads.
BJT and resistors
Procedure:
1. Run PROTEUS “ISIS” on your laptop computer and draw the following circuit.

Figure-1 BJT Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit

2. Simulate the circuit shown in Figure-1 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software and observe
the DC voltages at collector of BJT.
3. Change RB so that the collector voltage is nearly half of VCC.
4. Connect signal source at the input and oscilloscope at the output.
5. Measure the peak value of the AC input with the help of oscilloscope and record.

--------------------

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6. Measure the DC voltages at all the nodes with DC volt meter and record.

VB -------------------- VE -------------------- VC --------------------

7. Draw the input, output voltage observed by the oscilloscope in the following chart.

8. Increase the amplitude of the input signal gradually and observe the change in the
output signal.
9. Record your observations in the following chart using multi colours.

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10. Repeat procedure from step-3 to step-9 using actual components and real
instruments.

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Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment. Compare your Practical results with the hand calculated
results and simulated results. (You can attach more sheets if required)

Name_______________
Regd. No.____________
Instructor ____________
Date________________

10 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-3:

To study the behavior of the change of BJT parameters on DC biasing

of BJT amplifier circuits.

Apparatus:
Laptop computer,
Breadboard,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Digital Multi-meter,
Required components and connecting leads.
Procedure:
1. Simulate the circuit shown in Figure-3 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-3: Fixed bias unstable amplifier circuit.

2. Simulate the circuit of Figure-3 and measure the output voltage VCE and record.

VCE = ------------------
3. Replace transistor 2N3904 with 2N3055 in Figure-3 and simulate the circuit again
and measure the output voltage VCE and record.

VCE = ------------------
4. Notice the big change in voltage. Why? (This is due to unstable Bias)

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5. Connect the circuit of Figure-3 on bread board.

6. Connect the DC source at the supply terminals of the circuit and set the source to
12V.

7. Measure the DC voltage at the output and record.

VCE = ------------------

8. Heat the transistor with the help of soldering iron and observe the change in output
voltage. (considerable change is expected)
VCE = ------------------

9. Change the transistor and measure output voltage again and record. (considerable
change is expected)
VCE = ------------------

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Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment. Compare your practical results with the hand calculated
results and simulated results. (You can attach more sheets if required)

Name_______________
Regd. No.____________
Instructor ____________
Date________________

13 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-4:

To study the Bias stabilization of BJT amplifier circuits.

Apparatus:
Breadboard,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Digital Multi-meter,
Required components,
Connecting leads.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit of Figure-4 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-4: Potential divider biased amplifier circuit.

1. Simulate the circuit of Figure-4 and measure the output voltage VCE and record.

VCE = ------------------
2. Replace transistor 2N3904 with 2N3055 in Figure-4 and simulate the circuit again
and measure the output voltage VCE and record.

VCE = ------------------

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3. Notice the change in voltage. Why? (The change is negligible. This is due to highly stable
potential divider Bias)

4. Connect the circuit of Figure-4 on bread board.

5. Connect the DC source at the supply terminals of the circuit and set the source to 12V.

6. Measure the DC voltage at the output and record.

VCE = ------------------

7. Heat the transistor with the help of soldering iron and observe the change in output
voltage. (negligible change is expected)
VCE = ------------------

8. Change the transistor and measure output voltage again and record. (negligible change
is expected)
VCE = ------------------

9. Simulate the circuit of Figure-5 and measure the output voltage VCE and record.

VCE = ------------------

Figure-5: Voltage feedback biased amplifier circuit.

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10. Change the transistor of Figure-5 and measure the output voltage VCE and record.

VCE = ------------------
11. Assemble the circuit of Figure-5 on breadboard and measure the output voltage VCE and
record.
VCE = ------------------

12. Change the transistor in the circuit of Figure-5 and again measure the output voltage VCE
and record.
VCE = ------------------
13. Compare feedback bias and potential divider bias. Which circuit is more stable? Give
your comparison in the following section.

16 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

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Conclusions:

Name: _____________________
Regd. No:__________________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Date: ______________________

17 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-5:

To study the amplifier parameters (voltage gain, current gain, input

resistance output resistance) of BJT CE, CB and CC amplifiers.

Apparatus:
Breadboard,
Oscilloscope,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Required components,
Connecting leads.
Procedure:
Note: this is a long procedure and you may complete it in multiple sessions.

Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier (Simulation)

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-6 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-6: Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit

2. Connect the signal source at Vin and connect Ch-A of the oscilloscope at the Vout terminal
and Ch-B of the oscilloscope at Vin terminal.

3. Draw the input, output voltage observed by the oscilloscope in the following chart.

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4. Calculate the voltage gain from the recorded waveforms graphically.

--------------------

5. Change VCC from 12V to 24V and measure the voltage gain. Is there a change? (Answer
the question in discussion and conclusion part of the experiment at the end.)
6. Remove capacitor C3 across R3 and measure the voltage gain. Is there a change?
(Answer the question in discussion and conclusion part of the experiment at the end.)
7. Add a resistor R5 as shown in the following circuit.

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Figure-7: Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit for input resistance measurement.

8. Measure the gain with and without resistor.

9. Calculate the input resistance of the amplifier using potential divider rule.
10. Remove the Capacitor C3 and calculate the input resistance of the amplifier again using the
above mentioned procedure. Note the change in input impedance and discuss it in
conclusion part at the end.)
11. Connect a resistor at the output terminals as shown in following Figure and measure the
output with and without resistor. Calculate the output resistance of the amplifier using
Potential divider rule.
12. Calculate the current gain using the values of gain, input and output resistances.

Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier (Practical on Breadboard)

13. Connect the circuit of Figure-6 on bread board and repeat the above simulation procedure
step-1 to step-6 on practical circuits.
14. Assemble the circuit of Figure-8 on bread board.

Figure-8: Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit for practical measurement of input resistance.

15. Set VR1 to zero, connect the oscilloscope across the output, and adjust the signal amplitude
so that the output is 2 volts peak to peak. Set the frequency of the signal to 1K Hz.

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16. Increase VR1 gradually and make the output equal to 1Volt peak to peak (half of the
previous value). At this point VR1 is equal to the input resistance of the amplifier.
17. Turn of the power, disconnect VR1 and measure the value with the help of digital multi-
meter. This is the input resistance.
-------------------
18. To measure the output resistance, remove VR1 and connect the signal source directly
across the input. Set the amplitude so that the output is 2Volts peak-peak.
19. Set VR1 to maximum value and connect is across the output.
20. Gradually decrease VR1 to make the output equal to 1 volt peak to peak (half of the
previous value). At this point VR1 is equal to the output resistance of the amplifier.
21. Turn of the power, disconnect VR1 and measure the value with the help of digital multi-
meter. This is the output resistance.
-------------------
22. Calculate the current gain using the values of gain, input and output resistances.

Common-Base (CB) Amplifier

23. The circuit of Figure-9 is Common-base amplifier. Notice that this is same potential divider
bias circuit. The input signal is connected at the emitter through C1 and base is bypassed
using C3.

Figure-9: Common Base (CB) Amplifier Circuit.

24. Simulate the circuit and practically assemble and test the circuit and measure the gain,
input resistance and output resistance as you did for CE-amplifier.

21 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier

25. The circuit of Figure-10 is Common-collector amplifier.

Figure-10: Common Collector (CC) Amplifier Circuit.

26. Simulate the circuit of Figure 10 and practically assemble and test the circuit and measure
the gain, input resistance and output resistance as you did for CE and CB-amplifiers.

22 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Name: _____________________
Regd. No:__________________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Date: ______________________

23 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-6:

To study the frequency response of BJT CE, CB and CC amplifiers.

Apparatus:
Breadboard,
Oscilloscope,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Required components,
Connecting leads.

Procedure:

Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-11 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-11: Common Emitter amplifier circuit to study the frequency response of the amplifier.

2. Set the frequency of the input sinusoidal signal to a middle range of 10K Hz.
3. Set the output signal amplitude to 4 volts peak to peak by adjusting the amplitude of the
input signal source.
4. Now gradually decrease the frequency so that the output amplitude becomes nearly 2.8
volts peak to peak. This is the lower cut off frequency of the amplifier.

Lower cut-ff Frequency:_______________

24 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

5. Now increase the frequency gradually until the output amplitude becomes nearly equal
to 2.8 volts peak to peak. This frequency is the higher cut-off frequency of the amplifier.

Upper cut-ff Frequency:_______________

Band Width:________________
6. Assemble the circuit on breadboard with real components and repeat step-2 to step-5.
7. Measure and record lower cutoff, upper cut off and Bandwidth of the amplifier.
Lower cutoff Frequency:________________
Upper cut-ff Frequency:_______________
Band Width:________________
8. Compare the results of step 4, 5 and 7 and discuss it in the conclusion section at the
end.

Common-Emitter (CB) Amplifier

9. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-12 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-12: Common Base amplifier circuit to study the frequency response of the amplifier.

10. Repeat procedure from step-2 to step-8 for common base configuration.

Common-Emitter (CC) Amplifier

11. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-13 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

25 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

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Figure-13: Common Collector circuit to study the frequency response of the amplifier

12. Repeat procedure from step-2 to step-8 for the circuit of common collector
configuration shown in Figure-13.

26 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Name: _____________________
Regd. No:__________________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Date: ______________________

27 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-7:

To study the operation of Direct Coupled two stage amplifier.

Apparatus:
Breadboard,
Oscilloscope,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Required components,
Connecting leads.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit of two stage as shown in Figure-14 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

2. Connect the DC voltmeter at each node and measure the DC voltages at each node.

VB1= _________ VC1= _________ VE1= _________ VC2= _________ VE2= _________

3. Perform the approximate DC analysis of the above circuit and calculate the node
voltages.

VB1= _________ VC1= _________ VE1= _________ VC2= _________ VE2= _________

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4. Connect the signal source at the input and oscilloscope at the outputs of stage-1 and
stage-2.
5. Set the signal frequency to 1kHz and amplitude to 10mV.
6. Observe the outputs and measure the voltage gains of stage-1, stage-2 and overall gain.

Avo1= _____ Avo2= _ AvT= _____

7. Perform the approximate AC analysis of the above circuit and calculate the gains.

Avo1= _____ Avo2= _ AvT= _____

8. Change the supply voltage from 24V to 12V and oberve the change in gains if any.
9. Now assemble the circuit of Figure-14 on bread board and practically test the circuits
and measure DC and AC parameters.

VB1= _________ VC1= _________ VE1= _________ VC2= _________ VE2= _________

Avo1= _____ Avo2= _ AvT= _____

29 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment. Compare your results with the hand calculated, simulated
and practical results. (You can attach more sheets if required)

Name: _____________________
Regd. No:__________________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Date: ______________________

30 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-8:

To Study the Behavior of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch.

Apparatus:
Laptop computer
Bread Board,
Oscilloscope,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Digital Multi-meter,
Connecting leads.
BJT and resistors
Procedure:
11. Run PROTEUS “ISIS” on your laptop computer and draw the following circuit.

Figure-1: BJT as a switch.

12. Simulate the circuit shown in Figure-1 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software and observe
the DC voltages at collector of BJT.
13. Connect Digital Clock signal source at the input and oscilloscope at the output.
14. Set the clock frequency to 1kHz.
15. Run the simulation.
16. Draw the input, output voltage observed by the oscilloscope in the following chart.

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17. Increase the frequency of the input signal to 100K Hz. and observe the change in the
output signal.
18. Record your observations in the following chart using multi colours.

19. Measure td, tr, ts and tf from the input and output waveforms.

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20. Improve the switch circuit as shown below using C1 and R3 and observe the change
in rise and fall times.

Figure-2: Improved BJT switch circuit.

21. Repeat procedure from step-3 to step-10 using actual components and real
instruments.

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Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment.

Name_______________
Regd. No.____________
Instructor ____________
Date________________

34 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-9:

To Study the Behavior of a MOSFET as a Switch.

Apparatus:
Laptop computer,
Breadboard,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Digital Multi-meter,
Required components and connecting leads.
Procedure:
10. Simulate the circuit shown in Figure-3 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-3: Enhancement MOSFET as a switch.

1. Simulate the circuit shown in Figure-3 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software and observe
the DC voltages at the drain terminal of MOSFET with switch on and off.

VDS(on)=_____________ VDS(off)=_____________

2. Compare your results with BJT switch and give your comments at the end.
3. Connect Digital Clock signal source at the input and oscilloscope at the output as
shown in Figure-4.
4.

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Figure-4: Enhancement MOSFET as a switch with D-clock and Oscilloscope.

5. Set the clock frequency to 1 kHz.

6. Run the simulation.
7. Draw the input, output voltage observed by the oscilloscope in the following chart.

8. Increase the frequency of the input signal to 200K Hz. and observe the change in the
output signal.
9. Record your observations in the following chart.

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10. Measure td, tr, ts and tf from the input and output waveforms.

11. Repeat procedure from step-3 to step-10 using actual components and real
instruments.
12. Compare Practical results with simulation and record your observations.

37 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment.

Name_______________
Regd. No.____________
Instructor ____________
Date________________

38 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-10:

To study the operation and measure the parameters of a transistor

Schmitt Trigger Circuit.

Apparatus:
Breadboard,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Digital Multi-meter,
Required components,
Connecting leads.
Procedure:
2. Connect the circuit of Figure-5 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-5: Schmitt Trigger circuit using BJTs .

3. Apply Variable DC voltage using a DC source and variable resistance at the input and
connect the DC voltmeter at the output.
4. Gradually vary the input voltage and observe the state change in the output.
5. Measure LTP and UTP.

LTP=____________ LTP=____________

39 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

6. Connect sine-wave source at the input and oscilloscope at the output, Sketch the
waveforms and indentify LTP and UTP.

7. Calculate LTP and UTP using the given values.

LTP=____________ LTP=____________

8. Repeat procedure from step-1 to step-5 using actual components and real
instruments.

9. Compare Practical results with simulation and record your observations at the end.
10. Change RE from 2.2k to 1k and observe the change in practical results.

40 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment.

Name: _____________________
Regd. No:__________________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Date: ______________________

41 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-11:

To study the operation and measure the parameters of a IC Schmitt

Trigger Circuit.

Apparatus:
Breadboard,
Oscilloscope,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Required components,
Connecting leads.
Procedure:

27. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-6 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-6: Op-Amp based Schmitt Trigger Circuit.

1. Connect sine-wave source at the input and oscilloscope at the output, Sketch the
waveforms and indentify LTP and UTP.

42 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

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2. Calculate LTP and UTP using the given values in the circuit.

LTP=____________ LTP=____________

3. Make the circuit on bread board using actual components and real instruments.
4. Sketch the waveforms and indentify and measure LTP and UTP.

5. Compare Practical results with simulation and record your observations at the end.
6. Change R1 from 100k to 220k and observe the change in practical results and discuss
the effect of increasing feedback resistor in your conclusions at the end.
7. Change from 10 k to 4.7K and observe the change in practical results and discuss the
effect of decreasing input resistor in your conclusions at the end.

43 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment.

Name: _____________________
Regd. No:__________________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Date: ______________________

44 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-12:

To study the operation of transistor Multi-Vibrator Circuits.

Apparatus:
Breadboard,
Oscilloscope,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Required components,
Connecting leads.

Note: this is a long procedure and you may complete it in multiple sessions.

The Bi-stable Multi-Vibrator

Bistable Multivibrators have TWO stable states (hence the name: "Bi" meaning two) and
maintain a given output state indefinitely unless an external trigger is applied.

The bistable multivibrator can be switched over from one stable state to the other by the
application of an external trigger pulse thus, it requires two external trigger pulses before it
returns back to its original state. As bistable multivibrators have two stable states they are
more commonly known as Latches and Flip-flops for use in sequential type circuits.

The discrete Bistable Multivibrator is a two state non-regenerative device constructed from
two cross-coupled transistor switches. In each of the two states, one of the transistors is
cut-off while the other transistor is in saturation, this means that the bistable circuit is
capable of remaining indefinitely in either stable state.

To change the bistable over from one state to the other, the bistable circuit requires a
suitable trigger pulse and to go through a full cycle, two triggering pulses, one for each
stage are required. Its more common name or term of "flip-flop" relates to the actual
operation of the device, as it "flips" into one logic state, remains there and then changes or
"flops" back into its first original state. Consider the circuit below.

Bistable Multivibrator Circuit

45 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

The Bistable Multivibrator circuit above is stable in both states, either with one transistor
"OFF" and the other "ON" or with the first transistor "ON" and the second "OFF". Lets
suppose that the switch is in the left position, position "A". The base of transistor TR 1 will be
grounded and in its cut-off region producing an output at Q. That would mean that
transistor TR2 is "ON" as its base is connected to Vcc through the series combination of
resistors R1 and R2. As transistor TR2 is "ON" there will be zero output at Q, the opposite or
inverse of Q.

If the switch is now move to the right, position "B", transistor TR 2 will switch "OFF" and
transistor TR1 will switch "ON" through the combination of resistors R3 and R4 resulting in
an output at Q and zero output at Q the reverse of above. Then we can say that one stable
state exists when transistor TR1 is "ON" and TR2 is "OFF", switch position "A", and another
stable state exists when transistor TR1 is "OFF" and TR2 is "ON", switch position "B".

Then unlike the monostable multivibrator whose output is dependent upon the RC time
constant of the feedback components used, the bistable multivibrators output is dependent
upon the application of two individual trigger pulses, switch position "A" or position "B". So
Bistable Multivibrators can produce a very short output pulse or a much longer rectangular
shaped output whose leading edge rises in time with the externally applied trigger pulse
and whose trailing edge is dependent upon a second trigger pulse as shown below.

Bistable Multivibrator Waveform

46 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Manually switching between the two stable states may produce a bistable multivibrator
circuit but is not very practical. One way of toggling between the two states using just one
single trigger pulse is shown below.

Sequential Switching Bistable Multivibrator

Switching between the two states is achieved by applying a single trigger pulse which inturn
will cause the "ON" transistor to turn "OFF" and the "OFF" transistor to turn "ON" on the
negative half of the trigger pulse. The circuit will switch sequentially by applying a pulse to
each base in turn and this is achieved from a single input trigger pulse using a biased diodes

47 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

as a steering circuit. Equally, we could remove the diodes, capacitors and feedback resistors
and apply individual negative trigger pulses directly to the transistor bases.

Bistable Multivibrators have many applications producing a set-reset, SR flip-flop circuit for
use in counting circuits, or as a one-bit memory storage device in a computer. Other
applications of bistable flip-flops include frequency dividers because the output pulses have
a frequency that are exactly one half ( ƒ/2 ) that of the trigger input pulse frequency due to
them changing state from a single input pulse. In other words the circuit produces
Frequency Division as it now divides the input frequency by a factor of two (an octave).

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-7 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-7: Bi-stable circuit with triggering circuit.

2. Apply digital clock at trigger input and connect the oscilloscope at the output.
3. Observe and record the input and output waveforms.

48 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

4. Assemble the circuit of Figure-7 on breadboard.

5. Connect the function generator at the trigger input and oscilloscope at the output.
6. Observe and record the waveforms.

7. Compare the results obtained from simulation and practical implementation of the Bi-
stable circuit and discuss your observations at the end of the report.

49 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Astable Multi-Vibrator

Regenerative switching circuits such as Astable Multivibrators are the most commonly used
type of relaxation oscillator as they produce a constant square wave output waveform as
well as their simplicity, reliability and ease of construction. Unlike the Monostable
Multivibrator or the Bistable Multivibrator we looked at in the previous tutorials that
require an "external" trigger pulse for their operation, the Astable Multivibrator switches
continuously between its two unstable states without the need for any external triggering.

The Astable Multivibrator is another type of cross-coupled transistor switching circuit that
has NO stable output states as it changes from one state to the other all the time. The
astable circuit consists of two switching transistors, a cross-coupled feedback network, and
two time delay capacitors which allows oscillation between the two states with no external
trigger signal to produce the change in state.

Astable multivibrators are therefore also known as Free-running Multivibrator as they do

not require any additional inputs or external assistance to osillate. Astables produce a
continuous square wave from its output or outputs, (two outputs no inputs) which can then
be used to flash lights or produce a sound in a loudspeaker.

The basic transistor circuit for an Astable Multivibrator produces a square wave output
from a pair of grounded emitter cross-coupled transistors. Both transistors either NPN or
PNP, in the multivibrator are biased for linear operation and are operated as Common
Emitter Amplifiers with 100% positive feedback. This configuration satisfies the condition for
oscillation when: ( βA = 1∠ 0o ). This results in one stage conducting "fully-ON" (Saturation)
while the other is switched "fully-OFF" (cut-off) giving a very high level of mutual
amplification between the two transistors. Conduction is transferred from one stage to the
other by the discharging action of a capacitor through a resistor as shown below.

Basic Astable Multivibrator Circuit

50 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Assume that transistor, TR1 has just switched "OFF" and its collector voltage is rising
towards Vcc, meanwhile transistor TR2 has just turned "ON". Plate "A" of capacitor C1 is also
rising towards the +6 volts supply rail of Vcc as it is connected to the collector of TR 1. The
other side of capacitor, C1, plate "B", is connected to the base terminal of transistor TR 2 and
is at 0.6v because transistor TR2 is conducting therefore, capacitor C1 has a potential
difference of 5.4 volts across it, 6.0 - 0.6v, (its high value of charge).

The instant that transistor, TR1 switches "ON", plate "A" of the capacitor immediately falls
to 0.6 volts. This fall of voltage on plate "A" causes an equal and instantaneous fall in
voltage on plate "B" therefore plate "B" of the capacitor C1 is pulled down to -5.4v (a
reverse charge) and this negative voltage turns transistor TR 2 hard "OFF". One unstable
state.

Capacitor C1 now begins to charge in the opposite direction via resistor R3 which is also
connected to the +6 volts supply rail, Vcc, thus the case of transistor TR 2 is moving upwards
in a positive direction towards Vcc with a time constant equal to the C1 x R3 combination.
However, it never reaches the value of Vcc because as soon as it gets to 0.6 volts positive,
transistor TR2 turns fully "ON" into saturation starting the whole process over again but now
with capacitor C2 taking the base of transistor TR1 to -5.4v while charging up via resistor R2
and entering the second unstable state. This process will repeat itself over and over again as
long as the supply voltage is present.

The amplitude of the output waveform is approximately the same as the supply voltage, Vcc
with the time period of each switching state determined by the time constant of the RC
networks connected across the base terminals of the transistors. As the transistors are
switching both "ON" and "OFF", the output at either collector will be a square wave with
slightly rounded corners because of the current which charges the capacitors. This could be
corrected by using more components as we will discuss later.

51 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

If the two time constants produced by C2 x R2 and C1 x R3 in the base circuits are the same,
the mark-to-space ratio ( t1/t2 ) will be equal to one-to-one making the output waveform
symmetrical in shape. By varying the capacitors, C1, C2 or the resistors, R2, R3 the mark-to-
space ratio and therefore the frequency can be altered.

We saw in the RC Discharging tutorial that the time taken for the voltage across a capacitor
to fall to half the supply voltage, 0.5Vcc is equal to 0.69 time constants of the capacitor and
resistor combination. Then taking one side of the astable multivibrator, the length of time
that transistor TR2 is "OFF" will be equal to 0.69T or 0.69 times the time constant of C1 x R3.
Likewise, the length of time that transistor TR 1 is "OFF" will be equal to 0.69T or 0.69 times
the time constant of C2 x R2 and this is defined as.

Astable Multivibrators Periodic Time

Where, R is in Ω's and C in Farads.

By altering the time constant of just one RC network the mark-to-space ratio and frequency
of the output waveform can be changed but normally by changing both RC time constants
together at the same time, the output frequency will be altered keeping the mark-to-space
ratios the same at one-to-one.

If the value of the capacitor C1 equals the value of the capacitor, C2, C1 = C2 and also the
value of the base resistor R2 equals the value of the base resistor, R3, R2 = R3 then the total
length of time of the Multivibrators cycle is given below for a symmetrical output
waveform.

Frequency of Oscillation

Where, R is in Ω's, C is in Farads, T is in seconds and ƒ is in Hertz.

and this is known as the "Pulse Repetition Frequency". So Astable Multivibrators can
produce TWO very short square wave output waveforms from each transistor or a much
longer rectangular shaped output either symmetrical or non-symmetrical depending upon
the time constant of the RC network as shown below.

52 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Astable Multivibrator Waveforms

Example:

An Astable Multivibrators circuit is required to produce a series of pulses at a frequency of

500Hz with a mark-to-space ratio of 1:5. If R2 = R3 = 100kΩ's, calculate the values of the
capacitors, C1 and C2 required.

and by rearranging the formula above for the periodic time, the values of the capacitors
required to give a mark-to-space ratio of 1:5 are given as:

53 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

The values of 4.83nF and 24.1nF respectively, are calculated values, so we would need to
choose the nearest preferred values of C1 and C2 allowing for the tolerance. In fact due to
the wide range of tolerances associated with the humble capacitor the actual output
frequency may differ by as much as ±20%, (400 to 600Hz in our example).

If we require the output waveform to be non-symmetrical for use in timing or gating circuits
etc, we can manually calculate the values of R and C for the individual components required
as we did in the example above.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-8 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-8: Astable circuit.

54 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

2. Connect the oscilloscope at the output.

3. Observe and record the input and output waveforms.

4. Measure the times t1, t2 and T and compare it with the calculated values using the
relations given above in the example.
5. Assemble the circuit using breadboard.
6. Connect the oscilloscope at the output.
7. Observe and record the output waveforms and measure times t 1, t2, T and the
frequency.

55 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

8. Compare the results obtained from simulation and practical implementation of the
astable circuit and discuss your observations at the end of the report.

Mono-stable or One-shot Multi-Vibrator

Multivibrators are Sequential regenerative circuits either synchronous or asynchronous that

are used extensively in timing applications. Multivibrators produce an output wave shape of
a symmetrical or asymmetrical square wave and are the most commonly used of all the
square wave generators. Multivibrators belong to a family of oscillators commonly called
"Relaxation Oscillators".

Generally speaking, discrete multivibrators consist of a two transistor cross coupled

switching circuit designed so that one or more of its outputs are fed back as an input to the
other transistor with a resistor and capacitor ( RC ) network connected across them to
produce the feedback tank circuit.

Multivibrators have two different electrical states, an output "HIGH" state and an output
"LOW" state giving them either a stable or quasi-stable state depending upon the type of
multivibrator. One such type of a two state pulse generator configuration are called
Monostable Multivibrators.

MOSFET Monostable

Monostable Multivibrators have only ONE stable state (hence their name: "Mono"), and
produce a single output pulse when it is triggered externally. Monostable multivibrators
only return back to their first original and stable state after a period of time determined by
the time constant of the RC coupled circuit.

Consider the MOSFET circuit on the left. The resistor R and capacitor C form an RC timing
circuit. The N-channel enhancement mode MOSFET is switched "ON" due to the voltage
across the capacitor with the drain connected LED also "ON". When the switch is closed the
capacitor discharges and the gate of the MOSFET is shorted to ground. The MOSFET and

56 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

therefore the LED are both switched "OFF". While the switch is closed the circuit will be
"OFF" and in its "unstable state".

When the switch is opened, the fully discharged capacitor starts to charge up through the
resistor, R at a rate determined by the RC time constant of the resistor-capacitor network.
Once the capacitors charging voltage reaches the lower threshold voltage level of the
MOSFETs gate, the MOSFET switches "ON" and illuminates the LED returning the circuit
back to its stable state. Then the application of the switch causes the circuit to enter its
unstable state, while the time constant of the RC network returns it back to its stable state
after a preset timing period thereby producing a very simple "one-shot" or Monostable
Multivibrator MOSFET circuit.

Monostable Multivibrators or "One-Shot Multivibrators" as they are also called, are used to
generate a single output pulse of a specified width, either "HIGH" or "LOW" when a suitable
external trigger signal or pulse T is applied. This trigger signal initiates a timing cycle which
causes the output of the monostable to change its state at the start of the timing cycle and
will remain in this second state.

The timing cycle of the monostable is determined by the time constant of the timing
capacitor, CT and the resistor, RT until it resets or returns itself back to its original (stable)
state. The monostable multivibrator will then remain in this original stable state indefinitely
until another input pulse or trigger signal is received. Then, Monostable Multivibrators
have only ONE stable state and go through a full cycle in response to a single triggering
input pulse.

Monostable Multivibrator Circuit

57 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

The basic collector-coupled Monostable Multivibrator circuit and its associated waveforms
are shown above. When power is firstly applied, the base of transistor TR2 is connected to
Vcc via the biasing resistor, RT thereby turning the transistor "fully-ON" and into saturation
and at the same time turning TR1 "OFF" in the process. This then represents the circuits
"Stable State" with zero output. The current flowing into the saturated base terminal of TR2
will therefore be equal to Ib = (Vcc - 0.7)/RT.

If a negative trigger pulse is now applied at the input, the fast decaying edge of the pulse
will pass straight through capacitor, C1 to the base of transistor, TR1 via the blocking diode
turning it "ON". The collector of TR1 which was previously at Vcc drops quickly to below
zero volts effectively giving capacitor CT a reverse charge of -0.7v across its plates. This
action results in transistor TR2 now having a minus base voltage at point X holding the
transistor fully "OFF". This then represents the circuits second state, the "Unstable State"
with an output voltage equal to Vcc.

Timing capacitor, CT begins to discharge this -0.7v through the timing resistor RT, attempting
to charge up to the supply voltage Vcc. This negative voltage at the base of transistor TR2
begins to decrease gradually at a rate determined by the time constant of the R T CT
combination. As the base voltage of TR2 increases back up to Vcc, the transistor begins to
conduct and doing so turns "OFF" again transistor TR1 which results in the monostable
multivibrator automatically returning back to its original stable state awaiting a second
negative trigger pulse to restart the process once again.

Monostable Multivibrators can produce a very short pulse or a much longer rectangular
shaped waveform whose leading edge rises in time with the externally applied trigger pulse
and whose trailing edge is dependent upon the RC time constant of the feedback
components used. This RC time constant may be varied with time to produce a series of
pulses which have a controlled fixed time delay in relation to the original trigger pulse as
shown below.

Monostable Multivibrator Waveforms

58 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

The time constant of Monostable Multivibrators can be changed by varying the values of
the capacitor, CT the resistor, RT or both. Monostable multivibrators are generally used to
increase the width of a pulse or to produce a time delay within a circuit as the frequency of
the output signal is always the same as that for the trigger pulse input, the only difference is
the pulse width.

59 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-9 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-9: Mono-stable circuit.

2. Apply digital clock at trigger input and connect the oscilloscope at the output.
3. Observe and record the input and output waveforms.

4. Assemble the circuit of Figure-9 on breadboard.

60 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

5. Connect the function generator at the trigger input and oscilloscope at the output.
6. Observe and record the waveforms.

7. Compare the results obtained from simulation and practical implementation of the Bi-
stable circuit and discuss your observations at the end of the report.

61 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment. Add more pages if required.

Name: _____________________
Regd. No:__________________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Date: ______________________

62 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Experiment-13:

To study the operation of Multi-Vibrator Circuits using ICs.

Apparatus:
Breadboard,
Oscilloscope,
Regulated DC power Supply,
Required components,
Connecting leads.

Note: this is a long procedure and you may complete it in multiple sessions.

The Mono-stable Multi-Vibrator using ICs.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-10 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-10: Mono-stable circuit using LM324 IC.

2. Observe the output through animated LED.

3. Operate the switch on and off.
4. Observe the output of the op-amp.
63 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore
Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

(the LED turns on and after a delay turns off again)

5. Assemble the circuit using bread board and measure the time with the help of stop-
watch.
6. Change R5 to 1M ohms and measure the time again.
7. Change C1 to 47uf and measure the time again.
8. Describe the operation of the circuit giving the function of each component in the above
circuit.

64 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

9. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-11 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-11: Mono-stable circuit using 555 IC.

10. Observe the output through animated LED.

11. Operate the switch on and off.
12. Observe the output of the 555 IC.
(the LED turns on and after a delay turns off again)
13. Assemble the circuit using bread board and measure the time with the help of stop-
watch.
14. Change R2 to 100k ohms and measure the time again.
15. Change C1 to 47uf and measure the time again.
16. Describe the operation of the circuit giving the function of each component in the above
circuit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

65 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

17. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-12 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-12: Mono-stable circuit using 4538 IC.

18. Observe the output through animated LEDs.

19. Operate the switch on and off.
20. Observe the outputs of the 4538 timer IC.
(the LEDs turn on and after a delay turn off again)
21. Assemble the circuit using bread board and measure the time with the help of stop-
watch.
22. Change R1 to 1M ohms and measure the time again.
23. Change C1 to 100 uf and measure the time again.
24. Describe the operation of the circuit giving the function of each component in the above
circuit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

66 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

Conclusions:

Write down the summary, general observation and conclusion about the results
obtained in this experiment. Add more pages if required.

Name: _____________________
Regd. No:__________________
Instructor’s Initial: ___________
Date: ______________________

67 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Prof. Dr. Tahir Izhar-UET, Lahore

68 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

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Analog & Digital Electronics-14 PDF

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Analog & Digital Electronics-14 PDF

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2014

Analog Electronic Circuits

Prof. Dr Tahir Izhar

2 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Frequency of Oscillation ...........................................................................................................................52

3 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Learning to use the multimeter for checking and indentifying the

4 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

5 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

6 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

To study the behavior of a BJT as an amplifier.

Figure-1 BJT Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit

7 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

VB -------------------- VE -------------------- VC --------------------

8 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

9 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

10 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

To study the behavior of the change of BJT parameters on DC biasing

Figure-3: Fixed bias unstable amplifier circuit.

11 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

5. Connect the circuit of Figure-3 on bread board.

7. Measure the DC voltage at the output and record.

12 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

13 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

To study the Bias stabilization of BJT amplifier circuits.

Figure-4: Potential divider biased amplifier circuit.

14 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

4. Connect the circuit of Figure-4 on bread board.

6. Measure the DC voltage at the output and record.

Figure-5: Voltage feedback biased amplifier circuit.

15 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

16 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

17 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

To study the amplifier parameters (voltage gain, current gain, input

Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier (Simulation)

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure-6 using PROTEUS “ISIS” software.

Figure-6: Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit

18 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

4. Calculate the voltage gain from the recorded waveforms graphically.

19 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Figure-7: Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit for input resistance measurement.

8. Measure the gain with and without resistor.

Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier (Practical on Breadboard)

20 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Common-Base (CB) Amplifier

Figure-9: Common Base (CB) Amplifier Circuit.

21 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier

Figure-10: Common Collector (CC) Amplifier Circuit.

22 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

23 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

To study the frequency response of BJT CE, CB and CC amplifiers.

Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier

Lower cut-ff Frequency:_______________

24 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Upper cut-ff Frequency:_______________

Common-Emitter (CB) Amplifier

Common-Emitter (CC) Amplifier

25 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

26 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

27 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

To study the operation of Direct Coupled two stage amplifier.

28 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Avo1= _________ Avo2= _________ AvT= _________

Avo1= _________ Avo2= _________ AvT= _________

Avo1= _________ Avo2= _________ AvT= _________

29 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

30 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

To Study the Behavior of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a Switch.

Figure-1: BJT as a switch.

31 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

32 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

Figure-2: Improved BJT switch circuit.

33 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

34 Electrical Engineering Department, UET, Lahore

To Study the Behavior of a MOSFET as a Switch.

Avo1= _____ Avo2= _ AvT= _____

Avo1= _____ Avo2= _ AvT= _____

Avo1= _____ Avo2= _ AvT= _____