Int.

Journal of Renewable Energy Development 5 (1) 2016: 49-55

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Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development (IJRED)

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Design and Development of Prototype Cylindrical Parabolic Solar

Collector for Water Heating Application

Kulkarni Hrushikesh Bhujangrao1a*

aSchool of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-632014 (TN), India

ABSTRACT: Concentrating collectors absorbs solar energy and convert it into heat for generating hot water, steam at required
temperature, which can be further used for solar thermal applications. The developing countries like India where solar energy is
abundantly available; there is need to develop technology for harnessing solar energy for power production, but the main problem
associated with concentrating solar power technology is the high cost of installation and low output efficiency. To solve this
problem, a prototype cylindrical parabolic solar collector having aperture area of 1.89 m 2 is designed and developed using low cost
highly reflecting and absorbing material to reduce initial cost of project and improve thermal efficiency. ASHRAE Standard 93, 1986
was used to evaluate the thermal performance and it was observed that this system can generate hot water at an average
temperature of 500C per day with an average efficiency of 49% which is considerable higher than flat plate solar collectors. Hot
water produced by this system can be useful for domestic, agricultural, industrial process heat applications.

Keywords: cylindrical parabolic solar collector, solar energy, industrial process heat, solar thermal application.

Article History: Received Sept 19, 2015; Received in revised form Dec 23, 2015; Accepted February 2 , 2016; Available online
How to Cite This Article: Bhujangrao, K.H. (2016). Design and Development of Prototype Cylindrical Parabolic Solar Collector for Water Heating
Application. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(1), 49-55
http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.1.49-55

1. Introduction crude oils as fuel, but availability of these sources are

limited and may not support the process of sustainable
Increasing Population, urbanization and
development. Use of Fossil fuels for power production
industrialization demands energy at higher rate. India
causes environmental pollution, global warming, ozone
is facing serious problem of meeting adequate energy
layer depletion and human health hazards (WEO 2013).
supply to customer at reasonable cost (Garg 2012;
Kumar et al. 2010). India’s energy requirement and Tabel 1
forecast is as shown in Table 1. Demand of energy India’s energy demand and future scenario (IEP, 2006)
means electricity in industrial, agricultural and Sectors 2006-2007 2050
domestic sector is higher than other. According to TWh/yr TWh/yr
Integrated energy policy report 2006, India has to
Domestic 121 994
maintain 8 to 10 % economic growth rate to solve the
issue of poverty and development goals. To maintain Commercial 44 283
sustained growth of 8% till 2031, primary energy Industry 257 1202
supply and electricity supply needs to be increased by 3 Transport 12 532
to 4 times and 5 to 7 times respectively than current Agriculture and other 133 156
rate of energy consumption. Energy in the form of
Total 567 3168
electricity is generated in thermal power plant using
conventional energy sources like coal, natural gas; Sources: IEA, 2009b; IEA, 2010a; IEA, 2009c

*
Corresponding Author: +91-9788926660.
Email: [email protected]

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, February 15th 2016, All rights reserved

Citation: Bhujangrao, K.H. (2016). Design and Development of Prototype Cylindrical Parabolic Solar Collector for Water Heating Application. Int. Journal of
Renewable Energy Development, 5(1), 49-55, http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.1.49-55
P a g e | 50

Table 2 gives the detail information about house 800 oil as heat transfer fluid at Sandia national
hold energy consumption in India. Rural people mostly laboratory. This model considers absorber tube
use biomass such as wood and cow dung etc. which temperature rather than working fluid temperature so
creates air pollution and health problems; in case of this model is applicable to all type of working fluids.
urban area mostly electricity is consumed for daily Water was used for direct steam generation and it is
energy requirements. observed that heat losses in case of oil are more than
water, other factor such as mass flow rate, inlet water
Tabel 2
temperature, radiation level etc. affects thermal
House hold energy consumption in India (IEP, 2006)
Fuel Physical Units MToe performance of trough were optimized using designed
Type Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total simulation model.
Price et al. (2002) have reviewed current status,
Fire wood 158.87 18.08 176.95 71.49 8.13 79.62 research and development activities taken towards
and chips
enhancement in the performance of parabolic trough
(Mt)
Electricity 40.76 57.26 98.02 3.51 4.92 8.43 technology. Review put focus on the improvement in
(BkWh) trough design, support structure, reflector, receiver,
Dung 132.95 8.03 140.98 27.92 1.69 29.61 heat transfer fluid and storage, operation and
Cake (Mt)
maintenance and plant economics. Parabolic trough
Kerosene 7.38 4.51 11.89 6.25 3.82 10.07
(ML) technology can compete with conventional power plant
Coal (Mt) 1.20 1.54 2.74 0.49 0.63 1.12 technology but there is need to reduce of overall cost of
LPG (Mt) 1.25 4.43 5.68 1.41 5.00 6.41 project and improve efficiency of power generation.
Source: Derived from NSS 55th Round, (July 1999-June 2000) data,
National Sample Survey Organization, Ministry of Statistics and
Nasir (2004) has fabricated a parabolic trough
Programme Implementation, Government of India collector of two plate plate’s type and tested for air
heating application. Thermal analysis of trough was
To satisfy growing energy demand and solve performed on data collected for three days form
environmental consequences, there is need to consider morning 10AM to 5PM at different mass flow rate of air.
renewable energy sources as an alternative option for Trough manufactured by locally available material can
power generation, which are easily available and are generate hot air up to 970C with 65% efficiency. This
clean i.e. doesn’t create pollution. Renewable energy system was found to be most suitable for household
sources comprises of solar, wind, biomass, ocean and industrial drying purpose in middle and northern
energy etc. out of which, the solar energy has part of Nigeria where abundant solar radiations are
considered as one of the promising energy source for available.
future. The solar energy can be used directly for Mokhtari et al. (2007) observed that in the
electricity production or indirectly for solar thermal process of designing and installation of parabolic
application. Sun is a very large and inexhaustible collectors requires about half of the cost of total
energy source. Solar radiations intercepted by Earth installation cost of power plant, so there is necessity of
surface is approximately 18.8 X 1011 MW, which are optimization of various parameters of parabolic
thousand times higher than present energy collectors like concentration ratio, rim angle, length of
consumption rate (Sukhatme et al. 2008). collector, mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid etc.to
Concentrating solar collectors such as cylindrical achieve highest efficiency with least cost. A computer
parabolic troughs uses reflective mirrors or metal code was written in MATLAB to obtain economic
sheets to focus sunlight on absorber tube placed at focal performance of collector and same code was used to
point. Water (Thomas 1995) or synthetic oil (Montes et predict performance collectors manufactured by Luz
al. 2009) can be used as heat transfer fluid pumped Company. An energy cost analysis was performed to
throughout the system. Hot water is then sent to study the competitiveness of solar power plant with the
storage tank or steam is directed passed over turbine conventional power plants. Optimization shows that the
blade to produce electricity (Kalogirou et al. 1997). overall performance in terms of economy was strongly
Cylindrical parabolic collectors can provide hot water depend on various input parameters and properly
and electricity for domestic, industrial (Mekhilef et al. controlled parameter can give best thermal
2011), agricultural and commercial applications performance of solar collectors.
(Kalogirou 2004). A detail literature review is done to Kinyua et al. (2011) have fabricated a roof top
study the research and development activities done for parabolic trough for steam production. Three different
implementing cylindrical parabolic collector technology reflector materials were selected and thermal
for various applications. performance of trough was evaluated with and without
Thermal performance of parabolic trough glass cover. Maximum temperature obtained by this
collectors can be improved by direct steam generation system was 248.3oC with an average value of steam was
using water as working fluid instead of oil. Odeh et al. 1500C. It was observed that trough covered with glass
(1998) developed a mathematical model to evaluate yields 50 to 55% efficiency which is 20% more as
thermal loss through parabolic trough using Syltherm compared to trough without glass cover further

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, February 15th 2016, All rights reserved

 Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 5 (1) 2016: 49-55
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efficiency can be enhanced by installing automatic  Aa is the area of aperture (m2),

tracking system.  Ar is the area of absorber tube (m2),
A computation program was written by Sangotayo
et al. (2011) in C++ language to investigate the heat
Concentration of solar radiation can be enhanced
transfer phenomenon in absorber tube of cylindrical
by reducing area of absorber tube and increasing area
parabolic solar collector in Ogbomosho climatic
of aperture. Reduction in absorber tube area may help
conditions. Different heat transfer fluids, twisted tape of
in reducing thermal losses from collector and
ratio and various system parameters were considered
improving thermal efficiency (Stine et al. 2006). Width,
to study the effect of on performance of trough. It was
length of collector and outer diameter of absorber tube
observed that oil has high heat transfer capacity,
selected within range of sizes available in market so as
twisted tape increases the friction factor causes
to achieve higher concentration ratio.
enhanced heat transfer with Instantaneous efficiency of
47.38%.
CRg 
W  Do   L
  Do  L
Rongrong et al. (2013) developed a dynamic
model of parabolic trough collector considering oil as

1030  19   1082
heat transfer fluid by Simple Euler transformation
method. Main objective of the work was to study heat
CRg 
transfer analysis between glass cover, receiver tube and
heat transfer oil under variable conditions and altering
  19  1082
system parameters over a period of time. Real
operating plant data of SEGS-VI collected during CR g  16.94  17
summer, spring days and used to validate this
mathematical model. This dynamic model can be used where:
for forecasting performance of parabolic trough power  CRg is geometric concentration ratio,
plant under varying atmospheric and working  W width of collector (m),
conditions.  L length of collector (m),
Parabolic trough collectors can also be used for  Do Outer diameter of absorber tube (m),
water desalination system because of its can
concentrate high amount of heat from solar radiation
(Kolagirou 1998; Hegazy et al. 2007). Equation 1 shows the important relationship
From above study it was observed that, high cost between the width and depth of cylindrical parabolic
of installation and low thermal efficiency of are the collector and equation 3 is used to calculate the focal
main problem associated with cylindrical parabolic point where absorber tube can be placed.
collector technology and there is need to reduce cost
and enhance the efficiency of system to make suitable d
y
0.5  W 
for various applications (Pitz-Paal et al. 2007). This 2
x2 (2)
paper deals with design and fabrication of prototype
cylindrical parabolic collector with low cost locally
sourced material for water heating application. This W2
will reduce the use of electricity for water heating and f  (3)
can satisfy domestic and industrial process heat 16  d
demands (Weiss et al. 2008).
where:
2. Design and construction of cylindrical parabolic  f is the focus of parabola,
solar collector  W width of collector (m),
 d depth of collector (m),
Concentration ratio is an important parameter
used to describe the amount of solar energy
concentrated by cylindrical parabolic collector. 10302
Geometric concentration ratio is defined as the ratio of f   221.02mm
area of aperture to the surface area of receiver tube of 16  300
solar collector (Stine et al. 2006)
Figure1 shows the CAD model of cylindrical
A parabolic collector having desired width, depth, and
CR g  a (1) exact location of absorber tube. Wireframe 3D model of
Ar
whole collector is shown in Figure2.

where:
 CRg is geometric concentration ratio,

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, February 15th 2016, All rights reserved

Citation: Bhujangrao, K.H. (2016). Design and Development of Prototype Cylindrical Parabolic Solar Collector for Water Heating Application. Int. Journal of
Renewable Energy Development, 5(1), 49-55, http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.1.49-55
P a g e | 52

3. Experimentation and performance testing

Experimental setup and equipment’s used for data
collection is shown in figure3. Solar collector is
connected with both hot and cold water storage tank
with well insulated pipe to avoid heat loss. Cold water
storage tank is placed 6 feet above ground to facilitate
natural flow of water through system and cold water
storage tank is well insulated and placed on ground.

Figure 1 Profile of CPC and location of absorber tube

Figure 3 Experimental setup of cylindrical parabolic solar collector

for performance testing

Rotameter is connected in between cold water

Figure 2 CAD wireframe model of full cylindrical parabolic collector storage tank and collector to measure and control flow
rate of water. K-type thermocouples are used to record
temperature at various locations such as ambient, inlet,
outlet and of absorber tube. Electronic controlled data
Cylindrical parabolic collector consist of mild steel logger system is used to collect data at regular interval
reflective sheet curved into desired shape, to reflect of 30 minutes and is stored in computer memory.
maximum solar radiations and coated with silver foil of Anemometer is device used to measure wind speed
0.85 reflectivity. Absorber tube made up of mild steel flowing over the trough and Pyranometer used for
placed at focal point and pass through the length of recording solar beam radiations falling on the aperture
collector is coated with black copper of absorptivity of area of the trough. There is no relationship between
0.94. Heat transfer fluid i.e. water passes through solar location of anemometer and Pyranometer with respect
collector and get heated due to absorption of solar to collector; it can be kept near the experimental setup.
energy in the form of heat. Support structure fabricated Manual tracking system was adopted with North-South
using steel for providing mechanical support to whole (N-S) tracking mode for maintaining solar beam
system. Table 3 gives detail specification of prototype radiation perpendicular to aperture area. Test was
cylindrical parabolic collector. conducted as per (ASHRAE Standard 93, 1986) and the
thermal performance was evaluated using the detail
Tabel 3 procedure mentioned in book (Sukhatme et al. 2008).
Specification of prototype cylindrical parabolic collector Data was recorded after each half an hour from
morning 10 AM to 4 PM during month of May at
Items Values
Department of Technology, Shivaji University Kolhapur
Collector Width 1.03 meter (m) (M.S.) India, (Latitude: 16.42° N, Longitude: 74.13°W).

Collector length 1.82 m

4. Results and Discussion
Focal distance 0.221 m

Receiver inner diameter 0.017 m Figure4 shows the variation of beam radiation of
day time. It is observed that beam radiation increases
Receiver outer diameter 0.019 m as day time increases from morning 10AM to 12PM.
Concentration ratio 16.94 ~ 17 Variation in the value of beam radiation was observed
due to presence of clouds. Clouds deflect the path of
Water flow rate 4 litres/hour radiations get diffused and concentrating collectors
can’t collect diffuse radiations (WB Stine et al. 2001,
Rim angle 134.52o
Mitra et al. 2014). Beam radiation intensity is higher
during clear sky condition. Maximum radiation

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, February 15th 2016, All rights reserved

 Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development 5 (1) 2016: 49-55
P a g e | 53

available was 1050 W/m2 and lowest value was 820

W/m2. This range of radiation is sufficient producing
hot water at desired temperature.

Figure 6 Variation of useful heat gain and heat loss over day time

Figure6 shows the relationship between useful heat

gain and heat loss. Both heat gain and heat loss depends
on incident beam radiation, reflector and absorber
Figure 4 Available beam radiation over day time
efficiency and wind speed. There is inverse relationship
Fluctuations in mean absorber tube between heat gain and heat loss. During noon useful
temperature and water outlet temperature due to heat gain increases as beam radiation increases and
change in beam radiation is shown in Figure5 over day there is reduction in heat losses. At 4 PM and onwards
time. Comparing Figure 4 and 5, it can be stated that, it was observed that beam radiation and atmospheric
there is linear relationship between beam radiation and temperature decreases which causes the flow of heat
tube and water outlet temperature (Arasu et al. 2006). out of collector because of conduction, convection due
Mean absorber tube temperature and water outlet to which heat loss increases suddenly and reduction in
temperature was maximum at 1PM and slowly reduces heat gain (Yaghoubi et al. 2013).
up to evening. Maximum water outlet temperature was Effect of wind speed on water outlet temperature is
observed to be 550C. Effect of clouds on both as shown in figure figure7. Wind speed is scaled by 1:10
temperatures was observed during 12.30 PM. for easy interpretation. Convective heat loss increases
as wind speed increases. Air carries away heat from
collector when speed is high. Prototype cylindrical
parabolic collector is open and not covered with glass,
so there is chance of heat loss from absorber tube.

Figure 5 Mean absorber tube temperature and water outlet

temperature over day time

Approximately 5 to 80C temperature difference were Figure 7 Effect of wind speed on water outlet temperature
observed in between absorber tube and water outlet
temperature due to conductive and convective heat
losses. During 10 AM to 12 PM water outlet temperature
rises steadily as beam radiation increases and at the
same time wind speed was very low so very less heat

© IJRED – ISSN: 2252-4940, February 15th 2016, All rights reserved

Citation: Bhujangrao, K.H. (2016). Design and Development of Prototype Cylindrical Parabolic Solar Collector for Water Heating Application. Int. Journal of
Renewable Energy Development, 5(1), 49-55, http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.1.49-55
P a g e | 54

loss was observed. Between 12 PM to 1 PM there was atmospheric temperature. This prototype system can
sudden rise in wind speed from 1.2 m/s to 2.4 m/s be commercialized for domestic as well industrial
which cause high amount of heat loss which causes process heat application where hot water is primary
water outlet temperature reduced from 530C to 420C. demand.
During evening water outlet temperature decreases
because of fall in beam radiation and atmospheric
Acknowledgments
temperature. Outlet water temperature can be further
improved by covering whole trough by glass cover The author is thankful to Prof. N.N. Shinde
which doesn’t allow the flow of air over absorber tube (Department of Technology, Shivaji University,
and convective heat losses can be minimised (Kulkarni Kolhapur (MH) India) and Mr. Shailesh Patil for
2015). providing support during fabrication and
experimentation work.

Abbreviations
TWh/yr - Terawatt per year
Mt- Metric tons

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