Accepted Manuscript

Regular paper

Double stub microstrip fed two element rectangular dielectric resonator antenna
for multiband operation

E. Vinodha, S. Raghavan

PII: S1434-8411(17)30648-9
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.05.020
Reference: AEUE 51891

To appear in: International Journal of Electronics and Communi-

cations

Received Date: 17 March 2017

Accepted Date: 11 May 2017

Please cite this article as: E. Vinodha, S. Raghavan, Double stub microstrip fed two element rectangular dielectric
resonator antenna for multiband operation, International Journal of Electronics and Communications (2017), doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.05.020

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 Double stub microstrip fed two element rectangular dielectric resonator antenna for

multiband operation

E. Vinodha1*, S. Raghavan2

Ph.D. Research Scholar1, Ph.D2.

12
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India

[email protected]*, [email protected] 2

Abstract

This article presents a design of multiband Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (RDRA) using

two elements with different aspect ratio. The proposed DRA is excited by means of micro-strip feedline with

double stubs which not only improves the bandwidth of each band but also achieves good impedance

matching. The proposed DRA operates at “C” band, “WLAN” and “X” band frequencies and yields wide

bandwidth of about 6.5%, 13.5% and 17.4% respectively. Two Rectangular DRs of completely different

aspect ratio and double stub microstrip feeding achieve this multiband operation. The designed antenna is

very compact and has a volume of 1,737mm3 only. It provides stable radiation patterns in all the three bands

and has a maximum gain of 6.35 dBi with radiation efficiency of more than 82% over the operating band of

frequencies. The proposed antenna has been studied, analyzed and optimized using Ansoft HFSS simulation

software. The designed antenna is fabricated, tested and compared with other multiband designs. Good

agreement is achieved between simulated and measured ones.

Keywords

Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (RDRA), microstrip feed, aspect ratio, stub, WLAN.
1. Introduction

Nowadays there is an increasing demand for high performance communication networks and efficient

mobile devices, which necessitate more efficiency in the antenna design. Reducing number of antennas for

different applications within a single system has been strongly recommended due to physical limits in the

installation space. Hence, it is always desirable to have a single antenna that can able to work for different

applications. Such design requirements have forced antenna engineers to design a multiband antenna. For the

last three decades, Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs) have been more promising antennas to meet our

necessary requirements of modern wireless communication systems. DRA offers remarkable features such as

high radiation efficiency, low dissipation loss, wide bandwidth, compactness, and flexible feed arrangement

which make DRA as a unique antenna compared to other conventional antennas such as microstrip patch.

Initially DRs were treated as an energy storage device rather than a radiator. The idea of using the DR as an

antenna had not been widely accepted until the original paper on the Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator

Antenna (CDRA) was published in 1983 by S.A Long [1].

So far, plenty of efforts have been dedicated to design dual [2]-[6] and multi band DRAs [7]-[24]. For

example, dual band can be achieved by making the feed aperture radiate like a slot antenna to provide an

additional band [2]-[3] and inducing parasitic effects with attached metal strips [4-6]. Design of smart and

multiband antennas with genetic algorithms were presented in [7-8]. Different shapes of DRA such as

pentagon [9] and hexagon [10] had been utilized to get multi band operation. Various types of feeding

techniques [11-15] like L-shaped microstripline, probe feed, two symmetric folded microstripline and CPW

feed were also utilized to achieve multiband operation. In addition to this, multi band operation is obtained

by exciting higher order modes [16-19] and stacking of two DRs [20]. But they make the design more

complex. Sharma [20] has reported triple band operation using two segment cylindrical DRA with a novel

microstrip feed. But it increases overall height of the antenna due to stacking of two cylindrical DRAs.

Bemani [21] has reported triple band operation using three elements and modified microstrip line with
metallic patches. This method requires three segments of RDRA of more thickness along with three stubs to

get triple band operation and also occupies large area. Chaudhary [22] used permittivity variation concept

along azimuthal direction in DRA to get triple band operation which requires two different permittivity

materials and makes fabrication difficult. This article presents easiest technique to achieve multiband

operation using RDRA with only two elements and is more compact when compared with already existing

designs [9-10, 20-24]. The proposed antenna structure utilizes microstripline feed with double stubs to yield

triple bands such as 4.69-5GHz, 5.64-6.41 GHz & 8.1-9.73 GHz which are quite useful for ‘C’ band,

‘WLAN’ and ‘X’ band applications respectively. The Proposed design provides stable radiation patterns and

a measured peak gain of 6.35 dBi and maximum efficiency of 90.3%. Multiband operation with simple

geometry, easy feeding mechanism, high gain, good impedance matching and compact structure are the

merits of this proposed DRA. In their triple bands, lower frequency band is obtained because of the first

element with microstrip double stubs. Other two upper bands are achieved due to the second element with

double stub feeding and this has been shown in the parametric study. In the following sections, design of the

proposed antenna is described. Parametric study is carried out to validate the use of two elements and stubs

with respect to return loss of DRA. Simulated and measured results are compared and discussed.

2. Antenna configuration and design

Top view of the proposed double stub microstrip fed two element Rectangular DRA is shown in Fig. 1.

It consists of two DRs of dimensions DL1 × DW1 × H1 and DL2 × DW2× H2 respectively. Both DRs are

made up of Rogers RT/duroid 6010 material with a dielectric constant ∈ =10.2 and a loss tangent of 0.0023.

They are placed closely one after the other without spacing on the conducting ground plane of size Lg ×Wg.

The proposed antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with thickness (h) of 1.6 mm, relative permittivity of 4.4

and loss tangent of 0.002. In the present work, an open circuit microstrip line is considered as a feed to excite

two DRs of different aspect ratio. The microstrip feed is located on the top side of the substrate whereas

ground
 Fig. 1. Top view of the Proposed DRA

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2. (a) Feed geometry (b) 3D view (c) Side view of proposed DRA

plane is on the bottom side of the substrate. Microstrip feed is chosen in the proposed design, because it

provides much easier means of optimizing the feed position compared to other types of feed.
 Fig. 3. Dielectric Waveguide

Fig. 2 shows detailed feed geometry, 3D view and side view of the proposed DRA. The length and width of

the centre feedline is L1 and W1 respectively. Two stubs are connected at suitable locations with the feedline

in order to enhance the bandwidth of each frequency band and impedance matching. Significance of these

stubs have been discussed in parametric study. As shown in Fig. 2(a), L2, L3, W2 and W3 are length and

width of the two stubs respectively. Resonant frequency of RDRA was determined by the popular Dielectric

Waveguide Model (DWM) which was first proposed by Itoh and Rudokas [26]. Initial dimensions of the

proposed DRA were determined from the equations developed for magnetic wall waveguide model with the

dielectric waveguide shown in Fig. 3, having rectangular cross section of width ‘a’ in X direction and height

‘b’ in Y-direction. It is assumed that the waves are propagating in Z direction. By enforcing magnetic wall

boundary condition at the surfaces of the Dielectric Resonator and taking m=n=1, the following equations

were obtained for the wave-numbers and the dominant TE111 mode resonance frequency f0 [27].

 + 
 +  = ∈  (1)
 
 =  + 
 +  (2)
 √ 

 
 =  ; 
=  (3)

 
 tan   = ∈ − 1! −  (4)


Where  , 
and  are wave numbers along x, y and z directions respectively. ∈ denotes dielectric

constant of DRA, c is the velocity of light and  is the free space wave number. Initial dimensions of DRA

were found using the above equations without stubs, then appropriate dimensions were determined with trial

optimization. Optimized values of all the parameters are given in Table1.

Table 1 Dimensions of the proposed DRA

Parameters Lg Wg L1 W1 L2 DL1 DL2

Dimension 50 50 43.5 2.5 9 15 10

( mm)

Parameters W2 L3 W3 H1 H2 DW1 DW2

Dimension 2.9 12 2.57 5 7.5 14 8.8

( mm)

3. Parametric study and discussion

The proposed antenna was simulated using HFSS14 simulation software based on finite element

method. Parametric study is carried out to view the significance of microstripline with and without stubs.
Fig. 4 shows the effect of stubs connected with microstrip feedline. Based on observation from Fig. 4,

without any stub, desired first band (4.69-5 GHz) and upper band (8.1-9.73 GHz) cannot be achieved.

Fig. 4. Simulated return loss with and without stubs

Although there are triple bands without stubs, desired ‘x’ band is not obtained and it approaches very poor

input impedance. It is also observed that when a single stub is connected instead of double stubs to the

micro-stripline, poor impedance matching is obtained for the second band. When two stubs are connected

with the feedline, bandwidth is enhanced for each band with good impedance matching and also good

separation is obtained between the bands. Hence, two stubs are added to the feedline to improve the

bandwidth of each desired band. Next parametric analysis is used to view the necessity of using two DR

elements in the proposed design. As shown in Fig. 5, if only one element is used in the design, then a single

band from 4.98 to 5.15GHz will be obtained with a centre frequency of 5.08GHz. Two upper bands are

arised because of the inclusion of second element with the proposed design. Two DRs of different size
results in three resonant frequencies. Henceforth, to get the desired triple bands, it is essential to use two

elements in the proposed design of DRA. Table 2 shows the comparison of single element DRA and two

element DRA in terms of operating frequency and bandwidth. From Fig. 5 and Table 2, it can be observed

that single element DRA yields a bandwidth of only 3.3%. But two element DRA yields widest bandwidth of

6.5%, 13.5% and 17.4% in their triple band operation. To achieve good impedance matching for each band,

length and width of the feedline and correct location of double stubs are crucial.

Fig. 5. Simulated return loss for single and dual element

Table 2 Comparison of simulated return loss parameters for the analysis of two elements

Parameters Operating frequency Bandwidth

1.With single element 4.98-5.15 GHz 3.3%

2.With two elements 4.69-5,5.64-6.41GHz 6.5%, 13.5% &17.4%

& 8.1-9.73 GHz

 Fig. 6. Simulated return loss for different values of L1

Fig. 7. Simulated return loss for different values of W2

To get optimized length of the feedline, it is varied from 41.5 mm to 45.5 mm as shown in Fig. 6. As long as

the length L1 is less than or greater than 43.5 mm, we can get either dual band or triple band with poor

impedance matching. Therefore the optimized value of L1 is 45.5 mm. Then parametric analysis for the width

of two stubs are carried out. As shown in Fig. 7, W2 is varied between 1.9 to 3.9 mm. Good impedance
matching is achieved for all the three bands when W2 is equal to 2.9mm. It is observed that when W2 is

increased above 2.9 mm, desired third band from 8.1 GHz to 9.73 GHz will not be obtained. Next, W3 is

varied from 1.57 to 3.57 mm. As shown in Fig. 8, when W3 equals 2.57 mm, good impedance matching is

achieved. Then optimized length (DL1, DL2) and width (DW1, DW2) of the two elements of DRA are

determined. Fig. 9 shows simulated return loss for different values of DL and DW. As noted from the figure,

triple bands are obtained only for DL1=15, DL2 =10, DW1 =14, DW2 = 8.8 mm and for all other

combinations it provides dual band with poor impedance matching. Finally, optimum heights of the two DR

elements were investigated. More attempts were made to find the correct height of each element used. By

trial and error optimization, the height of each DRA was found. When H1=5 and H2=7.5 mm, triple bands

such as 4.69-5GHz, 5.64-6.41GHz and 8.1-9.73 GHz were achieved.

Fig. 8. Simulated return loss for different values of W3

 Fig. 9. Simulated return loss for different values of DL and DW

4. Experimental results and discussion

An optimized double stub microstrip fed two element rectangular DR antenna was fabricated based on

optimized parameters given in Table1. A commercially available SMA connector provides microstrip feed

for the fabricated antenna. Return loss characteristics for the fabricated antenna were measured using Agilent

PNA E8362B network analyzer. Fig. 10 shows fabricated prototype of double stub microstrip fed two

element Rectangular Dielectric Resonator antenna. First element of DRA was made of two thin layers of

thickness 2.5

mm and it was stacked one above the other. Similarly, second element was made up of three thin layers of

same thickness. To bond layers with each other and two DR elements with the ground plane, a commercially

available Araldite transparent glue with low dielectric constant was used. Fig. 11 compares simulated and

measured return loss characteristics. Good agreement between simulated and measured ones is obtained as
depicted in the figure. Fabricated antenna resonates at 4.76 GHz, 5.86 GHz and 9.2 GHz in lower, middle

and

Fig. 10. Photograph of the proposed DRA

Fig. 11. Comparison of simulated and measured return loss characteristics of the proposed DRA

(((

(a) (b)

(c)
Fig. 12. Measured radiation pattern of the proposed antenna in E-plane at (a) 4.76 GHz (b) 5.86 GHz (c)

9.2 GHz

(a)

(a) (b)

(c)

Fig. 13. Measured radiation pattern of the proposed antenna in H-plane at (a) 4.76 GHz (b) 5.86 GHz

(c) 9.2 GHz

Fig. 14. Comparison of measured and simulated gain of the proposed antenna

Fig. 15. Radiation efficiency of the proposed DRA

 Table 3 Gain and Radiation efficiency

Measured Measured Simulated

Resonant Frequency Peak gain Radiation efficiency

(GHz) (dBi) (%)

4.76 6.35 82.1

5.86 5.57 84.9

9.2 3.9 90.9

upper bands respectively with good impedance matching of above 17.71 dB. The small deviation between

simulated and measured results may be attributed due to the use of adhesive material and its dielectric

constant and possibility of air gaps while bonding layers of DRA with the ground plane. Then error may be

added due to correct positioning of antenna material with the ground plane and the use of small size ground

plane. The proposed antenna is measured in a far field anechoic chamber. Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 indicate the

measured and simulated E (x-y) plane and H (x-z) plane radiation patterns at three selected frequencies 4.76,

5.86 and 9.2 GHz reflecting a reasonable agreement. The proposed antenna radiates at broadside direction

and provides stable radiation patterns over the operating band of frequencies. The cross-polarized fields in

both E and H planes are sufficiently low (less than 25 dB) compared with their corresponding co-polarized

levels as shown in the figures. There is a small deviation between simulated and measured radiation patterns
due to fabrication and measurement errors as discussed above. Fig. 14 compares simulated and measured

gain of double stub

Table 4 Comparison of proposed DRA and other multiband DRAs

DRA Shape Feed Height Lower Middle Upper Measured

Type (mm) Band Band Band Gain

(%) (%) (%) (dBi)

RDRA [10] Probe 13.5 0.94 0.64 0.58 3.4

&1.06

RDRA [21 ] Microstrip 12.0 3.45 11.14 1.72 NA

Line

CDRA [22 ] Probe 14.2 12.06 6.45 4.02 NA

RDRA [9] Slot coupled 10.0 7.50 23.57 17.4 5.27

CDRA [25] Microstrip 3 8.16 8.57 6.1 5.32

line

Proposed Double stub 7.5 6.5 12.7 13.04 6.35

RDRA Microstrip

feed
microstrip fed two element Dielectric Resonator Antenna. Gain of the proposed DRA was measured by gain

transfer method using horn antenna as a reference antenna. Measured gain ranges from 3.7 to 6.35 dBi over

the operating band of frequencies. Measured peak gains of 6.35 dBi, 5.57 dBi and 3.9dBi have been obtained

at resonant frequencies 4.76 GHz, 5.86 GHz and 9.2 GHz respectively. There is a deviation of gain at higher

frequencies between measured and simulated ones. This may be due to the glue and its dielectric constant

used to bond DRA with the ground plane, error in precise cutting, manual measurement and positioning of

hard ceramic material in a ground plane. It can be observed from Fig. 15 that more than 82% of radiation

efficiency is obtained throughout the operating band. Table 3 shows gain and radiation efficiency of the

proposed antenna at all resonant frequencies. Maximum radiation efficiency of 90.9 is achieved at 9.2 GHz.

In order to know the significance of this proposed design, it has been compared with some other designs

available in the literature. It is clear from Table 4, that our proposed design achieves compact structure, wide

bandwidth and high gain compared to [10], [21] and [22]. Middle band of [9] is wider than our proposed

design. But, to achieve this

wide bandwidth, [9] requires more thickness and hence sacrifices its compactness. Even though [22], has

reduced height, radius is more and bandwidth is less compared to our proposed design. Easily realizable

structure without any complicated geometry, no need of notching, modified ground plane and EBG

substrates, Simple feeding technique, compact design and high gain are good features of the proposed

system which can be suitable for three different frequency applications such as ‘C’ band, ‘WLAN’ and ‘X’

band.

5. Conclusion
 A two element, Rectangular Dielectric Resonator antenna is designed, fabricated and implemented to

support multi band operation. In this design, feedline with double stubs are used to achieve three different

frequency bands such as 4.69-5GHz, 5.64-6.41GHz and 8.1-9.73GHz. The proposed DRA doesn’t require

any difficult geometry, notching and complicated feeding technique to achieve multiband operation. The

proposed antenna is small in size, easy to fabricate and has a low volume of 1,737 mm3 with wide bandwidth

in each operating band. Good agreement between measured and simulated results is obtained. It is very much

attractive for WLAN, ‘C’ band, ‘X’ band applications and also suitable for geophysical exploration,

biomedical telemetry, cognitive radio and aerospace communication systems.

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Authors

E. Vinodha received her BE degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from

Periyar Maniammai College of Technology for Women, Thanjavur, ME degree in
Communication Systems from Jayaram College of Engineering and Technology,
Tiruchirappalli, India. Currently, she is working toward her PhD degree in the area of
Performance Enhancement of Dielectric Resonator Antennas under the guidance of Dr. S.
Raghavan in the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National
Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India. She has 11 years of teaching experience and
presently working as Assistant Professor in JJ College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India.
Her research interest includes Microwave Propagation, Dielectric Resonator Antennas and Smart Antennas.
Email-id: [email protected].

Dr. S. Raghavan has 35 years of experience in teaching and research at National

Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India as a senior professor. He received his
BE degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from College of
Engineering, Guindy, ME degree in Microwave Engineering from College of
Engineering He completed his Doctoral program in the field of microwave integrated
circuits from I.I.T. Delhi, India under the guidance of Prof. Bharathi Bhat and
Prof.S.K. Koul. He is a Senior Member of IEEE in MTT and EMBS, Life Fellow in BES, Fellow in IETE
and IE, Life member in ISSS, MRSI, ISTE, EMC/EMI, IELTS and ILA. He is referee for MTT journal. His
research interest includes microwave/millimeter-wave circuits and devices, microwave integrated circuits,
antennas, EMI/EMC, computational electromagnetic, RF/BIO MEMS, metamaterials and microwaves in
biomedical applications. He has contributed more than 50 papers in international, national journals and 150
papers in international conferences including IEEE Explore proceedings.