ABSTRACT
This experiment is conducted to find out the relationship between pressure and
temperature for saturated steam. The filler plug water is open to fill water into the boiler and
the valve overflow is open to let water out when the boiler is full. The plug is close and heater
switch is turn on. Overflow valve is open while heating process. When the temperature reach
around 97ᵒC to 100ᵒC, the temperature of every 0.5 bar pressure increasing is recorded until
the pressure is 5 bar. Lastly, switch off the heater and record the fall of temperature decrease
for each 0.5 bar pressure. The graph of pressure versus temperature for the process heating
and cooling is plotted and it shows that pressure is directly proportional to temperature. That
means when the temperature in the Marcet boiler increase, the pressure will increase as well
and vice versa.
INTRODUCTION
Market boiler is useful in industry field such as food producing industry. All of them
need to use “boiler” to heat the water in a large quantity. The Marcet boiler is use to
demonstration of the basic principle in Thermodynamics studies which is the boiling
phenomenon. Initially, the discovery of this phenomenon is founded by Rudolf Clausius, a
German physicist that was a thermodynamics power icon. Marcet boiler is also a device that
is used for the understanding of the basic properties of saturated steam to superheated steam.
It consists of cylinders surrounded with isolated substance in its electrically heated boiler
which is used to heat up water and to measure both the temperature and pressure. Marcet
boiler also contains thermometer, barometer and safety valve. The saturation pressure curve
can be determined at pressure within 10 bar.
The aim of this experiment is to studies the relationship between pressure and
temperature for saturated steam. The experiment is done to demonstrate the vapour pressure
curve by recording the reading of temperature when pressure increases. The respective values
of pressure and temperature are able on the digital indicators as the unit comes with pressure
and temperature transducers. Drawing the graph of pressure against temperature allows the
experiment to draw conclusions of the relationship between pressure and temperature.
THEORY
When energy (example: heat energy) is added within water, the increasing of
activities among the molecules caused the increase in the number of molecules to
escape from the surface until equilibrium state is reached. The state of equilibrium
depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the pressure,
the easier the molecules leaving the water surface and thus less energy is required to
achieve the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium
occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature. The pressure where
equilibrium occurs at a given pressure is called saturated pressure.
Thermodynamic properties of a pure substance can be determined by two of the following
characteristics: T, P, H, S, V etc. Data characteristics can be obtained either from experiments
or equations, or using certain. Between two thermodynamic properties that are easily
measured T and P. Relations between these properties can be expressed in the form of graphs
or equations.
Clausius‐Clapeyron equation one has published the following:
𝑑𝑇 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑇(𝑉𝑔 − 𝑉𝑓 )
[ ] =
𝑑𝑃 (𝐻𝑔 − 𝐻𝑓 )
where:
Vf = volume of water Vg = volume of steam Hf = enthalpy of water
Hg = enthalpy of steam
Hfg = Hg – Hf = Heat dormant of vaporization
Dormant for the heat value of water can be obtained from the equation.
