Diagnostic Tests
SERUM LIPID PANEL
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Total Cholesterol NR: <200mg/dL
(ROUTINE LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS)
Triglycerides NR: 100-200mg/dL
HDL good cholesterol
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC)
LDL bad cholesterol
o Keep patient on NPO for 12 hours prior to lab
Normal Values extraction.
o Ideal to do NPO at night when the patient
White Blood Cells (WBC) 4,000-10,000/mm3 sleeps to prevent hypoglycemia attacks in the
Red Blood Cells (RBC) 4.2-5.9 million/mm3 morning when the patient is actively doing
activities.
Hemoglobin (Hgb) Males 14-18 g/dL o Specimen collection will be in the morning,
Females 12-16 g/dL before breakfast.
Hematocrit (Hct) Males 40-54%
Signs & Symptoms of Hypoglycemia
Females 37-47% Wet (cold sweat)
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 86-98 um3/cell Wild (restless)
Weak
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) 27-32 uug/RBC White
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) 11.5-14.5 Headache/Light-Headedness
Tremors
Platelet Count 150,000-400,000/mm3
WBC Differential COAGULATION TESTS
To check patient’s risk for bleeding especially before
o Neutrophils 40-75% surgery.
o Lymphocytes 15-45% Prothrombin time (PT or Protime)
APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
o Monocytes 1-10% Other Blood test to check for risk of bleeding:
o Eosinophils 1-6% Bleeding Time
Clotting Time
o Basophils 0-2%
Other Tests
Blood Typing (A,B,AB,O) – reflected antigens
present in the RBC surface (A & B)
RBC/Erythrocytes; Hemoglobin, Hematocrit – reflects
Cross-Matching (+,-) – reflects D antigen –
oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
Rhesus factor (Rh factor)
Rh(+) – has D antigen
Platelets/Thrombocytes – blood clotting, control of
Rh(-) – has no D antigen
bleeding.
WBC’s/Leukocytes – protect the body from bacterial
GLUCOSE TESTS
and foreign body invasion.
Capillary Blood Glucose (CBG) – NPO 1-2 hours prior for
accurate results
Neutrophils – phagocytosis; 1st line of defense,
(NR: 70-110mg/dL) others: 80-120mg/dL
arrive at a given site within 1 hour of inflammatory
Random Blood Sugar (RBS) – no fasting
reaction, short lived; sensitive to bacterial
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) – requires NPO for 8 hours;
invasion.
results may be affected by diet
Monocytes – with longer phagocytic action; 2nd
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HBA1C) – most accurate
line of defense; effective against bacteria, fungi
indicator of patient’s glucose control for the past 3-4
and viruses
months; no fasting.
Eosinophils – allergic reactions/ phagocytosis of
(NR: 6-6.8%)
parasites
Basophils – allergic reactions; produce and stores
LIVER ENZYMES: TRANSAMINASES
histamines and other substances involved in
Sensitive indicators of live injury/tissue injuries
hypersensitivity reactions
Based from release of enzymes from damaged liver
cells.
SERUM ELECTROLYTES
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST or SGOT)
- Contraction of skeletal and cardiac muscles
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT)
Na 135-145 mEq/L
K 3.5-5 mEq/L
BLOOD CULTURES
o ↑ (excitable heart); cardiac arrest
Aerobic
o ↓ cardiac arrest
Anaerobic
Ca 4.5-5 mg/dL
X2 in 2 different areas 1UE 1LE
o Ca ↑ P ↓ (reverse effect)
Nursing Responsibilities
Cl 97-107 mEq/L
o Peak of fever
Phosphorus 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
o No antipyretics prior to blood extraction
Mg 1.3-2.5 mEq/L
o Prior to start antibiotics
Diagnostic Tests
Results Lower GI Endoscopy (LGIE) – Colonoscopy
o 24hrs (NPO from midnight), Proctosigmoidoscoy,
o 48hrs Anoscopy (place on knee-chest position)
o 72hrs final report
INDIRECT VISUALIZATION
CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY TESTS
Culture – determines the specific microorganism Xrays
possibly causing the infection. Roentgenography – Xray; visualization of body
Sensitivity – determines the specific antibiotics that the parts with the use of roentgen rays; mostly non-
microorganism is sensitive, as well as those that make invasive
them resistant.
Ask if patient is pregnant – exposure of baby to
URINALYSIS radiation may cause congenital anomalies.
Early morning
Clean catch no squamous cells Angiography/Fluoroscopy – invasive, puncture
Midstream urine through femoral artery where catheter will be
Label properly: name, age, birthday, date, and time of inserted, and injection of dye into affected
collection arteries before xray. Check for allergies to Iodine.
Send to lab within 30 minutes of collection to prevent Cerebral Angiography
bacterial growth. Coronary Angiography
URINE CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY TEST Barium Swallow
Examination of Upper GI tract under fluoroscopy
STOOL CULTURE after the patient drinks Barium Sulfate
NPO from Midnight
OCCULT BLOOD/GUIAC TEST
Occult – hidden/not seen by the naked eye. CT Scan
To check for presence of occult blood in the stool
Hemoglobin free diet for 3 days prior to specimen Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
collection. No metals
No red meat, beef, lessen meat, green leafy
vegetables, dark-colored foods that may alter stool Ultrasound
color.
TRANSFORMED VISUALIZATION
FECALYSIS Graphic representation of a structure or its function.
Collect small amount Graphs are translation of physical energy forms:
Label properly electricity, sound, and radiation waves
Send to lab within 30 minutes of collection to prevent
bacterial growth within specimen Electrocardiogram (ECG)
VISUALIZATION PROCEDURES Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Direct Visualization Electrodes will be attached to the patient’s
Indirect Visualization head.
Transformed Visualization
EMG with NCS/NCV
DIRECT VISUALIZATION Several needles will be injected to the muscles
Viewing of internal body cavities with the use of
scopes, and projected on the screen. Audiogram/Audiometry
Invasive – requires informed and signed consent Measures hearing acuity.
form. All possible consequences should be well Pure Tone Audiometry
explained by the doctor. Speech Audiometry
Decibels – unit of measurement for
Fundoscopy – ophthalmoscope; visual acuity loudness/intensity of sound.
and eye structures.
Otoscopy – examination of internal ear TESTS FOR FUNCTIONS
structures with otoscope. Exercise Tolerance/Treadmill Stress Test
Bronchoscopy – direct inspection and Basal Metabolic Rate
observation of the respiratory tract. Blood Gas Analysis
Cystoscopy – direct visualization of the bladder;
requires full bladder, drink 1-2 glasses of fluid prior to
procedure.
Gastrointestinal endoscopies
Upper GI Endoscopy (UGIE) – Esophagoscopy,
EGD, EsophagoGastroDuodenoscopy (NPO 6-
12 hours prior)
