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Distillation Techniques in Organic Chemistry

This document discusses different distillation techniques used to separate components in liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It describes simple distillation, which separates components by a single evaporation and condensation, and fractional distillation, which allows multiple separations through vaporization and condensation in successive stages. The key factors that determine separation in distillation are boiling temperature and vapor pressure. Distillation is used to purify liquids, concentrate beverages, and separate components that have different volatilities.

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93 views4 pages

Distillation Techniques in Organic Chemistry

This document discusses different distillation techniques used to separate components in liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points. It describes simple distillation, which separates components by a single evaporation and condensation, and fractional distillation, which allows multiple separations through vaporization and condensation in successive stages. The key factors that determine separation in distillation are boiling temperature and vapor pressure. Distillation is used to purify liquids, concentrate beverages, and separate components that have different volatilities.

Uploaded by

mohammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Organic Chemistry Laboratory - Distillation is a technique used

Experiment 1|Simple and Fractional to:


Distillation  Separate components in
a liquid mixture which
I. OBJECTIVES: have different boiling
- Differentiate simple from points
fractional distillation  Separate a component
- Separate the components of that is not volatile
an alcoholic beverage  Purify a liquid
- Calculate percentage ethanol  Concentrate alcoholic
in a beverage beverages
- Four distillation methods:
II. NOTES:  Simple distillation
- Distillation is separation by  Fractional distillation
evaporation followed by  Vacuum distillation
condensation  Steam distillation
- Distillation: a process of - Vacuum distillation:
 converting a liquid to a  Distillation at reduced
vapor pressure
 condensing the vapor
 collecting the distillate in III. BOILING CHIPS
another container. - Porous rocks that release
- Basis of separation in distillation bubbles of entrapped air to the
is difference in: solution being heated
 boiling temperature - Prevents bumping
 temperature at - Promotes smooth boiling
which the vapor - Porcelain, glass, unglazed clay,
pressure of the alumina
liquid is equal to - Do not add boiling chips when
the atmospheric solution is hot
pressure
 vapor pressure IV. PHYSICAL LAWS GOVERNING
 force exerted by LIQUID AND GAS MIXTURES
the liquid mol- - Dalton’s Law of Partial
ecules per unit Pressures:
area of the gas at
the liquid gas inter
phase
- How can we vaporize liquids: - Raoult’s Law
 Spontaneous
evaporation
 Heating
 Decreasing the pressure
of the surroundings
V. SIMPLE vs FRACTIONAL DISTILATION

VI. LIQUID-VAPOR PHASE DIAGRAM OF A TWO COMPONENT MIXTURE


VII. IDEAL VS NON IDEAL MIXTURE

VIII. THEORETICAL PLATES


- Number of steps needed to
bring about a specific degree
of separation of two
components in a mixture
- Measure of efficiency of the
apparatus used in separation

X. AZEOTROPES
- Greek - no change in boiling
- a mixture of two/more solvents
in such a ratio that its
IX. DATA AND RESULTS
composition cannot be
changed by simple distillation
- When boiled, the resulting
vapor has the same ratio of
constituents as original mixture
of liquids
- “constant boiling mixtures”

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