Load Flow Analysis of 132 / 11 kV Distribution Sub Station using

Static Var Compensator for Voltage Enhancement – A Case Study

M.J.Katira, Student, M. Tech. Final (I.P.S.), K.B.Porate, Assistant Professor, Electrical Engg.
G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur. G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur.
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— In a power system, load varies from one hour to enhancement, reduction in power loss and improvement in
another, reactive power varies accordingly which results into power factor with the insertion of SVC.
unacceptable voltage variation. This affects the performance of II LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
load and other parameters like power loss and power factor. Load Flow Analysis is the most fundamental numerical
This paper deals with Simulation of 132 / 11 kV Distribution algorithm approach to know the parameters of a system. In
Sub Station using SVC for voltage enhancement. Load Flow is 1967, Tinney and Hart developed the Newton based Load
carried out, considering balanced system during peak load
Flow solution method. Later, Stott developed the
condition, with the voltage enhancement is the main objective.
Other objectives of the paper are the reduction in power loss conventional Newton method, in which the Jacobian matrix
and improvement in power factor. Simulation is developed in is used. Jacobian matrix is used to calculate the incremental
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) environment correction of the state variables. In Energy Management
and recorded parameters are compared with Simulation System (EMS) and the Distribution Management also, the
results. Load Flow Analysis plays an important role. In a steady
state condition load flow analysis gives the information
Key words - Load Flow Analysis, FACTS, SVC, Voltage regarding power generation , power delivered and losses
Enhancement, ETAP. occur in the system ,current through each branch , active and
I. INTRODUCTION reactive power , voltages at each buses , etc. [6,11,12].
Voltage sag is the most common problem in heavily loaded Load Flow is also required to study & check the
power distribution systems. In the distribution systems, performance of existing system as well as useful in the
permissible voltage variation level is very less but due to expansion of the system. Tools available for Simulation are
heavy loading the voltage level is not maintained up to the Newton Rapson Method., Fast Decoupled Method and
mark. Voltage sag causes due to imbalance in reactive power Gauss Seidal Method. In this paper Newton Rapson method
generated by the load [1]. Voltage improvement at is used. With the help of this method ac load flow analysis
distribution side is possible by using number of methods. have been made in ETAP environment, which has following
Commonly used method of voltage control is tap setting of features
transformer but it has some limitation related to insulation -- Less number of iterations.
and dielectric strength. Voltage can also be enhanced by -- Less accessing time.
improving the power factor with the insertion of Switched -- Suitable for large systems.
Capacitor [2]. Reactive power support at the weakest bus -- Superior conversions.
helps to improve voltage levels. Various compensating -- Accurate and precise.
devices like Switched Condensors, Synchronous Motors, etc
can give reactive power support. FACTS Technology III FACTS DEVICES
suggested by Narian G. Hingorani of Electrical Power Compensating devices are necessary in the power systems to
Research Institute (EPRI) is one the advanced maintain the voltage profile and to improve the power
compensating device for reactive power support. SVC, handling capacity. Some of the traditional compensating
widely used member of FACTS family, supports to maintain devices are capacitor, inductors, synchronous condensors,
voltage profile when connected at the weakest bus by and synchronous motors. They are used in series, shunt or in
insertion of current [3]. Identification of the bus where the combination, as per the requirements and objectives of the
SVC is to be installed is possible with the Load Flow system. The drawbacks of these devices are that they are not
Analysis. controllable, bulky and expensive. Flexible AC
The objective of this paper is to simulate 132 / 11 kV Transmission [FACTS] is one of the advanced technologies
Distribution Sub Station using SVC for voltage enhancement used for compensation. FACTS devices are SVC,
considering balanced load during peak load condition. ETAP STATCOM, SSSC, SVS, TCR, TCSC, TSR, UPFC etc. In
Power Station and Load Flow Analysis have been made. Series compensation, the FACTS device is connected in
Simulation results without and with SVC are compared with series, which behaves as a controllable voltage source and
recorded values. The main objective of this paper is voltage improves the power handling capacity. In shunt
compensation, two types of compensation devices mainly
used are Static Var

1
Compensator (SVC) and STATCOM [8, 9]. SVC is widely IV. SYSTEM UNDER CONSIDERATION
used for compensation purpose. SVC provides benefit to the Typical system of distribution substation is as shown in fig.
transmission as well as distribution side and end users. 2.
Installation of SVC at a proper place helps in improving
weak systems, power transfer, voltage control and
minimizing power losses. SVC uses the combination of
switching capacitors and reactors provide control over G PT DL
S DT Ld
reactive power as per the requirement. SVC is a automated SVC
impedance matching device. It is also termed as static
Fig. 2 Typical Distribution Substation
reactive compensator. Some of the advantages of SVC are
cheaper, faster in operation, more reliable and higher
capacity as compared to synchronous condensors. Whenever In the system shown above ( fig. 1 ) G is the incoming
slow acting voltage regulators are used along with SVC for feeder to the substation, PT is power transformer, TL stands
voltage control, and if the system voltage deviation takes for transmission line, DT is distribution transformers, S is
place from the steady state range, SVC responds faster than switch, SVC is Static Var Compensator and Ld is the load
the others do. SVC is widely used in reactive power control connected. A 132 / 11 kV Distribution Sub Station has been
due to which voltage enhancement, improvement in overall considered for Computer Simulation. The Distribution Sub
efficiency, hence voltage stability improvement is possible. Station is located at Hingna MIDC, Nagpur Zone, India. Sub
This is achievable by varying the firing delay angle of Station has one incoming feeder of 132 kV and 20 outgoing
thyristor. SVC also improves the power factor feeders of 11 kV and 33 kV. The system consists of 40 buses
simultaneously [9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. SVC is one of the with several distribution transformers on the field. Sub
major FACTS devices. This device has been used in Station consist of four power transformers have capacity of
transmission and distribution systems for reducing voltage 25MVA, 20MVA and 16MVA. Distribution Sub Station line
variation and reactive power flow. SVC is characterized by diagram is as shown in fig 3. The notations used for various
fast responses, high reliability and flexibility [7, 15]. components are described below on the diagram .
Whenever SVC is connected at one of the weak bus, voltage X1 – X4 --- Power transformers in the sub station
enhancement is observed in larger part of the system nearby X5- X18 --- Distribution transformers on the field.
that particular bus [5, 8]. B1 --- Reference Bus
Different types of SVC are Saturated Reactors(SR), B2– B5 --- Buses at sub station - outgoing feeders
Thyrisitor Controlled Reactors(TCR), Thyristor Switched connected
Capacitor(TSC), Thyristor Controlled Transformer(TCT), B6-B40 --- Buses on the field with Load buses.
Thyristor Switched Reactor(TSR), Fix Capacitor – Thyristor L1 – L21 --- Distribution Lines
Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)and combination of TSC-TCR B1– B40 --- Buses
are also available. In this system Thyristor Switched Ld1 - Ld20 --- Static loads
Capacitor (TSC ) is used. Basic structure of TSC is as shown F1 - F20 --- Feeders
below in fig. 1. There are three outgoing feeders of 33 kV on power
transformer X1. Outgoing feeders from power transformer
X2, X3, X4 are of 11 kV capacities. Five feeders from
C
transformer X2, four & eight from transformer X3 and X4
respectively. Number of distribution transformers on field
THYRISTOR
and the length of each feeder is reported in Table I.
VALVE TABLE I
FEEDER LENGTH & NUMBER OF TRANSFORMER.
Fee Feeder Number of Fee Feeder Number of
der Length Distribution der Length Distribution
Reduces
L Switching
Transient
No ( km ) X’mers No ( km ) X’mers
. .
1 8 120 11 7 28
Fig 1 Basic Structure of TSC 2 3 HT Line 12 8 33
3 6.39 HT Line 13 5 HT Line
Reactor L is used to limit the surge current when thyristor is 4 3 20 14 1.9 HT Line
ON under abnormal operating condition. 5 16 20 15 2.3 HT Line
6 14 54 16 3 03
7 4.2 43 17 17 13
8 3 HT Line 18 14 32
9 16 16 19 3 HT Line
10 3 10 20 4 08

2
 S
132 k V

B1
132 / 33 kV 132 / 11 kV 132 / 11 kV 132 / 11 kV
X1 X2 X3 X4
25 MVA 20 MVA 20 MVA 16 MVA
B3 B4 B5
B2

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L17 L18 L19 L20

B6 B8 B9 B12 B14 B17 B18 B23 B24 B25

X5 Ld 13
Ld 2 Ld 3 X6 X9 X10 X13 X14 X17
Ld 8 F13
F2 F3 Ld 19
B26 B27 B29 B30 F8 B31 B33 B34 B35 B37 F19 B38

L21 Ld 4 Ld 5 Ld 6 Ld 7 Ld 9 Ld 10 Ld 11 Ld 12 Ld 16 Ld 17 Ld 18 Ld 20
F9 F10 F11 F12 F16 F17 F18 F20
F4 F5 F6 F7
B39

X18

B40

Ld 1
F1 Fig 3 : - Line Diagram of 132 / 11 kV Distribution Sub Station

Supply from feeder F2, F3, F8, F13, F14, F15 and F19 • Marginal limit for voltage 98 % to 102 %.
directly given to HT ( High Tension ) consumers. Hence no • Critical limit for voltage 95 % to 105 %.
distribution transformers are shown on those feeders. For the TABLE II
steady state and peak load condition, the substation record LOAD CURRENT DURING PEAK LOAD CONDITION
Feeder Peak Load Current Feeder Peak Load Current
for each feeder has been considered and is tabulated in table (Amp) (Amp)
- II. Reactance and resistance of distribution line are 0.321 F1 110 F11 210
ohms / km and 0.161 ohms / km respectively. Recorded F2 10 F12 150
system power loss and power factor are 20 % and 90 % F3 10 F13 35
respectively. To carry the load flow analysis following F4 100 F14 40
F5 160 F15 130
assumptions have been made.
F6 90 F16 50
• 132 kV incoming bus bar is considered as reference F7 70 F17 140
bus. F8 10 F18 10
• Average temp. of X’mer is assumed to be 65º. F9 120 F19 10
• Length of 0.415 kV distribution line is very low F10 200 F20 50
hence neglected. LOAD CYCLE (PEAK lOAD)

• Only one transformer is shown on each feeder for Peak Load Current (Amp)

distribution side 11kV line, which is the equivalent 250

of number of transformers.
M P)

200
T(A

• System frequency is 50 Hz.

EN

150
U
RCRR

• Transformers with tap changers. 100

EEDE

• Load is assumed to be Static load.

F

50

• Length of distribution line at 0.415 kV is neglected. 0

10

12

14

16

18

20
2

8
F

• System is in steady state condition. BUS NUMBER

Fig. 3 Load Cycle during Peak Hours

3
 V. CASE STUDY are also shown in fig 4 & 5 respectively. Power loss and
Single line diagram of 132 / 11 kV shown in fig. 3 has been power factor from simulation results are noted. Power loss
considered for the Load Flow Analysis. Computer and power factor without SVC is 10.8 % and 86 %
simulation respectively whereas with the insertion of SVC they are
of the substation has been carried out in ETAP environment 6.56 % and 92 % respectively.
for steady state, peak load and balanced condition. Load
Flow analysis have been made without and with SVC for Bus Voltage(from recorded values ) kV
peak load recorded data of sub station. For Load Flow w/o SVC( kV )With Simulation
analysis Low rating SVC are connected at distribution With SVC( kV )With simulation
transformers. SVC are installed at the low voltage buses
B10, B11, B12, B14, B16, B17, B22 and B23. The 12

Bus Voltage in kV
simulation results without and with SVC are obtained. 10
Simulation results are then compared in Table III for 11 kV 8
distribution level and for 0.415 kV it is reported in Table IV. 6
TABLE III 4
COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE RECORDED BUS VOLTAGE AND
2
SIMULATION RESULTS WITH AND WITHOUT SVC AT 11 KV
BUSES. 0

B4

B9

B11

B13

B15

B17

B19

B21

B23

B25

B39
Bus Bus Voltage w/o SVC With SVC
No. (from ( kV ) ( kV )
recorded Bus Number
With Simulation With simulation
values ) kV
B3 11.00 11.043 11.23 Fig.4. Comparison of Voltages at 11 kV Buses
B4 11.00 10.935 11.07
B5 11.00 10.992 11.12 Bus Voltage(from recorded values ) kV
B9 10.86 10.829 11.02
w/o SVC( kV )With Simulation
B10 9.75 9.799 10.99
B11 9.84 9.94 10.88 With SVC( kV )With simulation
B12 10.54 10.617 11.07
B13 10.68 10.845 11.10 0.44
Bus Voltage in kV

B14 9.31 9.521 10.86 0.42

B15 10.53 10.556 11.12 0.4
B16 9.50 9.849 10.94 0.38
B17 10.40 10.945 11.18 0.36
B18 9.18 9.666 11.02 0.34
B19 10.17 10.906 11.13 0.32
B20 10.75 10.916 11.15 0.3
B21 10.818 10.937 11.12
28

30

32

34

36

38
B22 10.34 10.404 10.917
B

B
B23 10.45 10.452 11.14 Bus Number
B24 10.83 10.881 11.10
B25 10.43 10.811 11.12
B26 10.68 11.067 11.07 Fig.5. Comparison of Voltages at 0.415 kV Buses
B39 10.403 10.969 11.03
TABLE IV VI. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE RECORDED BUS VOLTAGE AND Load Flow Analysis have been carried out with the help of
SIMULATION RESULTS WITH AND WITHOUT SVC AT 0.415 KV computer simulation for balanced and peak load condition.
BUSES. In computer simulation without SVC it is observed that
Bus Bus Voltage w/o SVC ( kV ) With SVC ( kV )
No. (from voltages at buses B10 to B19, B22, B23, B28 to B34 and
With Simulation With Simulation
recorded B36,B37 are in the critical margin but these voltages are
values ) kV more than recorded values. SVC are installed at the low
B27 0.409 0.410 0.412 voltage buses B10, B11, B12, B14, B16, B17, B22 and B23.
B28 0.365 0.364 0.4
With the insertion of SVC at above mentioned buses voltage
B29 0.356 0.369 0.411
B30 0.385 0.393 0.406 level found to be enhanced at and nearby these buses, which
B31 0.35 0.351 0.405 are in marginal voltage limit. These voltages are more than
B32 0.376 0.386 0.402 recorded voltages and voltage obtained by the computer
B33 0.36 0.363 0.401 simulation without SVC. Power loss and power factor also
B34 0.352 0.357 0.402 improved with the insertion of SVC. Power loss is reduced
B35 0.4 0.408 0.415
B36 0.383 0.39 0.404
from 10.8% to 6.56% whereas power factor has been
B37 0.382 0.389 0.405 improved from 86 to 92%.In comparison of all three cases
B38 0.410 0.415 0.417 i.e. recorded data, simulation results without SVC and
B40 0.398 0.408 0.414 simulation results with SVC, it is observed that with the
Comparative results for recorded & simulation, voltage insertion of SVC at the distribution side voltages, power
without and with SVC for 11 kV & 0.415 kV voltage levels factor and power loss have been enhanced.

4
 VII. CONCLUSION Devices on long Transmission Lines”, Generation,
In this paper, the performance of 132/11kV Distribution sub Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-
station without and with SVC at distribution side has been Volume 147, Issue 4, Jul 2000 Page(s):218 - 222.
examined in ETAP environment. In the comparison of [10] Siemens Power Transmission and Distribution
recorded data and simulation results without SVC, the Literature.
deviations in the parameters are found. Improper length of [11] D.Shirmohammadi, H.W. Hong, A.Semlyen,
distribution lines, loose connections, jumpers, joints, poor G.X.Luo, “A Compensation-Based Power Flow
quality of transformers and accessories on the field may be Method for Weakly Meshed Distribution And
the reasons for the deviations. With the insertion of SVC at Transmission Networks”, IEEE Transaction on
the distribution side, improvement in voltage, power loss Power .System, Vol.3, No.2, May1988.
and power factor is noted. To improve the system [12] William Tinney and Clifford Hart “Power Flow
performance use of quality transformers, proper length of Solution by Newton’s Rapson”, IEEE Transaction
distribution lines, minimum joints and jumpers are on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. PAS -86 , No.
suggested. In future, it is possible to design low rated SVC 11, Nov1967.
and their installation at distribution side on the distribution [13] G. W. Stagg. And Ahmed El- Abid “Computer
line itself. It will avoid the installation of large SVC sub Methods in Power System Analysis”, Mc Graw
station separately, which is bulky and costlier. Hill, India.
REFERENCES [14] C.R.Ozansoy, R.Coulter and A.Zayegh, A.Kalam
[1] Fabrizio Pilo, Giuditta Pisano, Gian Giuseppe “Modeling of a zone Sub Station STATCOM using
Soma, “Planning for High Quality Distribution Load Flow Algorithm” , Power Engineering
Networks”, 9th International Conference, Society General Meeting, 2007, IEEE Volume,
Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, 9-11, Issue, 24-28 Jun 2007, Page(s): 1-6
Oct 2007. [15] Nikolas Athamsiadis “A new technique for a
[2] R.O.Gorman and M A Redfern,”Voltage Control STATIC Var Compensator using EMTP modeling
Problems on Modern Distribution Systems” Environment”, Journal: - Electrical Engineering
Proceedings of the IEEE Power Engineering ,Issue, Vol. 84,Number 2 , May 2002.
Society General Meeting IEEE Publication, ISBN 0- [16] C.S. Chang and J.S.Huang “Optimal multi objective
7803-X, Denver, Jul2004. SVC planning for voltage stability enhancement”,
[3] Narian G. Hingorani and LasZlo Gyugyi, Generation, Transmission and Distribution ,IEEE
“Understanding FACTS”, Concept and Proceedings- Volume 145, Issue 2, March
Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, 1998,Page(s); 203-209.
IEEE Press, Standard Publishers Distributors. [17] S.V Ravi Kumar and S. Siva Nagaraju “Transient
[4] Mehrdad Ahmadi Kamarposhti & Mostafa Stability Improvement Using UPFC and SVC”,
Alinezhad, “Comparison of SVC & STATCOM in ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Static Voltage Stability Margin Enhancement”, Sciences, Vol 2, No.3, June 2007.
Proceedings of World Academy of Science and [18] Joe Francois and Samrat Datta “SVC Protection and
Technology, Vol. 38, Feb 2009 ISSN 2070-3740. Control basics”, Protective Relay Engineers, 2005,
[5] A.R.Phadke, S.K.Bansal, and K.R.Niazi, “A 58th Annual Conference , Volume,Issue, 5-7, April
Comparison of Voltage Stability Indices for Placing 2005, Page(s)- 86-95.
Shunt FACTS Controllers”, First International [19] Mansour H. Abdel-Rahman , Fathi M. H. Youssef,
Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & and Ahmed A. Saber “New Static Var Compensator
Technology,. ICETET apos;08. First International Control Strategy and Coordination With Under-Load
Conference on volume , Issue , 16-18 July 2008 Tap changer”, Power Delivery , IEEE Transaction on
Page(s):939 – 944. Volume 21, Issue 3, July 2006 , Page(s)-1630-1635.
[6] M.P.Selvan and K.S.Swarup, “Distribution System [20] Jen-Hung Chen , Wei-Jen Lee and Mo-Shing Chen
Load Flow using Object-Oriented Methodology”, “Using a Static Var Compensator to Balance a
2004,int. Conf. on Power system technology- Distribution System”, Industry Application , IEEE
POWERCON 2004, Singapore, 21-24 Nov.2004. Transaction on Volume 35, Issue 2, Mar / apr
[7] Michael Steurer and Steve Eckroad “Voltage Control 1999,Page(s)-298-304 .
Performance by Adding Energy Storage to Shunt
Connected Voltage Source Converters”, 10th
International Conference on Harmonics and Quality
of Power , Vol. 2 , Issue, 6-9 Oct 2002 , Page(s) 590-
594.
[ 8] Yan Zhang & J.V. Milanovic, “Voltage Sag Cost
reduction With Optimally Placed FACTS Devices”,
9th International Conference, Electrical Power
Quality and Utilisation, 9-11, Oct 2007.
[9] M.H.Haque, “Optimal location of Shunt FACTS