Petrel 2013 Reservoir
Engineering
Module 2: Making a Simple Simulation
Lesson 1: Make a simple simulation grid
Create a Simple Simulation Model
• Create a simple grid
• Define grid properties
• Insert a “simulation fault”
• Assign fault transmissibility
multiplier
Make Simple Grid Process
Make a grid without faults
Make Simple Grid: Result
Skeleton:
A top, mid, and base skeleton
grid is generated.
Further subdivision in the
vertical direction is needed.
Make Simple Grid: Insert Horizons
Skeleton with horizons: If you have
surfaces that describe the horizons,
you can enter them as input.
Make Simple Grid: Vertical Subdivision
Make horizons:
Insert a horizon in the grid to define
different zones.
Layering:
Further subdivision is done using the
Layering process.
Make Horizons
1. Append the desired number of horizons in the
table.
2. Drop in interpretations or surfaces using the
blue arrow.
1
2
Make Horizons: Result
The horizons appear in the Models Available for displaying:
pane. Toggle on the check box to 1. Edges - to see the zone division
view in a 3D window. 2. Zone filter - to view selected layers
Define Grid Properties
Import 3D grids and properties
generated outside Petrel.
Use the Geometrical modeling
process to create Constant
properties.
Use the Property calculator to
define 3D grid properties.
Layering
Specify the number of layers (Proportional), cell Specify the Zone division:
thickness (Follow top/Base) or Fractions.
Proportional
Follow Base
Follow Top
Fractions
Follow Base with
Reference
Layering
Result – Types of zone division
Proportional
Fractions
Follow base
Model a Fault: Digitizing
Make/edit polygons process
can be used to digitize a line
that defines the fault plane.
The new polygon appears at
the bottom of the Input pane.
Model a Fault: Create Simulation (Grid) Fault
The polygon can be converted
into a fault in the active grid.
Model a Fault: Define Transmissibility Multiplier
Use the Structural and fault
analysis process to assign a
transmissibility multiplier to the
fault.
Exercise
Dataset > Projects > Modules-3 Simple simulation model >
Simple_simulation_model_exercise.pet
Pg. 89 - 94
Lesson 2: Rock Physics Functions
Make Rock Physics Functions
Capillary pressure curves Relative permeability Rock compaction
Saturation Functions
Purpose of Saturation Functions
Used to calculate fluid
Used to calculate the
mobility to solve the flow
initial saturation for each
equations between cells
phase in each cell.
and from cell to well.
Used to calculate the
initial transition zone
saturation of each phase.
Saturation Function
Make relative permeability curves
based on Corey correlations. 1
2
1. Preset values are available for
sand, shaly sand and fracture
(for dual permeability models).
2. The number of table entries
controls the size of the tables
passed to the simulator.
Oil-Water Relative Permeability
Krw@Sw=1
Kro@Somax
Krw@Sorw
Swmin Swcr
1-Sorw
Capillary Pressure Data: Oil-Water
You can make oil-water capillary pressure curves using correlations.
Capillary Pressure Data: Gas-Oil
Petrel does not have a correlation
for gas-oil capillary pressure data.
The data can be entered in the
spreadsheet.
Rock Compaction Function (1)
Used to make rock compaction tables from a
choice of correlations to model compaction drive.
Rock compaction function
Use presets: There are three preset
compaction functions to select from.
The red boxes indicate the
minimum input data required
for the selected correlation.
Or specify: Correlation and Rock type.
Plotting Rock physics functions
To display a Rock physic function,
open a Function window and
select the check box in front of the
function on the Input pane.
Rock physics functions are stored in the Input pane.
Spreadsheets
Right click on the Rock
physics functions folder
and select Spreadsheet…
You can view/edit rock physics
functions in a spreadsheet.
Import Rock Physics Functions
Functions can be imported to the
Rock physics function folder.
The status of the import is
reported in the message log.
Exercise
Continue using the project from the previous exercise.
Pg. 113 - 119
Lesson 3: Make a Fluid Model
Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT)
Why is PVT needed?
Simulate reservoir fluid behavior during production process.
Convert produced volume to reservoir conditions.
Where do PVT data come from?
Laboratory experiments – Equation of state (EoS) model
Correlations
Processed in PVTi.
Fluid information required by simulator:
Fluid PVT
Density or gravity.
Make Fluid Model
Black Oil and Compositional Models
One component of gas and one of Both the vapor and the liquid phase
oil in both vapor and liquid phase. consist of several components.
ECLIPSE Black oil and FrontSim ECLIPSE Compositional
INTERSECT
Appropriate Black Oil Models
Fits the Black Oil model.
G: Near
Unsuited for black oil simulation Critical Fluid
(use Compositional simulation). Pressure
F: Wet Gas,
A: Dead Oil
Retrograde
Approximated by Black Oil varying C: Live D: Dry
gas/oil and oil/gas ratios to mimic Oil, Gas
small compositional changes. Saturated
E: Wet
B: Live Oil,
Gas
Initially
Undersaturated
Temperature
Make a Fluid Model
1. Select Create new to
define a new fluid model.
1
2. Specify Model type.
2
All fluid models will be stored in the Input pane.
Make a Default Black Oil Model
1. Select Black oil as Model
type. 3
2. On the General tab, specify 1
which phases are required.
3. Enter required properties in 2
5 4
the Gas, Oil and Water tabs.
4. Or use one of the defaults
presets.
5. Specify an initial condition.
Make a Fluid Model: General Tab
• Select phases.
• Enter pressure and temperature in the reservoir.
2
Make a Fluid Model: Gas Tab
Gas tab: Information on the
gas phase composition
entered here is used to
select correlations.
Correlations: Leave as
default to allow Petrel to
select correlations based on
your input.
Make a Fluid Model: Oil Tab
Specify gravity and
bubble point pressure.
Correlations, are reported on the
Statistics tab of the fluid model.
Make a Fluid Model: Water Tab
Leave as default to allow Petrel create
tables from correlations.
De-select Create tables from correlations
if you have specific water information.
Make a Fluid Model: Initial Conditions Tab
1. From Contact set. 1
2. Define in the table.
2
Make Contacts
Make contacts is the process where the contacts to be used in
the Volume calculation and Simulation processes are made.
Make Contacts: Define Fluid Contacts
1. Append the number of contacts. 1
2
2. Define the contact type and
name.
3. Define the contact level. It 3
can be a different
value/surface for each
segment and zone.
Fluid Variations with Depth
Vertical variations in PVT must
be given in a spreadsheet. Specify the bubble point or the Rs value
at each depth. If you specify one, then the
other is calculated using the correlations.
Right-click an Initial condition and select
Spreadsheet to enter a depth table.
Spreadsheets
You can view/edit a fluid
model in spreadsheet format.
You can copy and paste
to/from existing tables.
Plotting a Fluid Model
Fluids data can be plotted in a function window.
Import Fluid Model
Black oil models exported from PVTi can be imported to Petrel.
The status of the import is
reported in the message log.
Exercise
Continue using the project from the previous exercise.
Pg. 138 - 142
