History of Athletics Biggest Names in Women’s Athletics in the 1980’s

 Athletics: a collection of sporting events that • Marita Koch – Sprinter

involves competitive running, jumping, • Heide Dreschler – Sprinter and Long Jump (East
throwing, and walking. Germany)
• Florence Griffith Joyner – Sprinter, Long Jump,
 Running, jumping and throwing have been Hepthatlon
sporting activities since the beginning of history. • Jackie Joyner-Kersee - Sprinter, Long Jump,
These skills were used both in hunting and in war. Hepthatlon
The ancient Greeks, Persian and Romans used • Asia’s fastest women of almost a decade is the
running as part of their military training. Pride of the Philippines having Lydia De Vega,
 The only event of the first recorded Olympic race as one of the finest athletes after the sensational
(Traditionally 776 B.C.) was foot race of Moro Sulayman who had laid laurels for the
approximately 205 yards (185 meters). Soon country in Olympics.
jumping and javelin throwing were added. These
events develop naturally from hunting and in war. Track Events and Field Events
 In England, Ireland and Scotland, men and Tracks events: is an event in athletics
women compete to determine who was the which involves running or walking around a racetrack,
fastest, strongest and most agile through hammer in contrast to events that involve
throw, triple jump and hurdle races that grew out only jumping or throwing.
of the ancient games.
• Hurdling - is the act of running and jumping over
an obstacle at speed.
Foot racing, both sprinting and distance running • Steeplechase - usually of 3,000 meters over two
were widely popular in England in the latter half of 18th kinds of obstacles, hurdles and water jumps. A
century and the first half of 19th century. Many of the water jumps consists of a hurdle and a water-
competition were match races among professional. filled pit 3.66 meter square.
• Walking races - are also called the race walking,
There are a number of reason for this remarkable my take place in a track or a road. Men’s distance
progress in athletics. They include increased competition cover of 20,000 meters to 50,000 meters while
especially in Europe, as well as improved training women distance are 5,000 meters to 10,000
method, techniques and equipment. Traditionally, meters.
athletics have been an amateur sports. • Relays - are the run by team of four runners. The
first runner carries a baton about 30cm long. After
Training with weights give athletes greater
running a certain distance, called leg, the athlete
strengths in throwing, jumping and even running. New
hands the baton to the next member.
equipment has raised performance levels.
Baton passing and receiving:
In the high jump, for example the use of Fosbury 1. Visual pass
flop add about 15 meter to most jump. The style was
2. Non Visual pass
named after American high jumper Dick Fosbury who
introduced it in the late 1960’s. Field Events: is an athletics contest such as the high
jump or throwing the discus or javelin, rather than a race.
• Long jump - also called broad jump, is
Biggest Names in Men’s Athletics in the 1980’s
completed in a single jump into a pit filled with
• Edwin Moses – Hurdles sand.
• Triple jump - originally called the hop, step and
• Carl Lewis – Sprinter (United States) jump, consist of three continuous jumps, the first
• Said Aquita – Distance Runner (Morocco) two complete on the runaway.
• High Jump - the runner runs towards the bar
• Surgey Bubka – Pole Vaulter (Soviet Union) from any angle within a large, semi-circular
runaway. Fosbury flop, jumps go over with their
• Daley Thompson – Decathlon Athletics ( Great back to the bar and their head clearing first.
Britain) • Pole vault - usually made of fiberglass. The
athlete begins with his vault by sprinting down a
runaway, carrying the pole with both hands.
 First Day Second Day
Throwing Events
100m Hurdles Long Jump
• Discus - is a saucer-shaped object usually made
of wood with a metal rim. The men’s discus
measure about 22 centimeters in diameter and High Jump Javelin
weighs at least 2kg while women is 18
centimeters in diameters and weights of 1kg. Shot Put 800m Run
• Hammer - consists of steel wire with a metal ball
attached to one end and handle fastened to the 200m Run
other end. The hammer end weights 7.26kg and
120cm long. Pentathlon: a one-day competition of five events, is
• Javelin - is a spear made of metal or wood. The rarely held today. The heptathlon replaced the pentathlon
men’s javelin measure from 2.6 to 2.7 meters long for women in 1981. The men’s Pentathlon events are the
and weighs at least 800 grams while women is 2.2 long jump, javelin throw, 200 meter run, discus throw and
to 2.3 meters long and weighs 600grms. the 1,500 meter run
• Shot Put- is a pure metal ball. The men’s shot
ball measure of 12cm in diameter and weights at
least 7.26kg. The women shots measures of 10cm Basic Rules and Regulations
in diameter and weights at least 4kg.
False Start
MULTI-EVENTS: The Decathlon, Heptathlon, and • It is a false start if a competition fails after a
Pentathlon reasonable time to comply with the common “set”
start before the pistol is fired
 The decathlon, heptathlon, and pentathlon are • A pistol shot after a false start recalls the
combined competitions, in which an athlete competitors
competes in several different event over a period • The competitive responsible must be warmed
of one or two days. The athletes receive a score • Competitors are disqualified after causing two
for their performance in each event, based on false starts, or three false starts in the decathlon
IAAF scoring tables. The winner is the athlete and heptathlon.
who receives the highest total score. Thus, the
competition champion is the best all-around
athlete, not necessary the best competition in any Obstruction
single event.
• A competitor who jostles, runs across or
otherwise obstructs another competitor is liable to
Decathlon: a 10-event competition for men. It takes place disqualification.
over 2 days.
• After a disqualification the referee may order the
First Day Second Day race to be re-run or in the cause of the heat, permit
any affected competitor to complete in the next
round.
100 Meter Run 110m Hurdles

Long Jump Discus RELAY EVENTS

Shot Put Pole Vault • 4x100m relay races are run entirely in lanes
• In races up to 4x200m, members of a team other
High Jump Javelin than the first runner may commence running not
more that 10m outside the take-over zone.
400 Meter Run 1,500 Meter Run • In the 4x200m races the first 2 stages as well as
that part of the third leg up in the exit from bend
Heptathlon: a seven-event competition for women. It will be run entirely in lanes.
also takes place over 2 days
 • In the 4x400m races the first lap as well as the • The International Badminton Federation (IBF)
part of the second lap up to the exit from the first (now known as Badminton World Federation)
bend will be run entirely in lanes. was established in 1934.
• All competitors may break from their lanes • Was first contested as an official Olympic sport
immediately after they have passed the exit from at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain.
the first bend.
• About five centuries later, a game named
STEEPLE CHASE Battledore and Shuttlecock was played in china,
Japan, India and Greece.
 The Olympic steeplechase is a men event run over • This is a game where you use the Battledore (a
3,000m. paddle) to hit the Shuttlecock back and forth.
 It comprises 28 hurdle jumps and seven water • By the 16th century, it has become a popular
jumps. game among children in England.
• In Europe this game was known as jeu de volant
 Competitors may jump, vault or stand on the to.
hurdles. • In the 1860s, a game named Poona (a place) was
played in India under British rule.
 The hurdles numbered (3) and (4) are positioned
• This game is much like the Battledore and
after the competitors ------------- passed by on the
Shuttlecock but with an added net. The British
first lap.
army learned this game in India and took the
 A steeplechaser will be disqualified if he steps to
equipments back to England during the 1870s.
either side of the----------fails to go over or
• In 1873, the Duke of Beaufort held a lawn party
through water, and/or his foot or let below the
in his country place, Badminton.
horizontal plane of the top hurdles.
• A game of Poona was played on that day and
HURDLE EVENTS became popular among the British society's elite.
• The new party sport became known as "the
• A competitors is disqualified. If he trails a foot or Badminton game".
leg below the plane of the top of the bar of the • In 1877, the Bath Badminton Club was formed
hurdle at the instance of clearance. and developed the first official set of rules.
• If the competitor jumps any hurdles not in his • The International Badminton Federation (IBF)
own lane. was formed in 1934 with 9 founding members.
- England - Ireland
• If he deliberately knocks down any hurdle with - Scotland - Wales
his hands or foot. - Denmark - Holland
- Canada - New Zealand
FIELD EVENTS - France
• Competitors compete in the order drawn by lot. • Since then, major international tournaments like
• Unless competing in a simultaneous tract event, a the Thomas Cup (Men) and Uber Cup (Women)
competitor missing --- turn in a field event is not were held. Badminton was officially granted
permitted to take trial. Olympic status in the 1992 Barcelona Games.
• A competitor who unreasonably delays a trial is From 9 founding members, IBF now have over
liable to have that trials disallowed and recorded 150 member countries. The future of Badminton
as a fault. looks bright indeed.
• After a second delay in a competitions, he shall
be debarred from further trials. Facilities
Badminton Court Dimensions
Badminton
• The overall dimensions is 20 feet by 44 feet,
History marking the sidelines for doubles play and long
• A form of sport played in ancient Greece and service lines for singles play.
Egypt. The Net Line
• The beginnings of Badminton can be traced to • The net line marks the middle of the court where
mid-18th century British India. the net is placed, creating a 22 feet by 20 feet area
on each side of the net.
The Badminton Net surface. Badminton rackets can vary widely in
cost depending on whether they are purchased as
• The top of the badminton net is hung 5 feet above part of a basic backyard set or as more expensive
in the center net line. professional models.
• The short service line is marked 6 feet 6 inches
from the center line. The area inside the short Shuttlecock
service line is also called the Non Volley Zone.
• The badminton
• The Center Line is the line that divides the court shuttlecock, also referred
from the Short Service Line to the Back Boundary to as a shuttle or birdie,
Line. This delineates the Left from Right Service acts similarly to a ball in
Court. other racket sports.
Side Line for Singles Play However, the design of
the birdie creates more
• The Singles Side Line is marked 1 1/2 feet from drag as it is propelled
the edge of the outer boundary (doubles side line) through the air due to its
feathered shape. The
Back Boundary Line and Long Service Line for shuttlecock is made up of a cone shape with a
Singles
hard cork at its tip. Shuttlecocks can be made
• The back boundary line is the same for singles from a variety of materials -- more expensive
and doubles play it is the outermost back line on models are actually made from feathers, and less
the court. expensive models are made from plastic feathers.
The shuttle has 16 feathers attached to the base
Long Service Line for Doubles and the length of the feathers range between 2.44
and 2.75 inches.
• The Long Service line for Doubles is marked 2
1/2 feet inside the Back Boundary Line. Net
• A mesh net
divides the badminton
court into two sides. A
badminton net is
placed lower than a
volleyball net at five
feet and one inch high
on the sides and five
feet high in the center.
The length may vary depending on whether
doubles or singles are playing, with singles
reaching 17 feet and doubles reaching 22 feet.
Equipments The net is 30 inches wide with a 3-inch white tape
Racket doubled over the top.

• The badminton racket is one of Post

the most important tools a player
• 5 ft and 1 inch in the height from the floor
has in the game. Badminton rackets
are much lighter than most other
sports rackets because they are
made from materials such as carbon Basic Rules and Regulations
fiber or lighter metals such as Tossing for serve
aluminium. Parts of the racket
include the head, throat, shaft and • Before a match begins, opponents can toss a coin,
handle with a maximum length of spin a racket, or toss a shuttle to determine who
27.77 inches and a width of 9 shall get the choice of serve or side.
inches. It Strings that are stretched
across the opening of the racket in a Scoring
checkerboard pattern, which acts as the hitting • Love- designates a score of zero
 • Love-all- is called when both opponents and • Service is illegal (not correct)
teams have a score of zero.
• Inside • If the server, in an attempt to serve, misses the
• Outside shuttle;
• Game point- is the point that a server won which • If on a serve the shuttle is caught in or on the net,
results to the server's winning the match either before or after passing over the net;
• All double games as well as men's singles are
played to 15 points; a women's single game ends • If in play, the shuttle lands outside the boundaries
at 11 points. of the court, passes through or under the net, fails
to pass the net, touches the roof, ceiling, or
outside walls, touches a player or dress of a
SETTING THE SCORE player, touches any object or person outside the
Change of Ends immediate surroundings of the court, is caught
and held on the racket during the execution of the
• Players change ends of the court at the beginning stroke.
of the second game and at the beginning of the
third game if the third game is necessary. In the • If the initial point of the contact with the shuttle
third player, change ends when either player first is not on the striker’s side of the net.
reaches in a game of 15 points or 6 in an 11-point • If when the shuttle is in play, a player touches the
game. net or its support with racket, or body, except on
Service Rotation for Singles and Doubles follow-through.

• Single serve and receive in the right service court • If, during a game, a player deliberately distracts
when the server’s score is an even number. When an opponent by an action, such as shouting or
the server’s score is an odd number, the players making gestures.
serve from the receive in the left service court. • If a player is guilty of flagrant or repeated
• In doubles, the service is determined by the misconduct violations, such as deliberately
serving team’s score and by the court position of causing a suspension of play, interfering with the
each player at the beginning of the game. speed of the shuttle, or behaving in an offensive
manner.
• In the first half inning, the first team to serve is
entitled for only one service or simply called as
“one down initial service”. Lets

• The first service in each half-inning is always When lets occur, players who served serves again. The
from the right service court to the opponent’s following are considered lets:
right service court. • A shuttle or player from an adjacent court
• The server changes courts after every point his encroaches, thus interfering with play or
team wins. The receiving team does not change concentration
courts. • A shuttle, after passing over the net, becomes
• When the score is even at the beginning of half- caught in or on the net except during service
inning, the players who started the game in the • A shuttle hits an obstruction that hangs over the
right court should be in the right court and should court and is lower than the recommended 24-foot
serve first in that half-inning. ceiling height.
• The winning team serves first in the next game. • During service, the receiver and the server both
In double matches, either player of the winning fault at the same time.
side may serve first in the next game and either of
the losing side may be positioned in the right • The server serves before the receiver is ready and;
court to receive.
• A line judge is not present and the umpire is
Faults unable to make decisions.
a.) A team that violates the rules is charged with a fault.
b.) It is fault (loss of service “hand out” for the serving, or
loss of point for the receiving side.
Footwork
Ready position
-the stance you assume while waiting for the opponent.
• Establish both feet at the moment the opponent is
hitting the shuttle.
• Feet should be apart, one slightly ahead of the
other for better balance.
• Knees remain flexed at all times, to move fast
around the court.
• Remember to position yourself at the center court
to reach any return
Footwork during the hitting action
-the relationship of the feet during the hitting action.
Forehand:
• When the shuttle is behind you on the forehand
side or directly overhead face the forehand
sideline or front corner.
• During the hitting action, transfer your weight to
your front foot, raising the heel of your back foot
well off the floor.
• Powerful hitting could be displayed through hitch
kick or scissor kick in which both feet come off
floor at the same time.
Backhand:
• When the shuttle is behind you, pivot and cross
over so that you face the backhand sideline or the
back corner.
• Transfer your weight onto the foot closest to your
target as you stroke the shuttle.
• Back heel will come high off the floor, and the toe
of your back foot may drag across the surface.
Footwork during the recovery
-returning to base before your opponent hits again.
• If in front court, it is efficient to recover with a
long step with the racket foot, followed by shuttle
steps as needed.
• When you have hit from the back 8 feet of the
court, or your backcourt the first recovery step
will also be with the racket foot.