Single Phase system

R: Resistance

X: reactance

Active power (W) Reactive power (var) Apparent power Impedance (Ω) Voltage V
(VA)
P  Vs I cos   Q  Vs I sin   S  Vs I * (VA) Z  R  jX  Vs I Vs  ZI   R  jX  I

P  RI 2  VR2 R Q  XI 2  VX2 X S  P2 +Q2 (VA) Z  Vs2 S * Vs  VR  VX

Per-unit system

For a given base voltage 𝑉𝑏 and base power 𝑆𝑏 , one can find the base impedance and the based
current as follows

Vb2 Sb
Zbase  , Ibase  A
Sb Vb
 Three phase system
∆-connected system

∆-connected system

Per-phase equivalent circuit of ∆-connected system

Active power (W) Reactive power (var) Apparent Impedance (Ω) Voltage V
power (VA)
P  3VLL I a cos   Q  3VLL I a sin   S  3VLL I a* Z   R  jX  VLL I a VLL  Z I a   R  jX  I a

= 3VLL I L cos   = 3VLL I L sin   = 3VLL I L*   3VLL  IL

P  3RI a2  3VR2 R =RI L2 Q  3 XI a2  3VX2 X =XI L2 S  P2 +Q2 3VLL2 VLL  VR  VX

Z 
S*

Per-unit system

For a given base voltage 𝑉𝑏 and base power 𝑆𝑏 , one can find the base impedance and the based
current as follows

3Vb2( LL ) Sb,3
Zbase   I base  A
Sb,3 3Vb ( LL )
 Three phase system
Y-connected system

Y-connected system

Active power (W) Reactive power Apparent Impedance (Ω) Voltage V

(var) power (VA)
P  3VLN I L cos   Q  3VLN I L sin   S  3VLN I L* ZY  R  jX  VLN I L VLN  ZY I L   R  jX  I L

= 3VLL I L cos   = 3VLL I L sin   = 3VLL I L*  VLL  3I L

P  3RI L2  3VR2 R Q  3 XI L2  3VX2 X S  P2 +Q2 VLL2 VLL  VR  VX

ZY 
S*

Per-unit system
For a given base voltage 𝑉𝑏 and base power 𝑆𝑏 , one can find the base impedance and the based
current as follows

Vb2( LL ) Sb,3
Zbase  , I base  A
Sb,3 3Vb ( LL )
 The following are valid for both single and three phase systems

Active power (W) Reactive power (var) Apparent power (VA) Impedance (Ω) Voltage V
P  S cos   Q  S sin   S  P  jQ
P  Q tan   Q  P tan  
Q> 0 if X is inductive Q> 0 if X is
inductive
X  L  L 2 f
Q<0 if X is capacitive Q<0 if X is
capacitive
1 1
X 
C C 2 f

Per-unit system
Transformer base voltage

The base voltage at the blue color side of the transformer is called 𝑣𝑏1 and it is given (known).
The objective is to calculate the base voltage 𝑣𝑏2 at the red color side of the transformer, and it can be
calculated as

V2
Vb 2  Vb1
V1

Now, if 𝑣𝑏2 is known, and if you want to calculate the base voltage 𝑣𝑏1 , we can use the formula

V2
Vb 2  Vb1
V1

The change of base

2
 SbNew  VbOld 
New
Z pu  Z Old
pu  Old  New 
 Sb  Vb 
 Application

For example find the per unit equivalent circuit on the base of 130 MVA and 180 kV as the base voltage
for the motor side.

Base voltage

1) It is clear that the base value for the motor side and the line side are the same, because
there is no transformer between them; Therefore, 𝑉𝑏𝑀 = 𝑉𝑏𝐿 = 𝑉𝑇𝐻𝑉 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑽.
2) For the generator side, we have

V1 V V 50
VbG  Vb 2  1 VTHV  1 VbM  180  52.94 kV
V2 V2 V2 170

New value of the reactance due to the change of base

3) Regarding the generator we have,

2 2
 SbNew  VbOld   SbNew  VbOld 
2
 130  40 
Z Gpu  Z Old
pu  Old  New 
 Z Old
pu  Old    0.08    pu
 b  b 
S V  b  bG 
S V  100  52.94 
4) Regarding the transformer you can use the primary side or the secondary side voltage. This
because the per unit value of the reactance is the same in both sides. Therefore, we have,
2 2
2    
S
New
 VOld
  130   50   130   170 
ZTpu  Z Old
pu 
b

b
  5    5  150   180  pu
 150   52.94   
Old New
S
b  V
b  
 Pr imary   Secondary 

5) Regarding the line we have,

Z L 100  j 300
Z Lpu   pu
Z bL Z bL

The base impedance at the line side can be calculated as

VbL2 1802
ZbL   
Sb 130

6) Regarding the line we have,

2
 SbNew  VbOld 
2
 130  180 
Z Mpu  Z Old
pu  Old  New 
 5   pu
 b  b 
S V  120  180 